Compton Hollow Conservation Area is located in Webster County. Visitors can access this 840-acre area from Compton Hollow Road, where two parking lots are located about 0.75 mile apart.
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Name
Edible
Scientific Name
Juglans nigra
Family
Juglandaceae (walnuts)
Description
Black walnut is a large tree with a straight trunk and rounded, open crown. The nuts, spicy odor, large feather-compound leaves, and chambered pith in the twigs help identify it. With a little practice, you can identify this common tree from a distance by the distinctive pattern of its branches.
Leaves are alternate, compound, 1–2 feet long, with 11–23 leaflets. Leaflets 3–5 inches long, 1–2 inches wide, broadest below the middle, the end leaflet smaller than side ones or absent; margin toothed; upper surface yellow-green; lower surface paler, hairy.
Bark is grayish-brown or black, grooves deep, ridges broad with sharp or rounded edges, roughly forming diamond-shaped patterns, chocolate-colored when cut.
Twigs are stout, rigid, brown to gray-brown, hairy; end bud about ½ inch long; pith light brown, chambered when cut lengthwise.
Flowers April–May. Male flowers in catkins, female flowers in a short spike on the same tree.
Fruits September–October, usually single or in pairs. A green, rounded husk, 1½–2½ inches across, covers the round, hard, bony, dark brown or black nut. The kernel is oily, sweet, and edible.
Key identifiers:
- Leaves long, alternate, feather-compound
- Leaflets 11–23, toothed
- Fruits distinctive
- Bark grayish, deeply grooved with rather diamond-shaped patterns, ridges broad
- Twigs stout, with chambered pith
- Distinctive spicy odor
Similar species:
- Butternut, or white walnut (Juglans cinerea), is scattered and declining in the eastern two-thirds of Missouri, mostly in low and moist soils. It has rather cylindrical fruits, and the nut inside has 4 lengthwise ribs; leaf scars have the upper edge straight (not notched), bordered by a well-defined velvety ridge.
- The mild-tasting English (or Persian) walnut is the species J. regia. It is native to Eurasia and when cultivated in Missouri does not escape. The state of California grows nearly all of the US commercial supply of English walnuts.
- Walnuts are in the same family as hickories and pecans.
Other Common Names
Eastern Black Walnut
Size
Height: to 90 feet.
Where To Find
Statewide.
Habitat and Conservation
Scattered to common, growing in bottomland forests, rich/moist upland forests, bases of bluffs, and banks of streams and rivers. Also grows along margins of pastures and crop fields, railroads, and roadsides. Frequently grows in people's yards. It can live in a variety of soils. It grows best on the deep, well-drained soils of north Missouri and on alluvial (river-deposited) soils in the south.
Status
Native deciduous hardwood tree. Especially valuable for its lumber and for its edible nuts.
Human Connections
Black walnut has been designated as Missouri's official state tree nut. Every farm in the state should grow some walnut trees. In addition to providing valuable wood, the walnut’s nutmeats are a major industry in Missouri. Even the hard shells can be used as an abrasive and to make activated carbon. It is Missouri’s most valuable tree.
Missouri is the world’s top producer of black walnuts, which are used in baking, confections, salads, ice cream, and even pickled whole. The nuts would probably be even more popular if getting the nutmeats out of the nut were easier. The nuts are high in protein and other nutrients. Many Missourians' family holiday recipes from immigrant grandmothers incorporated black walnuts as a frugal alternative to Old World nuts that were more expensive in America.
Most of the state’s large, old walnut trees were felled in previous decades for lumber and other uses, yet the superb wood from this species remains in high demand. Young landowners have been planting walnuts in hopes of harvesting them in future decades. Walnut is the finest wood in the world. In the past, the warm brown hardwood was used lavishly in homes, barns, and fences. Today it’s used for furniture, veneer, and gunstocks.
Several serious pests may endanger the health of Missouri's walnuts; educate yourself about thousand cankers disease (TCD), ambrosia beetles, walnut anthracnose, and other diseases, and never, ever transport firewood.
Walnut is one of our early fall color trees, one of a host of native trees that turn yellow along streambanks in September. Compared to most other trees, the leaflets drop off early, leaving the walnut branches bare except for the big ripe walnuts. Frequently, in early fall, poison ivy can be seen clothing the walnut trunks and major branches, and the ivy's bright red leaves provide a colorful contrast to the golden yellow walnut leaves and green fruits.
In the past, dyes were extracted from the bark and green fruits.
There are records of old-time Ozarkers scattering the fresh leaves of black walnut, or of its close relative, butternut, about the house to repel insects such as bedbugs and fleas.
Ecosystem Connections
Black walnut nuts are often referred to as "hard mast." Acorns and other tough tree nuts also fall into this category, which is extremely important for many animals' winter survival. Black walnuts are eaten by mice and squirrels. These rodents commonly store the nuts in caches, then fail to eat them all. In this way, they distribute the nuts away from the parent plant and facilitate its spread. Tree squirrels' habit of storing nuts in the ground results in the eventual germination of many unrecovered nuts. Thus they essentially "plant" nuts that grow into trees that furnish not only food and shelter for subsequent squirrel populations, but also help renew woodlands with young sapling trees.
More than 20 species of moths have been documented feeding on black walnut, including the larvae of beautiful green luna moths, several species of underwing moths (Catocala spp.), the walnut sphinx, some dagger moths, some prominent moths (Datana spp.), and others. The impressive, spiky, hot-dog-sized caterpillars of the regal or royal walnut moth, called "hickory horned devils," feed on walnut leaves. Fall webworms (Hyphantria cunea) build their cobwebby "tents" around walnut branch tips late in the season.
Many other insects eat walnut leaves, flowers, nuts, wood, or sap, including a number of leaf beetles, longhorned beetles, lace bugs, stink bugs, plant bugs, aphids, and more. The black walnut curculio, a weevil, develops as a grub in the nuts and can cause early fruit drop (and disappointed human harvesters).
All this insect munching usually does not hurt a healthy walnut tree, and the presence of such caterpillars and other insects naturally attracts, and feeds, warblers and other insectivorous birds.
Like other large trees, walnuts provide important habitat for animals that live and hunt in trees. Together with other plants in the community, they shape and define their habitat: stream edge communities and bottomland forests, for instance, wouldn't be the same without them.
Walnut trees can reach large sizes and as they age, their hollow trunks and branches can house carpenter ants, snakes, bee colonies, squirrels, raccoons, opossums, owls, woodpeckers, chimney swifts, bluebirds, chickadees, and other cavity-nesting animals.
Walnut trees produce a chemical, juglone, that stunts or kills other plants growing nearby.
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Black walnut, Juglans nigra.
Credit
Paul Nelson
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Black walnut trees grow up to 90 feet tall with a rounded, open crown.
Credit
Chris Starbuck, University of Missouri
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MDC Staff
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Black walnut leaves have 13 to 23 leaflets on green stalks. The leaflets are pointed with toothed edges and have a strong aroma when crushed.
Credit
Paul Wray, Iowa State University
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It is truly amazing how squirrels can open up the hard, bony nuts of black walnuts using only their teeth.
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Male flowers appear in drooping catkins when leaves emerge in spring.
Credit
Paul Wray, Iowa State University
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The female black walnut flowers mature to become the fruit. This image shows development as of May 21 in 2009.
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Missouri hikers often see the remains of black walnut hulls and nuts lying on rocks or logs in the woods: this is where a squirrel had dinner!
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Black walnut is one of our early fall color trees, turning yellow along streams in September. Compared to other trees, the leaflets drop off early, leaving the branches bare except for the round green fruits.
Credit
Julianna Schroeder
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Black walnut bark is rough, and when the surface is lightly scraped it shows a chocolate brown color.
Credit
Simeon Wright
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Black walnut twigs are thick, light brown, with fuzzy buds and tan, chambered pith at the core of the twig.
Credit
Paul Wray, Iowa State University
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Black walnut trees in Missouri can display die-back for many other reasons besides TCD.
Credit
Simeon Wright
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More than 23,000 walnut twig beetles emerged from two firewood-sized pieces of black walnut wood.
Credit
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University
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David Stonner
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Where to See Species
Hayes Spring Conservation Area was purchased in 2005. The area contains Hayes Spring Cave and Spring which discharges into Dry Crane Creek.
Tywappity Community Lake is located in Scott County, near the towns of Cape Girardeau, Chaffee, Scott City, Benton, and Oran.
This area offers access to the Big Piney River with a boat ramp, picnic area, and privy.
Hebron Access is a public use area between Dora and Vanzant that provides public fishing and floating access to the North Fork of the White River, as well as primitive camping opportunity.
About Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines in Missouri
There are no sharp dividing lines between trees, shrubs, and woody vines, or even between woody and nonwoody plants. “Wood” is a type of tissue made of cellulose and lignin that many plants develop as they mature — whether they are “woody” or not. Trees are woody plants over 13 feet tall with a single trunk. Shrubs are less than 13 feet tall, with multiple stems. Vines require support or else sprawl over the ground.