Air to Ground Target Amition - Nato

* 

- .- 

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g &$$~l, A:: - 

BMHSORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & I)EVELOP.I#E#T 

7 RUE AIUCELLE 92200 NEUlLLY SUR SEINE FRANCE 

AGARD CONFERENCE PROCEEDtNGS No. 100 

Air to Ground 

Target Amition 

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGAMIZATIOM 

DlSTRlBUTlON AN P AYAIIAWLITY 

ON BACK COVER

NORTH A-C TREATY OlRGAMZAON 

$;DVBORY BROW FUR AERUSPACB %S&AWH AND DWWfPMWT 

(ORGANISPlTWPJ IN TIWiT DQ L'ATLAWlW NORD) 

Pupem presen'ted st the AGARP dlerospac~ Medicrel km1 Speodist Meethi3 

held QII 31st May md 1st June 1972 in &mb, &&$urn

TPle mis$on of AGARD is to bring bg&$ the leading pmmditks df W NATO natt0na In th eel&& 

em6e md teabjlola~ MMng to #mapate for the pm~ow%: 

- Ex&m&g of scientif~~~ and technka-hhnkdon; 

- Cunth~ously &&&g adwincm &I the asrwpttce &W &vmt to sYasamhg th common bfenc~ 

*ure; 

- &tifi~Cmd md~aswinm, 9s mqU&ecll to other NATQ W&% attd ta memh nations 

31 -&@$I m$A~kh ?nd8 WeImmf pmb1gms in the &W&e fim. 

T& 3@bdt mtbity wain AGARD ih the 3Mw.teS '&nWir@ of 0ffl1id& I~QT 

rqrnwat&vts fryt BB& Member Nation. 'he m&im,af AGAP is earritd out ~~ the Pm& w W am 

mmpu for axperts appointed t>J' the &-l DgIeaba9,,the Cbmdht and P r m and tks -CB 

Appliatim Shadiei TRe. re- afffiatRD work 'm bpotkd t5 hht MmbW Natians the NATO 

Aaboritia dmugh tht AGAW of pbka*ns.af which this is ona. 

W mabdd h this pubktlon W been xqmdud 

dipedy: from ~opy suded by A m or the auUlorUlor

P;qtbw~ ttbe mz&t f &t~r i:B& emet b@sn aF a m$Xi$w fS&k .ni@im i~r vbL&er the 

Oirctptft wapn 9m reached it@ pmgraphI pi1 -~rsetly. %n this the saquisi.~fan 

62 a pty~k~iiW ka;rg& the &,e b,f s&q&w ddm it#"!d Wecw ,a -&l Leaup. vl&n ir, &tar all, 

on!& umam P4c &;8Tirdt: objeetrra ad W 8 sowlmx ad ~mlh wG-& 

cwentLy W%&.+ rqlemmt bp any ~ t b ~&%litJF. 

h 

uia eqet daa-aat-e~iatis &m Cimludhg sfw, SW*, ;1umhuce md ~ . u &lot d Le98-h 

~WEB:B) 6qtral tmgar lvcgiiFdt'i& rEre~af& fa a prams PLffmtd by m y faazws, whieai my far 

~~Bnienqe km phgriml ads &i~Ibgial U-*#. rny~3:epI Wdpstrp, gbveraziw th 

treuhim af li@t frm the tatget aurrmund cm th we, znre &qu~terly> un.der&m&&t .and 

rnZiatirBblte, *l#dpgh t:by -a-, tMi5h -km, &*m g m~mhglf -zex bwp Qf facwxt#. *p 

incl* ti=w of day ,and yw, d -qM~lrl Lac9tbh; m t b ~ fbIfi4lge a d &W mr, em %or v>&, ~teathr, vfriibi'rlg aifaiss due to the atmir&nre, d ddlw pramtarre. AisersSt 

-h, -@M, Becaraep* UT&IW~ daw si@ii~srly d~e- apwes ~9 

re*@ ill, PT part ~f the tazgat tb .&remar hma, ad drcret- -hei&t, Ln partfnula~, fa&wat~ with 

mqraaky W dbtadrie witet.kwt a tw,gi?2: irt it8 mwunep e nm. A third cq-rata 

bf @ipiwL f=td*s mL&t W dth te&&eal aids kq viaam, oad could intrudwe m major 

ump~icatims, .image >qudi- (hw TV W hfra-rad scdng qtrL~t, far examplaj ad image &re 

koftttn, rhr mq@ifi~s.ti~-f~eIQ af viw eplhpt6miae iahf stir &p, fvx qmpla, biuauler sightr) . 

#Io$+aal fact-, $owesaing the tcandssfm mf hfmth~ Rm eqe via bsdn to wrnt act, 

W& Mt 'B8 lf#&diLy ~pwehbl1 #d ' B ~ -3 ~ Bn B~E~ZY 

~ mmP88hMm ~ ~ $ Ju~E a tw 

pWc4 cm sew sf4w a Eix h~&Eirag @-place and srlti, W &k&a bi$l~&cal at&@ to need 

rktgr ~9x3- u d e rrnd ~ d&Llity h tave, A &sem PS firstly an bdfvidraal, them a 

at&i@dA d a $U**; W aixwWn Lmbg W W & a @%c& tnwget b ari alideptjoxl to th$a 

&aaerali&, H@erthaltms, olte win lbt a waqga. af pkyai~l@taZ mpkhn md p~j&~Irrgic$i tttlal 

*km M refer CQ qelevaat at W4 ~$I&E&@M. Iii %b fIxaz $rap etatie Wl g p d e 

6susg2 b~db, wlW% Y%s&%, a& EM id- nWp8&'F to de1scri5.Q Wwt b the 

tlaed p E U @8-dB&&m'k ~ brhsing, aqtvaxicuwe d ak411, d f eh ~upe.ly intsrwt dth errpcb mthar , 

amd d&as$o@ *&lead Go mw~ti#& t&s d W4Wm deyls. Nm$ $.e.eatu*aa and cmEa apparm~U,y: 

&-g& fm au kimrd4 ar2miand u ~ #.virrauigatZn ~ & &id flyW ioutml duties bn the we bad 

d ~ L I E asmviatd E ~ 6th -cem #@H .8af#tp end a d d en the othr, It 19 lPrtwPrr that 

fnai@amll +rfU .?&*trmri4lg 5q ptrwG.wnrl r&e$itg irp .Ilegtkjaa. h to dedatk style, 

'I:-- be kIhitraXdva CO iz&dder th e&Je&t?m of ri 19t& Cmtkury mm Plho ~GWS wzt to 

thing snd eomits Et Wticalty fm crrrtrpcawl volumr%e, md tire emlcature ef a 19th Caarory attmktlnt 

*U S* &W M 69X'P#~tfm btL f&k d& hk 3& k@f Ukthfs m M WFd r bwhi 

betwwm &tsc- IW tkaa my If e the -1 papdath o? adults Pros fieh drmm am rehad 

to pate mm vtiiual EBF~K a~qui%itIdti tab*.

daat$m of- m kb valm a aklr d a d g2-aa a target m. 

tW QIW taat CbP fW$l wr- @§ Bg 5s W- Eac~nr, Aa 

&mpaFa das~ripti6a of fd perfw~8 m k& itpcb m& -&elkkm data, t@ 

w p ~ i o at n olw m$ WEq siqly h km# of the apltb of eha ?a@ lena &ad eke mrolutfrm aaQ 

gim&rL lnymt recepcartt h tbe fwWc plrra a s*la fwr ta wqgoat thor bl-in& md 

m-&i~a of mi~~andQht~r~ we 4pvamaeg. T1: does mt sea d a to m mwhm 

tbs bTu&tu ef pdpbral &tact*, a-dutb, pnd pupil aa fwwr in tha fammm&la 

mm, +m i.t i# dxp&d that the lbl$w a$ &IQ glM88 wpwbitim QE k rrkb tw uf v & d 

atlmnli #ay be adaq-~ly *aPh~1~atimf1~. rtrfa b&pt%m @h~ld t8a r8p-W m d 

rlf the perf-W ctf zher ba$S~ wlitw1 hibe. 

'%Q del the a aaa- bshdex9, that %a- to d8acrib bm a-la glimpsn oi#uaZ roba 

56 areetd X r a me part m atlwthe of a 'P~+J field ta Be tmar&mdr tum8 out to be raobr h* 

emew&uX =rmtZy. A food fit to target #epu%airicm d&a h not aI- &etled oa fht riqla 

s-akon rim6 single g- parfa- b M a amh af r a w &mud glisspriea. 

6n awWrr$t~, &wevex, s&Tq rand= tieateh d ~~rb$,&t~ Ut lab-&- *U a, to a IsEa- =at, 

Pbld &its qdte wdl. bpe for dhr pr&%ctim & wm$wel pecPBma Sn fuhm l k k 

%bm&g h e d ia ~trwtwwf ox biasmed. dnw eacowsgim# d a l am- that tba aye e~dlum 

t~ &m p ~ ~ p b ~ 9 ~ tr~.~st-lw 

l y ~bjgct*, h a r=ga~a to , t h p t ~ f ~ ~ ~ t i s ~ b . 

'(h passdqb my note tbat p~dphral acuity &me nOr amm to cltag6 dO vie &stance.). 

*thbno, the degsadathn of a- oompmmnga ef Zsbozutoxy prfm=mr to mtuh wifA those af 

f gel& WO-s *bUl %*a *bitre raet&s %Q *r!t-Sea 4~smibiug *aquisltim, and 

%twx~a from -t eqpe~im~~t wen taxpt ltmimm~ udw ara t&am he@ 

&km~&t W e#=olld. Pa$$Mthin-&cleg~~trad xelatim at* -parrticulerly trmb2-h mut%xt. 

Zt cm boa &Q, Ehmr, hbe v&wim of viawl wrch h& ve%y gxwk arrtk01:itp tn tit* G~ifetoS 

aqairith wrfammee, and tmclmi~ntut em a 2 or 1imcmm ~ sear& ~ mtld ~ hriw 

hWWa3 pmIkt5cat bkaefirs b 

Ewaurh In pragrosehg slowly en the quesh of trenr obsmrr mka wr pf dSfaancee k- 

E W ~ C 48d m-pt s%iq@f W 1 r-LT um@Wte &cow$ g* W eg diqdmhatia~ bed on 

emmat o h diE$ermcw ltgd tELE4zmeea h d d l d eh* the wt-to-r~ m tLtxl abgly., 

but rbPreo f.et.ra may b m bean e n e d as & Wr tem#ns of'exgerbntal wmdenca w fer m.omu 

df $~Stiicu ~QxW* It fs 8tkOR$I$ SUWCtM ed& COW d ~ ~ ~ of ~ Id-W h t h d 

gz&eat# tbo+mut the -rim a%arth fhld tPfU bum to be d&d hfo*rx deqwtu ablliqg Of tb. 

*cqujdtbu ef rael tqaw im reel ii~ltpomb ba expeczerd. A cmj-t pr Jietierr Erm qumtf fisd 

S$=, M, Pnd d light 4 #h& MW BB w d akill d t taptqr ~ ~ W W U 

{q~hlp, fgr -h, &&h as-e -tar fw &jaw M P a 4 - f &~NOF ~ than 

tIww e=mrly king e-2. 

Zt t h earlhc ~ fomdationlr de#mildq tlm risibilirg af bri*flm~d wiat Ibt 

sawces bm ben h ,aona%d&rkbla fwwl yru?, CuatSattim& ff W~B mat that .eapFhmidg && 

wntw kim g* tha trse at laePr ~LFQB fmdwuw kbm TPBT~ ~evfofinly thmgbt M ba 

eSf%gt.*we. L bzpt

B t-l

'fbe&I a~tixpra~psd, w ~ l f l t d d a a u m opxo#abiii@aeafanoHmdranlgsb~&W~toi f ~ ~ 

-L bckgmmd, h@t ge*, atmspb'in ead Wmwhrs. Th aomgutsd Oarve can be mnmrtd 

tWevW I1 rkmh obbalmd b &q fhlif m h a simlktta, prarrLded d1 h necelgq plarmmbra am h 

d&rmhd. ISeeFiwe lj 

a 2000 400 WOO laoop 

xmw (W 

m@ma l. Compnad and Meam& Probabtrlllty Ibf BemgnMoa for Tar@ Ha. L03 - Pour -IS

- 

Tbe P- dmrr h tbe =imr @& in W ibld wow cmpthd aa f4Wmsi F&& &a 

a~%aakta8.oPPt$&~@slmBlad~trafae~c1p~bofh&~y&ht.4 Pts*B,kd-h&j&, 6 

~ 1 ~ d w ~ t l d h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e e W h a m u a Mmpbuaro m s l g a p 

~ L a F ~ S *

~ren~~@~&gkoBsbII~pfodPcttrPorAahjedkafoh~isnot&intba5 

form. C ~ w * , ~ g k ~ g f l o o k i q g a t ~ * ~ ~ e r n r ~ k g r t t t e ~ ~ ~ !

- Compuhd 

&W 

W- 

C 

0: 

1 L L L L 1 A 

B 4aeQ IOW 

- 

6, hlringt, C, P, and W-, M. 9. "E.-rtnwd Edua&m d s f bw3 m- 

-" fInmaa matmm vd, u, 1m0, m &W* 

0 

0

OaIg insofar am the La tied in 6th duwwhg range, that 16 them is a -trolled ape& af ai* 

m& qgitogtb. The *h1 tW&e-fe a wallsad m a pd h the s3Jnuhtioa. 

I W- the bprasfon that thrse data w e frnm b@l$ mpa-&wb;Ld, bQhl)r mtm- tar-c. 

X€ mm, they ~o~li9 Wfar te hL&ly &anegi&uaw btgek ad targeWuqtbI'a &het# ia tbs mane, eo 

append to par viaibLlfty lm cankraat mPturti-~ 

t l h 

- . 

, 

Srtb1 e&kl s~pectatAbnu, d# W aria 8 rwet& mws, w e proo$a~ A-&#, you 

trY to mt up the a- f1r1-ti3hd-expatati~ktuatfan ia your red bakk 

Yw, fn W amaa &P pa*t bf our brfefixrg dam was a @tograph oL tba target Boa t&e ait 

(but asre Mmticel to the actual tar&& run rkw). h they did sae target-in-@ au pan d tbir 

cmnqpt. Wkllk' peqLm did hve an iPIBge ef the tar@ right iu fmt of th.

BnpnWd was &$V& CB mamh St 3.A.C. f.0 t8 put m& aLlisg om s f2arsr feabim by 

maW5a of r nmbw af umWdl& Se18 *-a hvCiZm azr@aiait%pn of tb#@ ~mal 

&&ff. & W af~! k9 (m' -=&B &U& tddu QB~W a idd sf-fiert 

~ X ~ ~ ~ a f l ~ i ~ ~ ~ W b $ C 6 8 ~ ~ ~ t 

iS1Lf b m emkg in tZIUp swab sX0Wma. Phtmpr& &/- dtuatiotls lavolvm 

La dkw Bfkd is wd the rmpe ei a gspar. Borwmr, th -U 

moBelUm 0-m drn1-B WIsl gwibly M to &--Me @raw$- 

W ~ - 

How 8 D& detm*tf* parfmwme, m a* a bd Bald Iuq!bmau U 

-&wal~gab at B.1.C. baasn3 an +ha mmd g9opaPtim Mfbehwm eya f~d.2). Wfsh tMrmdel it 

W bwm &an po~~ib2-a B@ mdi& amwctarjl i varSmf bf lab&%&= WWahoX& d4*4 ava;ihbXe f%m 

Zi-m ~aludlsrg It*% BL1~aalrtkd.l'~ lintitad -M& a bmta daRSxrg +h h~dq 

dataam & (~l$e.3) r b. 0- m -9~f6 -Bat atio RI~ tb U~PL~UW 

D-dd of r&wlEt$ W et 4 CW.4) a 

- 

tW *P$& af blw ~n ,Qhh~blb of -1e 

emed B w e (heq). %p-* ehovrr * a-L be eatamha ts owes 

p%rfo~m@ and pa%afi ub~aa ad hm etf, &tanrpBma erfedtb, &- -B md 

w e n & a9 be ~ 1W we ml&ive?lJr -2a mW$maaW 'a- Ry Q- 

M e -a with a mklie huxottcrrr tt ie +& mlhle ko mdd muid= e m 

dtastBm. Sitaoa the ML is a raI&ti~#W ~mld fonaUsr it h! @qy tp wemu kb uwtivf* cri 

wW4:Lon anrl: -8 awalahiva 'grobbXUky frrantim * tba pammtmt. 

& a p&at &Z 3.m mama- ta the relekL08nhig batrpm 

&baud epwW.bn. W ~UOB~ f&c 8bQBBhl eXteW aJ&o f$ fields. %'a in 

even PP hf.2 U 

- - 'h((n 

-&B .t d.p - 

1) %a tha - fl Bhw -net of &(a, - 11 gos&b'be $-mu betraqn aim 

1-el a a n~i- faotor isaa w.2 far .M mmtim

-6im 

- - 

Pm objeak &maanionrc thare L P trdam, fm mkad s(pr v i a t &- the h a 

tlm B10 Qvm the -&cm W-.) far a a* (P M] 

(* n-2.g

Whi1s-k W8 Irr na% BW&W t m m &h& trim 5ituaYpp1~ (e.g. elevation mun8 to &E 

vimi*pE) it o~arided m ab~ake sppxazimatiua fm aub11ing &B wpuidtim for Lm flying 

sad, ~LI Btla '*M U#& tO C& out th -1 WiK&ioP$ field trials rewlts* 

I$ Qe -Chat, LnlrtU af h objeot af mereat mpstiw a @ad, dkaauntinuitrg 

to the we, tbe of L-ae aoff~ss tb adge of tlle obj& is ('u~ebarpl). Phi@ 8ftuaMon 

in s%mbtFw m aexr be drze to iGim@ *fm* daual dds, ho =.tPbll facm of 

ahm-f a tllrbula~nee or ta f'ha ahpm rr6rw-e ca bae 0b3sof whi~h i uwegol~ab by aibr o;po aa diamta 

Bet&. In or casm the e&eot 0 ~ bs n allwed for h a1-g tf th sffeetivm 1- 

mfilst mwtd ta the eye man bs swdfisd. $cp! la*m ~bJedm C*lO1 mj dl thaf is wmvw 

fa t~ oonpolute me 1-se psoflb bpf bbe object FIX) with the HteatL~e U n m aproad Eba~f lorr of tha 

m \(X> +.D 

& to X, X B& -wed ad^ to a e lmd 

vuuc tun, $(x]l, IB t4.n dX a 

4e r reu.naL image -1rkhdnUue -831.t -on. 

o~ tb 1-s went in the 

Thm peak 

i- m 

dPje& F~T]. But fmvfe of ~hjwgu thm eqtxiv&hnt ba kbme ia thlm spw fumtim 

(mpre.t;eby.) m aWl&ly tba m, ie a wabure 09 tha h u m 

di aye, ~~1x1,

TO tu~ peb* &L thaw hsb l& jwZ&&~% d. k&qddfi%&-% a -4 &am. 

a preetfw ralfu&ion the t-C *L3 ba meemted e.. smm p~aifim 

in 8 .Q- flak& Qm 

afU be mlstd to kiia aim OP We mad- Iah 

md the she mT fbe a-& field. m u dLl --Q: 

&c add tbfOugh s viausl afa Icitb ui$lffiwt *fiakti*, &BP*& apt& ao dl* 

*no n d ' m&, dnas &e -@m#* field of dew of mst Vlam U is % W . Ihm QOT 

ep H- tkemt 161 uQaallj sn nna*rt&* of pi~m nP eovar8f. -88, Wa aq1& 

be ao in m11 d4uetims. !&W the aide W e glfmgss smlaaM1ZW bSaeit by &~(7$2) 

sad (13) ia a hadtpy~fe re~~BOt~~f m of * -ate eo~ddfim BWwwS. fs till 

f bo bait bput . mt ie ropaimd &e a amhuiq QP -%h 1maml8Mbll QP mbWi+$ M m&idth W%* 

etrr tb mm t m -d. 

u~ta63.ve gliwe~l 

19 a weQ&te5 pettam & B B0ft-ahgl3, V i a 14111 &re o b - M - the Wimtiu mthaal 

m I then the.amtoMm is- v- aamglnx* mmtatd$ L* wdbla m~agobIy to -te 4 i h 

v- lotre arfQwkLoa bg: h*,,& M &E+& 10216 &a & w e &hme fr*~WilfW -10091 

aaging wt &l b@t4 +f- W mslog+ will be detwfed md dl oubtdde it +111 be mlwd. 

QVM a mber Q$ glimp- *Me should nat b aeximdy cmw. It also a &loan #igBt~ng 

fo a m -thin fb eeld fu mama& (a xm&*Wt W amtwtha if * obskm?~ km no pnlor 

SmLp-iw m -#h f lp sW%ure his smmh] ik W bg fk&t tbe 6-e &*W* ~ski&ilitr %M 

@- t 

=S 

Tlrara the t W m~fifli* df iIe*eoUen 4n m aIPfgBe~ ell Be 

.. ....*{ill

&& If au bar W* a &&& PTdd (f .e. we ai~tiorr), it ie thb no oorrsotian for 

U b ~ h ~ Q a i f 9 d d i $ i o k ~ b r l r r S @ d b 1 ~ 4 0 ~ s p ~ = $ 

4 8 

2 i~t~dpfq(471. 

b ~ t u ~ & m t ~ ~ o f p o r t s d ~ f i s ~ d l d P i . i ~ i P f 

00~iOrpum4 Irrhmtaeg dab t8bn urtdsf rp$mpxAata abmvWon -oh to mab in am 

FlMh inat-. Bm a majarffp of hfrs is ndSbff hrw -a &we, Or\u ~ Od Q m 

h rpflmtte '(ltw t*. flerravrt, &mm Hrrdtar 

met8 or Uah wmra om- a m r w s - thwl ol 

J.H. b1w (hf.7) fac W e dmtdolr of - 

- (-1 

a& sed meabrsll'u UYaih dma& W faveal 0.017 

daktobi~ (bf.3) for 8tu&%~ d l dze 

m & 

eff-a. 

~norpluxtoobooitthesdop~of~oxbemdon~ 

therPodol tawofdoaenmmma 

out to a*twt to m m & Qf f , 

rt3& kdd fit m +hblb Of Jd- TwlOZ 'U d*t~ 

&m&* bhmlramundllmmarm Qt'75WA. I**M 

fd tInt of o d d r mould indad pmds a 

d 

wotim Oi fbaa Wa - El - 1.1 

V- 

8- 0.m. fie af 9!qlrrete dab rufmg 

them aat~nta m shOm in fi#alm 

Bw *ham ir a maim of ras4dd W e a for 

amL1 soefohfiml'la ap ~W~ IWOt3). Us0 

91~d&afncwhi&tbmodslhrdbrmulrdaar 

- 

mahr to bee W- et hi& 

- 

ghotopfo le~ala. 

h it was balasb CO emte valwr of K, fur a 

seleokLa of owed OOOME at eUa@ *t MW* 

a a l d l ~ k + a f s d b g r ~ . a d I l ~ e 

fith tb lmgwit & -8~t -h #mid. 

1Phe lasgaat n, U* a di-P 05 43O, mm 

well abdve flm U- field amas dmra &wh S- 

sf-oolt mtd glbgmon T a t &e d s t & 

B Qf 6.8 , ran witbin tb cola 

W- &M iound mtmd gumPm%a. 

Bbr t8fa m o e a rdw of 0*3 m6a. wm t&ea for fd a* baba the Wan vrLas a w e 

r -bar of -a whu frspm atU.8 ep mopmta. 

The of %he wise %o omprxtm a, ae* of viLpea of X to br fmW in -1. 1. It will 

t l s - ~ t t ~ m ~ f l w o~ f a ~ ~ m e ~ - t w r n t o i & a - t m t merrride-of 

oorrtrasts and mpu'larlg i m w in a tb faat * tauat& e t * 05 -1 mid 

-4 are Q- fia be& Ffha *a W d.*n rhiab thcq -Id@ fo be not alw- goad. 

Of wea*.st -a ia m thab kham tm no oworu tread8 of Et fn tm of dam s o-. 

W

6.3. Vi- 

,11b18 1. SaLmptad mr w@dtirn thea m 

~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ tou&daj*Lth o ~ * o Phm 0-tm f K d th d* 

mow o~ o-a0 (W) W& &a t-8 ~ l f UPW- m ri.h add P-da h *fr*p. n 

0.3 MW. bpv* m E& *B .W, an pl- 

8- .rrd no - 1 v. TMm ia 

-WE&& fa m -1'8 

dtwdo43. rnz* Mtias 

(w*IQ~. 

"B. P%K3E : , 

- 

. . . . I .. . 

. . (g31

-6WOb'hCkfasl). 

of B %a tfsm wad ei L eh&* p a t 

for sews pmwdug OaW~tiwt1

Ebdd ycu bll m apia &m& tha poa*%bLe use of binmculam Ln yout a~ar& field md h* thin 

telateu r& tha ~ & U B gpaksrrs mntim of oftha we of m&ra-fw&l in50mat%m. Yourre halirsg with an 

-Fe fhld, aren't you? 

h f lold, yea. lla-1 march mpdellbg b ~snoefated with har:d eh811 91aua1 l&r, but could 

be applied to the afffcult 8oft rrheLl This h ttbt triemed v aun pueltf~n to tbm prdow 

ape&&* abmik uffds dintmca. Obvibuslp, perlafmpnce Enafla off with diatdmca tram the Pialtll &S, 

rml I aed # haw dited this xeiwm&bq well, iQ optitat aid imitllg 1-eaesa fhld of .oiw by 

aa&fi~ar.im, md W&&r% any ob-jeat in pdhail 0ef-d~ by a ~hixll~. hator, 90 iM thmlhpld Ss 

rqpmmd. Thm affet is ta &grade pexipheral thre~halds, h a subjeeettre ransa, But not quite a* asteh 

m tv dfesr the *~DYW-~ dw to *siEimth. ~w lose am of pm WCI~ rtd'e edwmrw. 

Xhia aer~ of -dellkg rofld -er tht, but we Bavw' t had to wider muu$h cues tm get 

a general annw&r, %m mly m r I cm .gi* is h spsaific field cmd5&fma fPbQta 10C uad U XIS) 

ri#t, ooerall peirf-cw w a bettern tbsR naked eps. X don't think this d ~ ~ k ~ maliasdi l d it 

m m a whol& host diticrare. 

Zn yaw pmsmtarrla T W tmlibla aiffotent&at%ng f b2a data eld dot* wwutud by ymrr mL1, All 

yuu pehts ~t m the th~ve, whi~h dh' t do with p, CFpenhxt r dots. 

Pka, bu~ not ta sborpJrsns, You mod to rehr ta t4m full poper, or to &tiw k r . i& dLeetly 

=late to =&a a-m gradhnt, B: &fine# the psi- of tMe arntarm $ruabnt mgim a% in no-l 

-weal -$g M IS $g up tata edp. B* if pu pt aayntlaa&e tiaa U todd bm a~tmi, 

&via* a ~onptai~ta~ nrrzospod eura. ~t taxss alighrly u one -L. rb emall siae nptoo. 

Qow two bash s e e , for am11 a d law objaure, km out the middle grotllld of cmtxwt 

%Earn. 

- I acttlally raa m kegetha in -del, from rw13 ta larw s b affcrs. ia the 

Figura a-a gonaral fo-1a m fb am11 md larp -M.

'~hs tif ~ m ~ .~smn(ts a m ,6p a.*- a-tl-tuh €W .rwrwI 

em*, tb aP h hm eElroud be* and &&%%mr @pihSms md 1aW&& W- 

--.@ fimOm ale W upet -B humucmiW-

(I*) '8im h b ts, sppmzhatdr, wdly di&ih~bd ab& 1% 5 , c 1-R + 1.q L R/\r 

IBv-lrt m L a f Ctt&Tfbu*d &L801 m WMQh it mi&w lug R P R 

am W b d T $ BimWbuWL Hmdmr, for WMSI af plot* prmnilaMva pm%abiU.$. 

anmrss M prediokd by mUaUfng, m& kbmidmd from ,uxperinmtal -a, Lt hm ha81 f ad 

~ ~ p f u 2 b ~ ~ m ~ a ~ ~ i n P f l Q W ~ ~ thiO ~ f i ~ ( 

mill .h wm&~rd W eq4Mwt to gl~.tthg m m- mility brw1. 

Ffm 1 U1W&%a at (4) mM31 predtoW-& md a+ (B] eteh wrisle~t& wst5k 9mm~m6 

b fom. m m&d ru a& wed hsso b p~edld the -dta buf b &au that the 

m *m & m ~ ukrr l ~.t,iu. 

~ 

ll~r ta*mswg gam -ha * vum OF jyt 'r~red h 

+&a id &erid *W ~~~s -6 -be -*nap3 md* mm "ia. ad m 4 

rerplioa;t;fma & d rri 6 obaesrram. -a fb Kt-l .P&- te h foe U& I#,& i m h 

r p o ~ r p i - t h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 3 1 0 ~ f m ~ We.dS~mWlmc4e 

~ ~ o p r : a n ~ b 

to the fiffemnt pe-M rseWBs usad br -1-s ansl BlWmdl. %imm vm we a cwtaihd rmthodl 

- t ~ ~ ~ l ntsWio&#s d aoWm &h fmm M v k W arbIfaofe a w a ~ m+*r of a Paw dqm 

W- .Uie m*& 'bf XLqdWoIl i3lwL~si &bJed+& f9t* m 10-e per$odel

loss. %m values of P m 0)- (1%) we** 

Bff~%mmm be*- W ezp-4 ad i4ialM W %m q-a mb1a hp- 

~ f a : ~ 4 l ~ P & e ~ ~ i n ~ ~ ~ r l W ~ a & ~ ~ k ~ t h 

6 aoacltl4 8 FL* -4 W s d f * ~ , SIUUCI fwm Pi- Wr 

w b t by a &@udaai fag* of 1.5. A IOU* m si 

-.o%a war, i.m W*& W wb t& +WET* satv* 

a* 0- a m e i m m orO.si. w e . maia 

tu m er 0.633 is , ar fo r &&aoar ar 1.9,

NQ m a t 'wkda%ian of thOa waol ha ben a5b&ed. It is #eta@ mm tredd h &m 

eagro~%flJ &t% &fWl 

Eram nib* md atlwakd aigb* laiwtim* Tka ohiob pmblm 

kk h musmd b i ba -man+ mob1 through ths -tIm twkyr w 

amtee. ifs ~idbsa *a+ * fh* 

iq * anWm. % atwad W mwms B aff-t - l L a as 

&m fg tba mrf naqam- 

lexlrrrrlrnsls baen for a uidn of lmals h +h;s fa&wm, 

pmdww &F m -d.& -%* -9% *H1 W far W -1 fs 

i% U%* utikU@* #m B b w d &lW h &€W& -8-b. #f& 

gread~fia of %ha mdml A Wd awl4 of tb oW&m pmb&UfW phtu 

lolrrt-d b >&mm fv R@& 3 whiU Few 4 *pes of th ob*nkrre'& Qf mmla3. mte lerr 

CU) Tha &fmt vf ra.Ho h aaalh-m and Qsm atbnar9s te fo tbed far good 

-- 

*-W* 

b rpeitu umwd amea .t;ikhn wrfmmmm mt kpb of e l w 

m &*ering [Wi *IS--fmW eW~.t)n The PttlIwmr $-t W~Q 

a d l&% MC r hag X lbb EL&. %, * d* nag, h p t a as* duo wed, $h 

3-F m& m ZW %+&do= -% h tb m QtQg Or@# Bl%StSftlCXl~ ?S1 b188 15arm, m 

@&bet, rdfas 1 rcnd 5.1 v&&bf3,f%bm 10, 40xrm W%itsl aPta dngmW~an faobrq of 3 3. 

It W= mmd tkut h mad* aodd h alemu Ptf h 1 M Q % f(s,V) 

Rm WCgd % B, deW5m X-13 &W a tawt IpS ewle's wXld m1 a&@ ~espeotlmb. 

m S *id bi a-

I 

F=-+ 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

&dim lat m 

mai.1Fim B- 

3* 14 

(m: 

3*5S 3-90 5.a 3 41@ 

0.55 L 

$m 

oa74 3 ~ 8 boa 4.57 2-26 3.72 

.ra, 6 34.7 3- 1 9. m 36.6 m,~ 

a fwk.l~r exwrimtmf with WC&&% iwLLo&ion~ fm modalling was wmied out to ixmwt~~be 

rdaff -hip ba-rtn flm* run ~~~~ wid puteatid mpb%Cfon gmfamwe mrdsr &#am* briw 

Wn&i.Efane. lPkg d wWeiUps dmlathl, W again med, M e w 6mdLPima mm rur ZoUma 

B d t i m D. A%& *aped ma at 450 Km* wi-tb time map mly. 

~~ara?~ fa ~uvl B1, fir amdtaolls B and D awl- M% lees than 

those for aoa~t~ma O M D I&& am *Wlw. AW- u%il- 02 t&w mr &X 

e , ~ B r i ~ o ~ n B ; I ~ ~,0.68; u n ~ n B,O.dl 1 e,0..57 1 h0.a. ~ m m ~ r ~ ~ r t h m t 

of a55 h * P P ~ W -em Hmmr wing %ha m18aim 

*Mat m fir~t acwWitlon remme, pww* a m -re fowl tb h1 

Msiwg &n&OtAI1 

A B G D 

1 -m 6 -4 -24 

e 

-tn I -6 T 

3 -U -74 -1 7 49 

4 

-8 33 49 30 

tb~ 

~'kosdy bly W model - &W miW ?Q-@ - km nil1 be. abls C6 fXm% m wrf~ww wkW *e 

mmdmZ -wed Sn tbfa mPnner it is not pas~ibb &YE * mIatlOdlip be*- ?at a8 

mid r ~ s a ae&fLm fat* aa prr#rWl~ nsad in W mahlr. 

#TO mm %Q if .P pn-eal &&awn oen h m&akd f-4

~ 9 w k b ~ ~ . t ~ ~ $ n f6 * gd d t l & ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ t & i a 

d C kr * 4w@f (l*a*Q 8ffahd br *&U") RG -W Pmb mm fw 

~ W c 4 a 4 s h % a ~ t i ~ r i ~ B c v r ~ i n ~ ~ f 7 5 ~ ~ ~ mum- d ~ W ~ i ~ t 

%&I &*-Q' @ wGAW sPld r #War sfsm is W- & Sr v m a &wbnu esssaPae 

belam.

* h B- LB. w o e @l? E.&=. ~mmI&$l 

riko mm* m mhlmg m wt.t)x me 

&WdllgIra;ut**a@%m@-*b~iQ~---eJ

- - - +ED CURVES FROM MODELLING

RANGE 

Twt Wght 1Bm 

kngth9tm fa- 1 

Width 18r 

VsIbWty: 40h, Attliude: Wm wmail~: Krl, ~ t 1 O t t . M

PERCENT 

Alttkrdh: 1*22Hm (4Wft) , ~ i s b i ~ (40Hft1 t ~ : ~ 

fkget : of si* 1Dm t aft 1 , Intrlnsk Contrast: 044 

Ssarch Area: Square of &da DSKm 11.64Kft1, Offset: O 

Dagradatlm F~tw: HE 5.6 qog c = 0-235 

KEY 

NS H- 

hnrd - ~ d l h o t a nmla4 

A 

B 

200 

L* 

02 

0.3 a 

c 

l* 0-46 

P 600 bQ 

an e 0.32 

F 

m n*e 

1 2 3 4. 3 3 

o s : r r r l 1 1 r r + 

t m5 

0 l ~ ! ~ l ! 1 1~ 1 

l ~ 

0.5 1'5 01% 1'0 ' I:;

~ d m ~ d ~ b i n w l w s t r p b , r ~ ~ hgiatkqtmeluei- 

t s d ~ . 

h ~ s i * * B l e - a ~ ~ 

&ZL ~f~~tima31ke3ym~utmatsfgst 

=%-oia-m twan-mmphofadis- In*-*- 

-of cbj- wae 

a&mpleaf-&jecta. %dmhthm-daut 

~WasaUw 1; 2; 3). Iathasem~I, as- 

*W*- a ~ & ~ ~ m m y z x m t a @ a ~ r h l a t & , w d n g ~ k n ~ 

Gwlo*(i.e. i q ~ a ~ r w h r ~ t m!bstidiemtadeptetoen~~tfrat~&dze - 2 . 

* h B g p w r s * ~ ' t ~ t b 9 ~ ~ w t ~ m m~ o * ~ ~ ~ w ~ i. - 

~ t & @ t b s g k w m a f t l m p m d % t g r m f f b ~ b o f a ~ ~ ~ .

0.- 

0.m 

0.- 

0.- 

0.- 

0 .m 

0 .W 

a. m 

0.m O m 'LO a -tODtPDa*sYItmm 

TIME 

0.- - 

P.#O - 

0-m0 - 

0.- - 

0.- - 

0.- - 

0.m - 

z 

n.='o PR W W IOiODrnLMUOt.0;100 

TIME 

TIME

0 m W m #lmmf10~LOi#I~ 

TIME 

qgmke:wtLw-feQl 

5 W& It, vd& 2, 8 & 32 

l q e l d m ~ 0 f ~ 2 td i , 

W 1 4 

1.- 

m-- 

0.- 

D.- 

0.- 

0.- 

0.- 

0.- 

o.= 

0.m 

0.m 0 m Q & .0100~i~110110~ 

TIME 

Pigasr 10s -eve disbibutiaas vits hr&e lobe 25, 45 

fCrr 51 fith 2 32 l&?@ 

Ibb~ 

a dew 4.

0 m W l0 ID~~0140L60LIOBm 

TIME 

O.# c 

0.w - 

a.- - 

0.100 - 

#.m - 

0.n - 

I l l l l l l l 

TIME 

@gm?dU~ @at* dlaWbrtttaQn8 wf4h 

fa *get 5* wltb 32 Uwi low - 1 2 and 4, 

9s n*

W, it 4rM b pare mcre t~ W emtar m di~-pXW, bttt dw~ AZSU fik axdb%@l 

-c urrget kn an umtruetur& tield. Meat of our ekperimaukr inv~lva backgrouad9 wgth &re than me tarnet, haw-. False posi-dve ranp~mea MPe encdingb rate. Subjects were amat aluays right, 

and whau tbsy wara yrnag, thw aintq@t awe corrgeted thde2sss quioklai. &h falad ri8imiriw wwa n& 

incoqwraced, but W ahauld mi garbp the g~oblerm mare aeriauaQ. 

Did y w want to aap a Liteh &cm2 daa~dag obsewms ' witaZe tu hpgwaeb' tw Edor 

*9pgnsws? 

%&in mdd $3 pDa MeLy in 't- S if w h d b b with ~ e bard Wt. kTa net B &cl in the 

teadieon o$ aim1 datiacdw t h &we ~ erttetia lrad Micianrp eau bm modif%ord. W 

dhmy be $&ri,qwat~. It -14 t&e E-, h&ever, is&- these afeu2atfum ruxr QP m quite rlm 

maahfn8, Cr marxier del fka -quire m11 dtlawt innwprabiug Chlalka refinmento, hmwer.

a&-*- 

&* -1a Ltd. 

m= wvi*m 

alpn 

Sakezl 

=em 

mmmt

-Ymsmm 

Pha apLdty U* eepr*oted into tr0 olmaw, m amfddag aubjwtivm the 

ofhar mid memumb. Phm mid waww ern a *esolf of raathakiM ppeaffoas (ex thsir Dptfoal 

QP ~Ieubrm~e -me] m #is 8Cal9 1umiiimn~. W+cti~b moauureu can bs at- mmdly. fie bade 

mbjmtive meamre L khab obtad frm an 9aquidtloa tmE, as m&i& -1iec4 A sawad typa of sub 

jsrvtXv~ aaswamat asn Be okh$aed W P -t ia whioh 80-B me m tha W m of 

tarn ~ U i o * . 

%mm r lwp af rwa brfw *B ldmtme #-h, r.g. mhEw, wm 

which bXpea8e1 the of ehilarfty W? a tsrgef uAth it8 -wound is Qhm 

- - -aatc We m e 

or-dl&tion mtion, 3m-r of its relwauae th-e ~ tment deadbad h i t dll ba treated in 

ome defdl. A mra detafled treatmat of mum aeoao m& atrd M* ia &VBD in (2), a d &h* pmibfa 

W hhrir ifritatibu @houaead iq 4;i"The aoa@-c-iW& rutrtim 5. @ran b 

e 

cmsmwm wmma'r 

An experiment rrm omed & to im=sti@tn +he nffea* of owfu~ibfllty oa, reoPgPition psrfe 

aaoe. This ~filbBd the all Bnquinitim Mlftg at W, Mefol. U d l g r thltl m 

sista of a ram at arae atad of wMob fa a lam bw1&131~& ~5m aar~~ll. 'Pup* ~tfmuli Ilfe 

pfemarrted oa th;Ln meara to a aubjeok (E) who #its iD. B PLOt~rfsed c m . The WE m be WTW d+hor Po~rasrts 

m: bmkwesda by the B* AE aoquidMwl fw mwkd by a poait5m of %he &&P Pfl.n k b 8 rtapa ft. The 

twf B C W t~ h d . aF8 ~ e ~ ~ a M d pbotogc9W~ tzm-1~ d fh& f0 tbs sPre- dU2i~ m arp 

e W W m. 1Ebe Wnwwiona of tba S& rocm U t the h u m xa&a to 23ft. 

In fia 8%-t the $tWi wprs aeanea ~md#Mng of of orlatiValy rimplo 8bopeh. Pour 

aHka?ent tmgeta (9 a) wet* -a, W., j, ad easrh T rm arnboadod M an -rag. of *pea (BT*a). 

Zhh iadtudfag ther F'a, rsa canetmtd frm rix d k s4wrmn, rim tha oonetdnt bhat each 90% must 

Uve a Base of a* loss* tbee @fa fxr B ho~~aatU line. 2h HT's ware m abuM tho 1 in a 5x5 atrix. 

(24T1e1~). 9% P aaa am- Bo Ila *1.W b b oenfr4 3x3 msfrir, ep sa to elhihate adga afspt;s. 

Eo*mm, ih *ss WiIud to prwat #mm with 'El3 m %ha pdge so .that tha 6'8 muld not lldt th& 

,aea*& $0 %W want& Wa& rsmpr fox *bane ~WfQular 0aww wwZd m*, of Z~MWI~, ba Wude8 in thm 

m&in dmh. 

Differat levale or oonfwibility ware &wed by wing the HT1n dn a aimilasity ruala independ- 

~ t l for y eaQh T. The peak vslw of the uxwa-oorxel&tion between the T cad NT W M ueed iof the Thn 

HT1@ w p n dividmd into h a sota, ths msmb~rs of ma boiq olarad am ahilar, membmrm of thm ofhar bai 

adled dim~imilar. Ebz my T, eWlu mhapm rere .rbitrazily ohoman a. having r pm.* aarelatlon of )?tithe 

eutooommlation wsm 61, th~ msf being Mnamlar. bones oontaioing all umlar FF1a cod all dfoalmiler RP*a 

wmra aomtruated, M w d l aa B ~ M E armfPinhg P mixture of the two O~BBBPO. Them. mixed 80enam were 0-1-

- PsQw 

S - 2ar&s bf. 

K - -t&rfUf 

L - mjm*s 

Table t 

a& 

'""l h (a) 

-t c u t 3 -

Table 2 

BhibiUtg daEina arua also aa a &@tf%mt off&, BTga ~(e). Here therm npp 

wro to 69 ao dafiawt dLfferezlw behaan ths *S& mixed f.m. dail- obJwta naest 

mu P da dipsWlar omw feFtbpr W, ad W* xwerse W*. %&m in a ahpifiamb &ki?fu= 

babrran all ata &11 di~mm ~w'B. t h -MUPP ~ 

P-DW lcrrd m dzeot tb W. 

If is wei'ul ta 0-s the multr dQb Bla&mellfs for the 8*tae*im qf &aos Q& a #&I bePkgE-, a 

&l- to aaa -srhmt+al &tu o b M fWm two Mala isvolvtag MP detwtfm of opbjeotn fmu 

l m - W &X&. In the first trisl, adl& 93 1, tb was flwu at an altitu(ta of 1W0~. m 

lea, W the fto *ern In opus t m (X. SaotW). Ia the nwW trial, W IT, &roe was 

flow & 1-t. alMtude d th Tta uerre ip w e o-ar eftuati~~, e.g. 531 m. DBtdltl of ehs two 

trws- a= be fwaa 5n {3j md (6) r-otiae* Ig 8 -t-t aud dam hsve b- plnOOed 

Pm 4% fh- reaulta, a4 BLaaMi!dlta 15-11tmontt ak&mh the &&a ia also abmn { ~ P l l mblbd ~ s daPa 

harr ha Tautwwl to @v* a W pobokTJ.fe of detdaa). !&m matsash~sizs thrW1ds fmm & owde 

-f lie olom to th fisld triqri fw the m m WNEU TV&- If th &a# ~ttre&ol&e ~ PO r&so& by p 

m- Of afx, &a -old Muqa hdma very mueh 81- to W BlauhsX1 -a. This reat rWd spgly 

if -bhe mt~mq~n W 18 ~ be cddered to be of detdfng the iudividud bl-h a w * s tbs 

8bawm. Thus k soma Sndfoatim that xaou@tim% mq be ~agarded a the deteokioa m di~emt%a df $la-l. 

mwm 

The B's *=a &SW ta give fh&-r t q v d a a M -W eqd~itiaa twk. h -t a* 

--,-pmmma- ht.=wL=p a ~ ~ p a # k ~ - ~ ~ o ~ n Fm'oa~d n o # m 

Lwl#+e a XT* &&4@8 t k -t mad be W l!. 9- am #m&Mad &a . b b m &fl W ooufa 

dlauZWwif:a P. Thw dsa -eil the dw #& amsimia&im wan-& m-- -l$., S&- 

Y&f~o wderr ~ ~ w C* B r- -&La nf &r o$ Wa 9 d'4ts * &W# WBIL &I t mad 

-

'I.. . ....,m 

fW$ i& &ip of She o-am~alatian is. sleo wmt. &lea it 

a1 

be po8nkd out *.b 

with &peb 

thu raage of am- 

B- Of & l& m &PS1 wMLB~ Vdue is 6, *B r*rtWW~h*ia h V d m 

%* only crbtaint@ me of thm +WO *pea baSw ,-l& the IiM- Io. * khs ndqhum 

ie, 4, as h Fig. 9r Thus f~ the &W&, e%atlol and h'lockl diffm~ ba- m end 

demaag Arr gul~ -L ig tama pas~~-~~~datioa 

-B, Wa ia a pa~blr rsanea folf the 

~b& dtf~t, Qn &&wtiQll r m d O@f'UdbflLu fWt~r* 

- 

tba numhr qf sorxBht5dn pWq The arld 6iwClg 6g nrrt &m aut& m mf&dp alfbo- 

- 

bhd 

rage of ocmehZf.on for th rrastle %m v- -l* them in evXdenoe Ut ntrrpbw! of mxfi 

is 1-4 with aiffiulty a2 raoaw~am b r mamtibl* *eau, w ~ u l w . ~ 

Tte, i*p* lib Nmk. mi~u it doe8 a& a*Witl &S EBSWB *b h 0- 2's. 3% if pa~db10 

Q~~I&W&W UP f i T1a wi+b th m" rr ir V- &&U- Phe 

of ~01ecfios m&9 3, 19 htqatmt By a omatmt3rn rule aaftmimd all to W a s 

mzatlqn #-ale - 

epamwzw, 

Fhe meaka d a s ~tgpmbeut m e t 

that, W- udng & t W S of a rst of diffoxmtly 

she@ objaoG, peau@t* aq bra 29erdwf m *U hatsototion of a%vte. The m of flm T wUoh 0-w 

bha dm- .-l kill, uf awe., &&ad on th ehawd OP ~ ObdrWs ~utpoirnMng the T. Ih fact, W 

obJe&m abl& m mm* daiilt~ in Bhsps h the I! aawd be camaidd. Blea, m e &U acsrpa medome ta a-t 

kht peamtim in %ha pz&em of u@ifWtlo f e EB~W h? the @e~ti-ml&f QLI iholiia at the 

'P wit4 'k4s @'a, Wmtim a d qr4$+96fF&4tkm me wIBW~ im m& SB fae W- R umda%im b+ 

ctumes, 44 mvxe '~idla a e *he F d ?RPLEI 

guteh %he two otrJe&a baoaw aez', 

d %h- tha zelmant bWl *hi& m& be B& f o astin-

xu cwdng tb di~art~ufan I bvt vlah to *h r~;g Id*a* W fat. ~qtos*tbn~ ars 

uwtb --I$ d r , d mf kid 'at large isc-a h# p bdtged -l?' &Wlrould 

it b~ ~tmef.# ta #k p EB oaPe.lld tO = &S~OU E$tnt, ar &**? 

!F 

X do mat g-l the rprpsdoa ir d&, ol- Wat deem'* it X# te It- 

,*kit a #Mt- b u W sn an a w uieitbn t. 41~ 

Xmd .n.- rm it a cqdt.fm pxab2em. Md tIPr h- 1 report&eOX -h, 

- 

a -1%- dbfite a8 mt m wdd -&b. m rrbwrt 

t b abje eg hi8 smb, md m awd m EO uucmt ADC 'W. 

Om of *ha f9r ball& fe thm *t &f prua-j m tb piabl- I* inr- W& m 

d S d B ~ a d l a i s i ~ * ~ h t b ~ s t ~ * o a p ~ c E l e = 3 . e t - W m b m ~ W ~ @ t 

hbulf, &tar hr W idicatd a 1&W? lmatiotl, rro a&d fa r ei&aa Tbh prose 

aa wlim smbga*m m k hmably 

~ b s f q w ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ' ~ a d ~ ~ $ p a - a a * f ~ W w o a nWefmmahs l ~ ~ a t * . 

wu wdnB1ly hh *d 4 aodidmcm until ?m m r w # d t *LE. &n ae eh thiw Bmtt 1,h b do ir to WM ,goolf.h mm, Lpd pb rrs*tor W $m htzoct, bdd off 

frea&&a~~m)~fcwmazm~fj~. l P f d a ~ ~ u e m o f 

W L ia prrr del*. 

IwoadarlWLE~npDoplSf~w&fmadassiw~pre~~~WW2 Z 

lh &Bfmwy obvio~ W & that bUm 18 .B0 dam- M M k m C m m0 

prJm. -, f frol ill at mum tm a 8-p edge, &!war b WWm earrerast 

*E- #E th OX m -far &M W OIJ9 -2 

Xn -1- *l: thm bard bbe f d a -a d lk TwIo*ta off-& darn, kud seamat4 *faat I 

-11 &tfcUb&lLlf~ p~fSIa; TJm pknbilElg of dam- offada do- at wtcasmaily gm @ 

to 1. '+a Lobn fi oataly s --G-2 8- Ear mkbg th@ rrsllsolatbw afqh. At p - 6.5 &at 

tm W, d 1 bp a &P pababildrp of o%d-adr rogh d tbt is tskm, quite +ly, am t b 

a0 the had shell 1088. It'# Ekrt thr U-e $d eauiap &a a t 

r mibmui~aP 

the m, f* wal~ 

inaide, got -&IQ& 

I r;r*nt ra wk *k Ss tn4 af &ellimgZ Wba mwMazi#g m, dtB thjr 

eh- ip -h, m-i nd sa m, wha srs mammtwily f&htmd r 

pupil, u h rltar dfwdoa ef fia r qufre arbittwy and mprWtab1s .sd uo 

f&rth, mt -U ii llodriP Xhn airer- may &vd Id r W accfdatk oc a wliee f*, or lim ay 

*m wifa; how do yau IrtEL&e all m& Wore laad aesrsr of tbo rPad&lfugP

3 den'^ ku he 4Hso~e of madsllb$, But h-tily Wm. Xt ta ma them are physical 

#@CZP & t h publea ~ 8dti rbere pst+ol~gi~l mp6=zs ef t& publam. 'Ilfts ps~ho~og98ro hmenTt 

a del 6P pr~&olog~e,d- rnah Fm; the mnh u.en@e Wt zm bvq, fm ~~~, via&i 1 Lty W&ln, Yr a- 

tm me rrrr b t l tdrmr &E m y eau& tbt~ugl~ the BpsFcral &% of rmrdelLkg. 

I crrn c-t ml.y to Me Wtwt bf eaiterrGng " W C -.S# Le*bg t$w m #t of tba Wel, 

unlwo we bve h b tbaa a8 part ~f tha verfaaca, he PP fmr Jtma & data I1m alpare uf that buam 

pltr qrteschn .dSzeccIp'm ~llmed by tl~e U6 him W& of Staff (bur i* o&miae avaIlaZI1a) 

On P 30lblt *E& wk

c-lg Plodel can b. applid to du PP -o*l Jdr, if ab*t you m. 

h h a domm r gaod d-l of d m l l h g aS TV, ud o W %mh, md fh#6 -all cam br ddd am 

to th kid of del. w*'va barn dircwri~ bra. & W ob-m ad 'p+i*rl dmtmc-E urn in 

ad-, a thadekestm Lnd tbr aPrae brfmgu -her D or 3Ovarirbl.e with it. Inrp 

opinion rhia topia Woplld jwdfy mwhar mtiqg. 

PW -tract 8 fw -I W, far butam#. W C- &d 1-W TO qst- in 

fuat this **g, -ly, Q-I~- 2 hqa 1Ptmnmific8th bp tefersatcs to M parmta8. 

E-1- ohm ym am ~ u i rm-ly c abut ps*mt~m a d p. rigwl-mwn, -a, d w m* 

P$ liff~t t-1 i ~ ~ h d d r 

-1- aould be qplicabl* tu the warfros of equimts. Unfortm&t431p, quickly mime 

iato the topic of mnluatim, a ch iu M th. scope of thfa raathg. X with P* B- 

that amusion mXd be M to cwar fe odlpartaLy. Oae ab out objmctivmn .t Bristol fa to 

~adml 

ttria rrmraqui-t iutwnctim, d ua sra optUat2o.

fn faot, w l ~ ** &km€s, i.a* bdlcol six feet (two mms1, 

&Q w%th -. It M bh SW* tht, sfaee mrmffclgsnee and rcuamrrr- 

~ ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , d ~ 1WvLrgtd) o r 

~ - ~ + f e e & ~ - - * * t , i n t h e a b s ~ & a r p r ~ i n t h e 

d t € l ~ o f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M d ~ d ~ F 

hfkemis d*.

E 

* 

- 

? 

r m p m a & ~ F P 

A, 3 W.26 C.- 

B* V- m 1 0.81 - 

t.-v- 

1 776 * U 0 0 5 

P. S* 

3 

- 

SY.85 *.m 

AxB 

3 5Y.42

k ~ ~ ~ & m a n d v ~ d i s ~ , d 

t m & h M d ~ I g p l & W ~ t v i d q g d flh#tadbmW-sxexramdm-,htt* s ~ . 

near

S4 

24- 

U- 

+U-- - -m--- ------- 

- C 

---- 

+8 

-----+7 % 

-- 1% 

+--------------+ 

+-g- 

+ - 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ + 9 

1 

7 

iS1) 

---C-1--- 

+-3-----Io-131~I- + 

6 

8 

+ ,-+ 0 

I I 1 

47 7 

CS21 

43

X trhd ~3 .W a tat lL& &$a $%h 52 pt5ets ia R p&a*Coae* Irr the U t aas~iia I't tell 

r M i n g -eh *M, and ku tha a d rinnriort I tsXd thw I WQUU map when I #m tl~h 

m wrve OH. 1 1:wld dia8emw m *a&* z* wpd 20 to 1 par EW ar -dour#, 

t * * t ~ ~ m m ~ ~ ~ & m # r ~ ~ t~ z s~ t # 4 ~ k MQu@F* ~ W . C 

hams. 1- to had a mty d &=kin$ fgsratiorr, but wttg mt vi&q d3s-W and rpfthuc 

a$~cUttd *&l mm figlit &m ~t pb~fih. 

-1 dud#aat -8 .Potb Zrw ii f ~ trs , m tm mpe*. X'm at a ru 

m 6 f e -B. Eor the EQVW, the eff~~t~ the are =B fmm 

6 Xa6e -8- 

*sa Mkd W 443, tmat-w~,anb Et mm 4ulitx# clat- x m8 s9~pwfB to, EM pn &feet, if only 

tb a&j~~~Pvtl, m I r X k b ib-m malww t b d k m B lqa a*t- &faet 

u w 3 hkim8h quf Er p k t;hP'~ -8~k& E0 &efW#~ M tar-. disk=& ha-@,&, 

~ t aW= k from a prdm prucf1*111. ~indfng, not fm the lf eararrae. 

m M *%a-dgB Wl W ~ ~ '*,&%B' ~ 1% a -L e sew%+ $ rrXp~Wtm Mow 

thq aae- daucllyf h ef thm h 8liol:c rfgktd (63 and rke ~tkm m d&td CM). Pld 

pu h m *in 8exe2u&hg *m P ,&I%E&? 

l!b4 A m B Sntera~tkon yr#l rqwt thw be 

S,m*992wa. 

x ad ht:w@tbn -4 go. Ad &wedug Oi~Ifwt8 

aut~ tb18 ,dWeada W what one is tryh 

ta du. 1 wmzt& to Sollw Lhxe ptUg,p up with me mn visd SW& at the 2 v%- dbmtpzrerr.

-. % coamt h*s baaa cPaPalapsd oC r awl* md.1 fbar L mprnsaamtiva af tha Id-m and none#~ 

cmaitionp on full-fota obj-m. A re-mably radiotic appr-ch iu a # p m *at: in **podcd to tbe 

i++&tim f~ tha ~Cfm M, th8 run, and th grouad, ukP~ into -t tha -idmrabla oariatiian 

d the Id- b fh. Ay. Buad, priaurily, oa -=-to of tln nIry fwd~mca in th B M Faak 

mgiw of Cobrda, O.S.A., ealeulstima wrr Pada ot &a hmt contrast in -h a del whn it in 

viarad Ifm any direction Via fields tat view of various sisea. Otbtr calculationr werm con*crwd with thp 

*l okjsettr cantau cantrut fts -, ad with itlr eulm. hpzeaao~ativa r~ianlta of tbue 

calculatiom8 am a?mn mud direorad. 

Xa aaimth.1 dhtraca d S pafnt of th. -l qltate ftosr the rrta d e a l 

9 - 1utiWrtal 

dirtem af a pohk d t3rs d a1 @*re fmm tbs horiwntal meor of tha 

rphcm 

(I mh-1 dfrm of a mine af tha sky from t31a mu vertical 

p - latitdbl dimtancm (elauion) af a point of &e nky wmr thm Wrw 

4- slapatim af run over tba W ean 

W wammth of ligkt, k m 

7 [wl- mlatfwr nmsLtivLg af ehe Ea? lfght of rrrweleugtlt v, dth refetsnce to d tiviry 

&t W = 555 m 

mb -1- in wfm2 just mit~ia tb. tmt#t*id a-, etlfZB5 to dinetiea 

fzm tlm mm, fat ~raero*tll w 

a(Ylj = att-tfm -#i~f-t PS =it nit -a. for aatral-th r 

Eg - 

aiotrnca 

m - erffaotive alr ~ 6 s 

of point ( h.$ ) fram mint c bO, rg -Pg ) m tha aphmra , dietly mdmr the 

B M 

B = oi in tha dtfeimitp of point

1. fntrduarlan 

Ono of the pshw gwmming the vZktu3 deteedan and iaetttificarim df pd feaxrxras irm aa 

&reaft in the inheran* -true of then# dbjacta , aithar within th-1vpu er waht their br-. 

Itt het nrr gopad objmt cm %e $&acted, m& Zana iddif%ed, rltthoqt an Inheretit coatrat RI-r h 

tamr of Imdnan~m or in tern of *ha an-l c q ~ f t- i W ~ #lorr mpmtimfy - aE t h ~adiation 

Wrtd Or rsfl~tad fmm it@ -face. ?his a h t m t appliah k) pbOfD-alea~micnlly aipMrtad 0-cvatian 

as well4 and -1- the iabmt cmtzeut md4.tim fn atbar objmeta wtfnua, tkarafa*, 

to hoU coaaida&le Wereet for a gtwt mukmr of anemday-poblic, End~triul, &tifie mrd 

dlttary diacipli-. Ad a cmmtquumm, a m d ia to asthlish a 8kt of *uff ieftatly detuilad data 

aa chc iaberm~ objser gentram+ aid, bmud an mauuremum PG-l oonditim, can be realksti~allg 

aoociatcad dtb .a trar Le$? ef drmmur~l, ~lrsreorologiesl met watJ-I niftutium & whic6, h turn, 

em a#mm M s d e l far farm ralculatfw~, $or duplieatinra 4 aimlatioas, fur pradi~tica6 of 

Q$ jact contrasts asstdug c-d caadirf mu 

a. ~wtlllistt~ af m wt~ weapt 

Physically, the cowspt of wrch a &l Ws.sgea a moth nphare lo~aked w&rs, initially Wax a 

clear &ay-tw illdarkd by akyligkt, mligbt, and themrefl~'tiq $round. E&th &m aphera md 

the gtwa ma ~crnui&rrd compaIetaly opaqun, nkutraL k colox ad d~f:ffnselp reflecting, th g*@ 

having a rt&l=ranoa 2 ; and #a .pphew S $km Tha eiaa sf tha BphQxe L -11 awl ttr altitude Owe the 

@W is nu&, &at its utdw duo* aat cmer a m&#riel p r ~ .crf a the p o d and &fact tb -c of 

light Im r8distsmcm, respaetiwly) tbt is mfluctad feca tha gParmd upan m9 pnrt af tha apheza, This 

e r e 1~ vimd frm tht, oWsfda by an obsmer hpm &p diredtipn; and tha &emer i*, s~in, rmalL or 

dhtmit ermush frm the &feat -bra md Ltr 8utWfag ground sa as net to itltarfare mitb tha Ught 

d&tfibutiba w tb. Ta fIll W cdtim bf M "hheraaen -mkt, the aa'aixotmnt iao aanu to 

-h dat the mnzmlrc i* dthr erEesuecad nor a v a d by tk dim Latrwan th ad the 

&~h0e. Zt f s elm adsum$ kbk no at;waphe+% ,sft8riuatim C~cat&z%q, atrrarptim) oceura in the apaco 

tie- t b obaamr ad W *her*. lurthemera, W h the spham~and t b d11 in tba cam of 

V&8ibh radiation, d t 

BnSf I%@E m. 

This , a+t d a -1 ob jaet has slraady ben prrrpoa4d fn earlier publication XI) , and, J,wdtabla 

,~~rtcdng~ nvmi thawdim, 8tUL appear* auifable ad appropriate for the above-=red proposes. The 

fblldng m-ts £m ~f thin eoa~epf we ~~~entiall? tdked frm that publiutian: 

1. lt r&es sn &jet ta B m ~ ~ t i c n lenellg t f aurvssslble ###b&nl bUapa. In partieulur, it f&ilitates 

htarpxetatiw oE Ldc &at1 ohiiaed thxoug3 its applfwtim aud h a s Lr posrribls to eaaity 

-late beatins m tb -1 ingo m&$ Haertt2 tern of -fa- ukiaqtation. The ma-thu of a 

t k 4 h a i m a l frill-fmm ayatmm pcdts Che w~ftica~ ei a ades of -idmrat%ma that cannot be 

. In plrrfieular , the ahmt~gw 

perfemad with mhls cmcwwd with qpedizc Grfff a# orrl,~ntat%(~is d y 

uf fu1.l-fam model* c- to bear, +*m wstims ef optiml hation, Lvcitim uf minh md maxima, em., 

era t~ b& daalt wi #, a$ h the case, fa* example, in EOtrnechbon 

eognftida d obfaets. 

ttba problm of dmtaetirm and re 

2. Phy~lcallp, tha commc~ umbrurad porti~ oE the 8mf~e of m objaet, that are the ~bat?octmisttw 

of ,a where, are trrlmll$ atao ha OQW most z%amEble fm elm phatamtrtl?, spaetrda~opic knd coLorimeteh 

of m 0kye~L 

3, Tha mdirfoa af b m r h 8u3a~e mer~aaAt1y nam- the qqdiesbiUty of the -1 aa $rors-fwm 

~woi&s#ttone stlrd dT1 oftan leed ta adaim co~mwts, whf ch caa be d-irrbte at undeehbls, Bepettdhg 

on fha Ea8k at -. Gen~Ydly, &S# ~@laaition will tan& to be beer appramhed ia mall sb jeets, 

but it ia for @r4~-dcaI wwf ly adEicie~tly @&'tietied &n @-fiat eurti&xa of ch~ eutfrtea 

af ~ I U&jeers X as wdl. 

4. The aasmption of a gray m'Iorat5an of emre and gmd, and the camaftion af p&ad diffrtrlm s b 

plifg the thretical ~ensLderatl~ at tha ama time etrebla further applicatlun ef tbw rerulte 

ta -lord mtfse~s. tlhlLc, ahittnw, w h B swlifimtiog wlbets the influancm of mtered aafut.1 

-, it most b= -ad thet, by and lrrga, wtud objects usaaliy rsfiet kh-+ h

- 

-fir* d8ibEe ~poctmm* aL*a wit sp**tral appea~mnce tkmngb tba yw m a8 KO & p- 

rukrrlL*ticm - PilrSch ia dm of a e t - at-7 dSticult, ---, ~pmy m -- 

dmm fearuraul cUntLagd& &mud~~'~ h mhrf.1- W their - samba, dta fm mrS in t 4 

w n ai -PI-, dwliber&tc - neutral uolerlith. ?!h&* pruaeat a+tkLo &U - to 

m -19 - gnly tha eal~~l~tioa aa m abimcc Inwedue4 by rfra -1- ra8 Edla~irZ trdiatsm. 

3, ~ t a ~ 

In wdas m b s t e wntwt aad mhr ef r mdal object, ft ia firat nammam to Laer Ebs but& 

m c r of th. mtal i l 5 h -curia m it8 aurf.te. m I*I prhrily m wnWutW wb bp th 

s;tmc'~ radfatim from eh. ay .ad tBm am, U tboau by h datim rrflactsa em tb gllompid. xu 

tba eMa of -1 

dP m t l~dl 

-K&- 

*J 

lo tMr rtd.y, tbe mdi*tim i&imt an ?M b f&dcdw tha 

mdtiop* W W m m tippar pal& a h -. U dm pr-r 

ef rsfL.cEfaP, onky gewat aE rafleW rdiatlan elmger in uc-m with th dhew of flr 

groosld, ala fh dwcrrPL1 q i t k - by the rrth V 03 mrjr to aluaia3 t.Qt*eh - 

ia mintabd, 

Far tin saleoL&tiPn of ae cel.uthL rdtth* - 

baU f~ tbm fgramd- m m t a &&a# ZB. 

1956 XlaEramd PPogrm tW15F) d tbs W8bt Ait -1- Ca#r by Wt, mat *oil 

-1 C2-3 msa -toy&. mlib 8Wl.t =t# aYdo at dm sarra rmd othrr wwioar b m r m grarp 

of tbe Wirpgs fnrbitutim 4 -By tKr&tliq I&-Bl, tb. **a 8*# ta r W- 

wad -fog d wt.1 mm altitibQa* 4 to SS' during ma -tip sllrrr &t*mocrxr md -, 

*mfmm, pmtkoulmly dtdrla ao r point of &parWm for Wmes -lath of Zma mu&* -rat- 

&%* -*B. 

b.3, 

-te .oXu ix3rdhtim 

Par- d B.C. El* (9) +I- 

- n mt uf pyrIuli-t;+fc data obt*ia*d Wmg elm m by 

rmreakis-lt? b%gbvd.w -, *hr aalubUtiorn of kbm new coar 

pm6mt d cb* tlltmhmea an t4e pofnr dime17 lnrder tbe elm wrlo -'a vahw b tM mlrr 

*diation drag 4 jmtisg m~gtrt~y m *n -ar*rial 1401 w/ma tb e m 

with rh. Mm&-1 -1htrit W- 

*C e AEgD a point (h#) ar tb Wra, ia atatbu~ls ca t%a U-t rrdirh 1- * 

m. In glwa by 

-U h,g tb hghb 4 IAtW word-, rqmcttv~tq, sf po3.w a Lfrr -, dat r d e 

cottustmoartk.1 h = O ~ ~ h o r i ~ w l w l p l a t o r a i t k . ~ ~ , P Ugbt; ~ 0 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 f 

680 WUatr - intemaeiowl melimfal lght M-t; Jtre) m ~lativa 

smdtidey qf tb* rjei ~{a), h 

~asttm', = ie+* jwo autrih m s - t a ~ indkt on a *WPM* -* W 

#m dhmttdn ko tb m, dear

Hare, B $8 t&e -taw brifhtmmm* of th olff ia hdm2 dthia S wpu m, st the W, Be Mcb tb9 WbP 

i q6 1 f rr tks centsr of ~ d td p which an of e8td 148 ) ~tmradhj a and p arm &a 

asiot2t m4 a.at.lon d the Mat oP the e, a&%= dtb zefqmw to the am vartkcnl B= 01 ead rtas 

briw @m o), ad 

-t of illddag h€ SR due eo uaLi&t mPlmrtsd 9rm tbm haofas a mflwtu~e ~3 fr 

8%- h* a prrknt El,$) by 

d the co*em@tara eaqonent fox rsflactad a9fii@t by 

me total illdn&tlaa m a y &nt of khe M e1 ware 3s than 

t~f cbs mnpmeftm, tb b~k&tw3#8 dtut*%b~L.k the wa -U mp 4taW t8mugIt mf.12), 

of *eh rig. 1 uhwa tba We £at m altltudc 53.f. FP* -II~. tha mtbw 1116y (Ptr~terdiaarl 

W dt~ided k 151Z mashua 1 t .ae asiPUPII & 15' &h in 1atiauh, md m8 d d of 

tba average brtghwnd B dtbia each retrlw, Thc bxft&mws '~alrfa* waEe tPImn wsf&wL to mthwtid 

cat maax at grawitg of ewv ro~tin, and tbt d grapjw *m &hen tB ~~~mlirntau @,B) wed 

ia &a {3) md (&].In -1, Ws -nt pr* 

ewr - im pattieulu, h est-tes fat tha deia.i.9 d 

voed - tbs d wad &fir prw to be *chef &*. 

n e w r e rondts. h W- EWW, SUW 

stm or srrtdq up of aky *aetor~ rare in- 

- The -ad prbfpl. fsator f ~velved - 4 rafhamw - ~ow&ird fall--, Within that range 

g 0.2 fanred as a kypinal- -1- fPX tla=aIIP 'p- smr, and p - Q knd 1 h 0 aa I- 

miss wuee. J - l .D awi Be w a d fairly mpressn~atiya far fdLy fallsn arm. 

4. -no@ tuariblttb 

F$$. 2 illumrratua btw type af preemtatians u8d etw p&Wu for khi $et*r&wti~n of the conmt 

tdtiom on t@e dfl mphara. XZ shgrws lids of -1 i l l e m bp th -1 apka~m, plata in 

2 

tb tr-1 doubl~coaine prmja~tlaa, hilts Ff g. 3 dmrrates the displsc-t of the M OPQ hfm hvd 

df illMtraaee at an il~scwin$ @OUN tdl'i*. 

-t f P m the data obtained t m h &q ! to 7 prrwidu rba -4a fm samsal af iai-tirn 

of parmar intereat in the area af dm@etiml be tb il'Idttmea cmpanmt h to a reel aky MMCrt 

be daaaribd by -aim$Xe aqmtiw, m of this tnfotm~fw oras &eq&xeU through emutax #-h a d in* 

pa1atf# t&&niques. Thds t+pIfa+, h parkiwlar, ta mfnimim and mlmum cdif ieae d, perhaps mra sa,

5, seam cw-tr 

Thma m of -mart ~ Y ktfgated U 

am fur* oL: the utility d tb d l E P B in ~ ~ 

pactteal ppplkt$eaa : 

I Fat. &%S -me, an O b ~ or m a -M ia I to tQedE im mwfdn rb. 9- mrd tea atsr 

a pZ-l fir*edaU C&+ 9 fh eoaPdkru~a of -6R d$x*~d@86 &#Ut.d l h tha 

8-W ZA,Y) iwtf, m W tbt roxPa8r wiaf IWT fs tha W$r w3at m to the W- 

var. Titedmmerki ~ e b L a t t a b e a b l e t o ~ a d ~ - m t b * ~ * e b i ~ s m ~ a ~ 

Ch,p) d ~ r n d ~ f r d e ~ i d ~ rabfmuaf * n ~ l ~ ~ w l s l r ~ a f d l b ~ ~ 1 0 5). . t i g . 

tu r Wd11 thdora &-%be *ittwtf.cln -a &*a half facSag tbb oQ#tpar ia -&l* ta 

Mu, -11er f61b of Viw m of for tb af d~oaticar -4 Iwgr &jretr are imhed, 

wch M in tha of nadwtirta m mtdw tnrrafn, m w ? i thm ~ ~ fhld ef &W b fr by -byd, 

b8-=t%~, p&#tmE@li~ m, d~f~b-, ~~U~CDWI~ D* & 10. hlVbg 

dad obsem~h, &j*ct comttamt mag t h defiw rba p-tlltp of de- abjmct; h tk& 

p~l~tarqhic rppl%mkCm it wLU, fm *a dred -8- r e BE the fir etc. 

Fk. 6 illustraw ewe whmn m ob-r nmr ~€te mtim aphara (U = 90'1. Tb liw inakcatr vf* 

dha~5aru C m M& tha inkarmt nwfw watrrrnt within th4 fidd of 4a d 

rt. W dBI-A- O iadiwkma am dimcria af th m. 

o rtw a-. %h star 

Of -%#l kt.h.t Is hrrr tha upper gatism of * pm.*nra*ia *hi& rwatdns the d t - w npplicabh 

w aartal obaam~m md &&X altpntiaam witmm th. hmt bmwd m th* nvbja~t. Tn C b am 

lhwn- *is, forarcmaltfttdad sod gwund ~t&uca20~-4Irx$*~cdaatol tlHetrppnr Iulf 

h b W und h d W, ideat* tb# fsx at1 thm dimeo~. to thh acth tba Wamt ens mtraa rupl at rlr& h%$ primrib -a, 'LwSrSae ar rhr Objact fmm am 05 dixretha. 

bot;h*aptw~~nt~th*~wlti~t@oatbmd*t~*-z~tm-Irtw* 

f %Id of *fee of &-X. 8~ all d%raetiom uut4da t$* blank a=#, the mdaca mtmt diddukw

Fig, 7 dmmatremr tha WE of the lnodel in a study on cw iaflmnek crf tbe $rPund znflsctmc~ oa tha 

amfa- ~~~traat in tba obrsrwz'a fSeSd of &m SA-% the disgkem~~t and dgfamtfou ef +ho ILm 

Ear dim'%ct&en# Er- vhil R surfam con+raB~ of a.? is nmlntaiuett. was a4 i1luatme-i~~~ ad this kind, 

an obaer~rr tram an umpmcifiabla dixecticm 4' at diff ermt sea-B af the pax, $.a, 'bsxe W mat ememid 

gramd. (-er dtians, - in partt~-~ illrnni- lwelr, stln altituda ad ba- - rmsiafng 

eqd, 4 great& d m af fibarvaatfrm dfxectiom ehuLd be milanla fa+ detectiq am object Pbm tb 

g d 

is bare.) 

Qf courser whea tha fiold a£ view -8 ~rmtller. thefa are ehq&~ df &a .m l~tim 

rrbaafute minim and maxi- sphere f lldnaoee ~f*trltmt3misl~. ME-, 

field Pf view tend to ba -1 b a -11 fi01d .d vimeg, 91: &k a -11 

the cantrmt dtkfa a gfm 

U , reapeatiwdiy. 'Visa -Ea., 

will be f- dfxecr3~ f m which a9 abject appear8 abm m ddm fiamtraat~ ad Pia. d ilhutramm 

thm d4pewhq EW h a fie8e af view af diffbng ebz4 at the @Ward ~3.5~ adar aldxde *ad a 

rpund MlaatWca 0.2. rn the fl1wtrathn. EJla hatched sibu of Ule Lias ~b- %dire# a fi* 

directi- aiC the emtraet fn thn obgect f e -11- than the rmqtdrmd ono uf, 5.n 8.7. 

B~B, 9 thborata w thia e t a w t ia the, pcrhrtpn , mora pra~ti~al, ~pplf~tt~rt Hun m bbje~t P. ha- 

gied tu ba &m- 'from an drcraft &ring 8 dfwt ovecilf ght within thm sum ~articat. Thraa bigia-t 

fklda of+- wPth half-fr 'h axe sssd; tbe m t t y io WiatPtd in the imert. It caa bm S W , 

tlwt t b eclnrrasta not m19 bscoPre mllcr park 8 dSdtridhg Eiatd of dew, hiag walleat &m t b &- 

*t iu viewed ~~pro-t~ly frau tha d5zaedm qf the nm. They & l fhctuuta ~ rim b n dtaing the ovar 

flight, the larger W bat-; a fact, t b mtp becm of in-mt Pm cbr haal ob-r U WIZ aa tar 

vie, 8 phoiwtnphex or engineer engaging ffha er detectars bavbg a IimLtad d-t tang&. 

6. C a m mtb48t 

At the^ - particulaslsr during the right, at meerot aZrp emditfom, or wit& clda az fug - it is h 

caatola awt rat- tlwn the rurfwa coakrret tlrat Basdwtw t$e detuctioo ad, ewu -U U@, tbe m- 

~8gdtFoa ar- af 4 ~txmeilhca er ~acondsaazrca task. A sat ob ~leut~time was arada, in dsm: to &- 

rah m ISldiamia et tha m nnd ngdtudra hvolved. 

Fmr ~s at*, abaemtr W &win adaged to v$- ~ba object ~plscte fa a pthcipa~ dx~ecion ~hb B c 

Cmttrrp ko m =Ifat propsitim, tks ~ b s ir ~ BW ~ located r at s fXmd eltft& 3t R(WW-~ m 

t b point [ 1 ,~ 1 of tbe IP h W ZWUS df tber I I P ~ Erw ~ . thot . I t i t d ~ r m ~ b l 

mwex is able to arr*ay oa the where: a circular fhId of view, whesa radiur mutanda, ar hfm, tIta 

eugle W 4r th eater ~f tha sphmm. The caMour cmuasc fa Lhen 4mtmtmisPd, m me W, by Phs ldfi.n& 

tk oS elm wha, 4, m h sthr h&, by thm 1idrmc~ of the b8elrgmmd wan bp the ohmmet, 

when botlb Imdmmzm are auammed at 8dj-c pofnt~ at~mg t;h. cird- af ths & m r t n field of 

vim. iba locafion af than. pints rcfth rapecz to ( l,y 3 %a $van by an dwtbal, vSmin8 aagle 6 , wfth 

B* a &eatad as almn in Fig. 8. Ttra rurmeri-L -tub of 'tbc ebat- contrast wra dafhd to be

sin y {B] = sin w coa g EDI% COS U 8h 9 

sin brim W 

rh (h-AIM) rosyllej 

b) uroeirt*d locrtian in th. basing 

le- mr u c~sy rns@-sin w in* 

T$a sb -8 t- f- appwri- wr (Pig. 11 W fta tb mwtd g~rrna iumrirudory, 

pprltip1hd by ths m tMlectanca 3 , Jhfcli, ia tba -cat& W to be 0.3, 

while the Ipbesa wan ensksnad a reflactnucm $ 8.03, wimlatinrag a rather dark camwbhga pe4m. 

fig. 10 drwr tlm mrwr -tEwt dung LRa dmW?dr*au mf tha &rantar 'a f feld of vim on 2:Ira aphxe, 

.B a fmctiea of thr Prew%q agle Q . fm thSm Pield~ of dew of erffada~ sirre W thee oBsermm 

aleimdd*+, qctiwly, ~spwding to tbe mlnr radii W 30; 60 and $Q? 'W. graph fa 

W - 90' is a810~iaCd dtll * field d view cm- m anLk~~ blfPaphafe and aecordfngly with I 

mat dhtaam of tha deemer f?m the nbjact. Tha -1e aseorasr pt'4neipal *iwfns dic~ction 

( A=Q, 4 - ~ I, m e a h0rfxwt.1 vima of t.h* &re, wttftb tim nun tn M aa~. tim &emcr. 

&lg tbm ahaluta vaW of &e cantra~t are $1-. Udt tha asmmwd canditiena,, all contrast8 ih 

rualLtg aegadva, dtla ta the low roflaecence of th sphere. The veftieal bra& h tb grma L caused by 

cams dikcantirmufty of baelcgtW Waaess nt thm horiaeu dru tp fhe briphtsaufi d5fM-R bahPeea W 

the gm-. bntrarg ta the fondftfunm reedkg k b marface ewtr-t, St ia rrnlp hcfdmttal to tha 

viwh direction cb~en in the -La, that a -11 U &t~ in mall. ~~ntmtr cm~razt9. Also, the 

-try of tfu -ha All disrpaear ff the obe&mur'a lorariw ia outside tha am vertical, or wlmnh 

is oar thaa &ere, rezpactLvab. 

Th.a 

- 

other graph rolatim$ to the matcm cantm~t. Fig. t l , illustrates me em&Lchs wbm an ahsmr is 

iarag- f ly3q lur ob jsct at g*urat bights apd vidw it frm a varierg 05 diraetione 9' &thin tftla 

eon vwti~aL~ for W aim8 of &4e field of dew. Of €ham, the cm* fa* W 9e csn be taalm to repm 

the -8ux eontraat Eandftiona, for. -l*, in a typical &WaWatd'orrtieal widvla (120~) scan d 11 

sma3oti~ of many -11 objects. The direct5ons cp' from wbi& W e abf ecrr are v t d are than v- 

&% tltm 39' M 1~0' range c-ider.d in thf~ graph. % plots beiq qmwmieal, 4dly BUG halt fa 

ohm 

&mpt for rathar gentle band rrfrare tha edge ef the fLld 08 vim cfpeaes the bolmderg of rtte hatf 

-b.* 83rectly itradiored by tha am, no abrupt dfwontfnuity appear*, as was the ama h Fig. 10 . Thla 

- 

fa 

m, bscauea the aarural horlaon Le autuidm ths xmw of the fiald of view, and the wiforrmly illdated 

panad form a m1y baekgxd &thin the sew. At w 96', this b d will lmdar rha a a s a toadfefan 

lrl- -UP at @ = 99". corcaapmd41g to the dL-m of 8a obfaet @here abieii is at rtght wle to the 

m wrtiat 

mle &a contwrr eont~orr ta Ln Pip. 1 1 are bikb in ~ riswr to tIw surface ceaatr~w qpearing in +b 

mrlier Pltstrstioas, thin ia &m on3y ta rhe M& tacte of eh& w d reflkcfenca to apbe rafleetwca 

a s 4 in tbia partfeulax exsmple. The conditions for edmf reflectance rados cm be easily de~ived 

the values in W 'eabla of Appmdix I.

wea -b of rd&&ah a t h p 01 its -U,. -h ef thue -oats - rrdtatim Xmm mm, 

+&#h frw tk shy, ad rdiatidu from ttra ,dietisa of tha sound - lwn itr am spremm, 

er *, tmpat+fwbl md t b wlQx h &a& pd~t 41f the del apb- k r dx- af tba cobra 

es d~~.minrd by tha pmremtw@# by jibid fi, -e$aut mWbutea ta Eh. ts-1 tllttajmahGa irr dmz point. 

had~ th* r-t ef tt. tather cmpli~ came of w1mJ g ~rmd eov~ekgr to r LW- apeci*f prrblicmt%ml 

a mutral M b her* US&* 

*mdtkesoa. 

rdae~m fha 9x~iv?l egW c- to tbela duo to &a 

T b p&- at htamtoing &a aeh is d:psrt3bPd in dbt8ii h the nrkiele (1) It h l v o m 

dete-gall of eha zatb v of tha kll-ca -anamb for svwp HIQ~ an th aphersg &e ulm- 

kth of tha dlaQPrd apatm of tho em d wky u r Etmetion of Y ; tb4 aowmt.h wf ir+.l 

dimcall ta vfmal f1l-r -tram of dmmwtirtty -ddnateo ad of tlrc ad-E mmC 

-Eh, ahfeh dth praity fat^ d r m th. C~~YIP inpressfan, u a d t p m p ef V g md, 

klbl h e t M tb -h&-. 

me fotldng graphr illumh*tm tbe atepm 8f Cbir pracda aa spplicmd ta th. sunbarb care tar 

r mm aIt%tuda af ~3.5'~ &eh Bhonld k Eaielp eapmmt5va Pm a drim mdSm MW &Lavatiw. 

PB. rpautt.1 d.- for dm M- rad atial tdttha mad @m 

& arm GQ mvr a aPdtr (11) rsgmtiva -th&ima. 

t 4 B- mm -14 in (1) 

arm &&m in PfB. 12, 

rrflLle FQ. 13 x.pfaarata a4 rakrioruBLp be- tha ath V md rlb. *t dth 

to ChmnePEStp hm ,ob th s e d d t l X t d w t C of th Tmm~~kiml Gadn8Laa 8a Zllmh+ioo 

&*Z.H.J g bid h (1) 

The dhttiburinn of Eh. mtta v m the -1 &!m, Wdatod tattough (1) to Eq €41 ir plotead in 

Pi@, IS rWug %us d mqtuI md Fig. IS &pieta rht lamtiaru mf mqwl -t -tIm 

an tb mbjeetb*r*dan~fs.l3. 

of W ~ Q , rMma ~f-dmbnt mlqsh lbw fofroY elcm1f tha pattom d tha liml of V 

andm of V nulm(3.6 to 7,62 w Ebt olsjaar &1: tbr w e deioar, co-int cn a 

r m 

of d h t f~ abt m ~a 570 m: h d t@ b r 

'tbr etams-hatdi*d liar h tho sapk - a m ths goinem Oi &&- Y or tbr .all-t 8ad-t wmalmgth, 

t%~plttivly. a- aa& -dim It- of the -. AEeordia$ly, It etpresmrr tb. hw of .&am aEtentatiaas 

an m object wham tb wtor tmb -t to blai&hhgramn aad W bragera app~ptiataly 

callad itr "blw lh4, *Etlmgbr 0% W -1a almg Lt* w b 

- Fig, 16, ffu~Lly, -trataa h, th* m codeh, th* Em fa+ V 3, aemwpandtnt to 

ddnmt wawldm$%h at rbmR 470 m, m rhi& Wthu m tba &jw, if Eb* mlmd +.flactmrr ra3.d 

cmsa 

~t bs a e t y of aciatfEic~tTOLogCc.1 8d miml iapliatioas, horr - ilr Irt: chat - a 

cb- h g m d rrsfl*ctancm CSWPI mt mly a iu the dia~tfbtltim of P l l U * in m Obf~t; but 

ar #Fit. l6 &war a &ango af illoa*laamca in rLpsga aeompau&d by h Plm dl5atdbutSon of mlsr. 

o~an tQwgh the gmtd frwlP L mutrrl gray.

- pcmtbl uCI1- ib r of -8- -1- ddbfl5tg xt f* EBEmdad m it 

f d t C-, ~ -h a-1 -W* rlrn oihtbll m; t%w iafl- af amcw=h#l& 

&-&- rrtnae the Llld=#Xa d c k r ~ . by clw d * 

Ubj47i~~ d*~, Ndr. u %h y OE * #XI.

W anthb2' dohan to 11~bm1mdge 8imrely Oh* mst mjnyabke ~wporatian of kth. anti- rtaff of thm 

Caqutatim Oearer of-the gPBtll, WerpfnfRa&ofea. Tu paxticalar, bs appeeiatras the con~iburima bp 

m. Brnrr H a y r , *e, as a mrk atdent at Ham Cmnter, rmtirinkly developad tbe buuk waprmheiva 

mtsr m- d bradlmd aetr examation, aftm $viag his tiac bapad Mu abli~ati~n6. The 

mthw aloe wfahaa to &auk Mr. -1 Dbtdeh D a n t a , who mt amrgstimlly todr mar, aft- 

Hr. hyr had to po back to nchool, aud Mr. eXaM BE a 8 t n a r , Ptho mmitord the &tore, oftau onrribtlting 

mat valuable ay~gerrionm ae well ss p*sctieal 8dvLee and useful diecusnfm,

Fig. 2 L W of tarcl ilL&- ao the earfar of 1 *re, for a altlruda of 55', ground 

~dhetr~ef4 0-2 aad ahV~t%sri lB70 in ia[10 hb *

Big. 6 L~UM of villrrPag d$xectiw, frm which Eh. Eidd of of m th apbm 8- wml 

~untrast. Solar alti*& Ssa; g r d ~eflactaaee 0~2; -1. w daffnfmg raktm of fiald 

of = gQo (,tire half b vlaiblr).

-g btmdler of piwing diructi- h d& 4-1 mrfaca merut 0,7 d8t8 h 

tb field of vie, arken &a mia of the lMAld ol vhu -l. h cl&- IZJ.~~, 

m asfleet- 0.L

do' IOU' 12U' ?&U' 160' 

VIE WlR6 OIREGTIOW (WITHIII SUN VEPTICAU 

~mmltdt wtshf,fi tba fgeld of *,, wlm flJtFyg omr a object in the plane of 

W ,stm ~ timl, fur thre a3aw of the fhld of vim. Sun al-titode 53.5', $rod 

r68lse*are* 0.2. 

I

Coam cmrraet along rlrd gouadaryoof the field af view fof m di£fee&t dma df 

l3ae fhLd of vllesr ( W - 64 d 9CI 1, for f L 9 ditfarrrne vkedag Mraeiw in th. 

plane of tha sub -trkrd~al. blsr altitude 53.5 , p& raF1.eUaw 0.02, wra m- 

fle~t~acs 0.03.

Diarribtltiw of tba ratid V of aalax Pi$, 13 

##ty colltrib~kl~ L0 thp iPUm%mum 

oa the smfnca aP tb apbra. 

~nff*tcwd lfm fd W Blue line",

lap C

I 

John H. Taylw 

llmwdl PsycMwlblt 

Vi~ibility Lsbaetwy 

&ripPS h?sttuutar of Oceanography 

University of C almis 

San Diego, Galifan k 92152 

U 8 A 

Mtr wmt anB bdm sunrim thi uiwl tmk of tb aim, m bacm~ rM~ally diiferent fmn tktt rihich k mt 

pWm WiaQ daytlclht hournu Tb m is ERBrWdzai bl IPW IWs nf mMl( iminme, W th& mw wmwi weat 

hi& eh my m W i8 Ilkly PO Be ~OI sneulffly small, ae~f-luq~iraou~, W andlly man-m& IQM. 'h rrnge at 

ruhkhmywoh tarptwillBestmdqxmdswmthephplodp.opsrtb d thesource, wch wits FRfmItyanddor, the 

d #m for which it is & to view, h wmmimivity ai the -ie path al si@, and th viwd pknmee -abilities 

athem. 'Ihispapsr~bais~new&a whih a ~ lmtAh y Wlm, and ~o&llrffrrt~1~ipkwaen visl- 

Ulity #& fllrah drlPa?ib~ m M M oanqlle~thm usftslly bsen #$&d. T b WuW hm gpH&ia h mh m- 

8nd drtfmim rids, ad we d hm(r$t to the 8igna1 Ifhg mnmmi?y in gawaf , 

Mng th trovrr (a twlfim and darhws !Wairbma vim41 okmef m& m tAs Mcel task d W i n g and h&ptim 

a m v e i ~ e f - Ilghas. m lha llghts may M siW W YIWing, md m& m q ~IB m impka~ etue to 

Ztwlr iUty rtnd Mwmt, &ny aanrples opme reedily to mind, swh as vehicle m, highway l!gMs, batxi#, flm* a i m 

Idw aids, dd5 ts n#€gaim, shiiVbM, sn8 a variety of Jut l and mf l itq grormd instal laths. my, ~WIDUSI~, 

WeW W udrtendly. 

kamtb-i of the d d maa these lights W .*l- inuarWly m Ml in Wu qulr dmshs that tlmq 

h m win? sewcad Th15 1s tB that h s&dd ~ ~ I at I B the &swu#'s.aya~i~ below the nrewlutim limit ot hls 

vJ~%y~,9nd~tbralightsim~iw~k~~&ta~theIn~bdillmhion. 

bmmqmc~of 

this m W &@1V@ p# a &#&lam @ht wlll @&#red hy Its Inbent inM#y and its Iatmb fFkn she duwvw. h the 

4impW -, nirgbtlng maim, IlturninaW mwhlngbb qe b dib mWl to tlls intensity d eh 

~ & l m I y ~ h l ~ " t l a e s q t n m # ~ ~ @ m I~~Itim~tber~iontnilhanlrrst~onat- 

~ ~ w & w . 

Wbutabk bo M Iwmmkwm mI#tiwrship, the ensrgy is usually Mmt M&& by amwhwie &-ion end dking, aM1 by 

mlng which lW ware h dwwr'b W, audt BB mid ftwmwts, aliwafl w h d m m W ~pgglm. 

A sd@REcant d m in ?h vIsibHiw d l Ws may mar if #E f im, atrailabt& fa cwwuaion hmms kid. If the en- 

~ f i m i s ~ t b m a ~ um t tm sfr~lytbmw~th~~l~~orw~lrkrely 

, 

hi$ &m& Bpeeds, tbre 

wired 

- 

irkarlsky fix Wimi ctt a gban tmga tarfiigfw W, cmwmly, the &Wiar rwe fa a ghn iniirnaiiy Is M. 

m w a l ei @m brief wlws -H II* has &m mid aml9nrdted far 1nq *WI, 

- 

and alrpnaximately &X 

hmkddsttng phllati#ra atmt tp the- mtinulrg h@t int-t in tbe pheRmma mmcLted with it, Many of thewpqma refIed 

@&m@s to tpm&ify fy tkeatkhip ~f~ &&m a6d visibility, m& m y $me such etlw stirnutus pma 

da, plf'trer -. 'ad&hg himam. ed pmitiar in tb viaual fiald. h qsib d this @unhg Mtb of walrbb data 

h has bmm (~vltht m 13ttl(l pf tha phlfshd iftfwrmrtim Is epplWk to* mf#W mm. fhC dwppy a#e ef Maim 

prhily m th~ O@H tht m m CM h wi~ d ~on$itk#rs, l @ , ~ l ~ t w h ~ PM- ~ ~ d 

ants (W ns artlfieial pqdlcr, mmchmk light, anol unimular vIwhg), or we~e alsdreswhl to the of a pm'timk 

hwst\d prwsition. fh"~ is n& to bs t- m crhl15&~ of kha It m88 onlyto point trp the rslIrtIve pw?pv of m&tl 

rtara in a Wing pMm d mif&b -6, CM& gmvat fMms Cl~WlaW~dty reWmMlp C hmm h-, 

~~,hQPn~dlWb~ 

mlbf*Wbt. It IS- WtM m l i t y @4fWflW, k*b milti- 

md dcmmmd cqe, is &&mind by the m et of h tlm srrd th IntwwQ, and that this bl& rlgm-ly fPr any 

ptls smd far trains I# -f kahss. 

At W wd of €lm &8th pQnt1num it is uWfly aa&rM tkat tb dMwttMllty L afduatlon ad is de- 

Wmined frr tn?mmtty al-. If so* w rtq m sq that the tiwinimaity htnczlan, w h euwe MBtiag W aaawr# of energy w- 

qufd fa &ec?lon to tke &etion d the fl&, is by tb equatfm I.t .; C d the ahMeai f l& Iiwtha and by the eqrra- 

Wl=GfW~~gutw. QnrI~I~kgrldLedatsP~fon~~~I~sw~~~pfrnlnuscne~ 

nspee- 

Wly, aa Jndbkd in Figurt 1. 

lhefmnoftkisfumloa in the'tratlsition~#re~~mwyws~tb~jwt 

06 Lnwwki~tCmdtkWw~ httbre 

~ m l tmm y wgmmtabautfhe#tmitlq~ ut the W e r d m t h s a n d t h e ~ b I=C hmtheswt of mmmk 

mm -1 that tke W of i n ~ b ame t ~ tmmd ~ ~ lrmifibtft. (W mWe -011 IS in the- warkm #my, 

which Wicm W It = C at lmq dysttw, gluing a tlmtthg dqm of me half.) By far thwfmt htfir Wmlaim of the 

thm-i~ty fmEm i~ #M d 6lmM and My (Id, who Mbed that the msitian must be grBCh41 M wRo lkrnd tbir &a m 

bs~dlfitI3yby~~paofiPlsfemc

h tm ia'th~ Miwr hmlty and a is a mat whtch vwh mwidwably wltt~ ~~&&mmuI epnditla~ but is &M tekm 

ta Be &mit 4.2 mcmd. The Blandel-Rey equdm as g h in (1) iamictly apptim4ls only to squ81ewm5 put=, acrd they 

qimtlygm m inbgrhi r0rmt~hdlserrYprlsa 

lha Mtdei-Rey formuls, then, d&wibas ha tirns-intensity ftmclion W a cuve wi'th L e SW 

rPhonn h Figurn 2, which hns hem 

dram wEth = 0.2 m ud in mwdsnee with tb d the Oarmirratm tntm11maIe de I'Eclairag%fm the rhsh- 

dd me.

B y r # l ~ d o t h @ ~ oftWmimsrigrIma~w 

t a 

h cmfhing~~dtheBl~l~f~lattm t a b 

s#ibtnrr-bmt~M1-* A s e Q Q # d ~ & K S * @ I a f f B ~ ~ i W ~ W d W d ~ i 

t%nt rke tlW81ttgn m3 W b Jtheo W gMdW1, tkdlt theluafusl of n is to m e ?hb 1- h (I.? to 8,g. 

WwidedWmtw~~&bdrevsri* I n ~ ~ sthercrlathpegmhm l ~ , offlmhC aml@wm#& 

d stakist-rni m t of the W. In 1070 ih 13nYreb hius C m W, in a t@ mcwile aoaw d thma dlfbms 

Wdtsdewlppan W i m U W*wdWh aadsW=ifMlardnM@timl ai&Ifghw;,~uelllgstthe 

Waibifii Uhmtw d h lhiWaM d Calihnk at %a DM. Thlr am&@, which W M fim m, #(pi by 

IYD..Chw4wh.-tas d the U S . ~ d O ~ r ~ - 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t h m a f P 

W.-*leE-hoBWMW-WcratnrydthaUK t ~ , ~ a t e $ , ~ w d ~ a r b hAfitsDcrOh o r . 

theMlber%tfasfaot hla ~ ~ d i t f c l h dh r h ~ f of@rrl~WQldwotpoducetfre~~legant 

a ~ ~ 

y 

~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ l i ~ ~ 

wdflWh to s me i l : n r a d ~ ~ f y ~ W W ~ ~ p a l ~ 

MmhIon d timlMmW -h. In wwqma d Wb m, s 

a f Q 

8srhd~lmqMh~w~uWwy&MW~ewlightm~irafdpwbh, adwh5eh,wbsliaw,aharr 

t l l a t t C r e t l & ~ ~ # \ ~ pshWaswr-ttmmM. h ~ ~ ~ # ~ ~ Infhkm I wiI~a~#~~s~~dfwr 

mttirmdj$GUgSthdrgppl$d~ntg W~isikllity 

tgr dim Wthsh. 

T b trandriun wI

- 

6llparlmwlpal mtW le I- than eptimal and tha of dmmMims is wll, it ir mbh that tb data will be m notey an tu 

tlre flm trwtwa of the l-im and praclkle any nramirtgt ul a~lysis d tka dsta. 

Smw clrllcatlm d tb mlm Is ~ i d eby d a study by Cterk and Wacbll in l= IE), rrhp died th &&Im h 

t h with an Imd psyehophyslcal mstfiod, uaed swam dmwers, and ths r e Imm less than a mltllaecond to m secwd 

wring as m y W 22 difkent htims. Their data sleerly ahmdthftt the functiar W# Wly inflected, as in 

Figure 4, snd that tl# lower limiting a- hd na basn r a m even at ttiet (mst exmwe tkm. 

The e w i m pt Cld and M-l w m eenducted ualrrg b8ekgmund lumhtmw of zm end 54, nitn (0 md tB R4 in 

that my dfhmci in the dlration furtetiPn due to the chenge hwn SwWIo~h photopie vt5iPn mlght be &mWmW. Ylhlk 

thwe mw ere of msldmhk~ thpwiml Ititatwt. tfwy do m r- the intmwdlm rqe ol dptatian c9ndhbs whlch m 

~~fandintlwrmlwcrld. n # r ~ ~ ~ ~ t g b e d ~ h ~ ~ y t o f t r e ~ ~ a ~ c ~ ~ l o n l e v 

h n by a n w h af phcmmtric meys to be quits typial d w i n twilight and nighttlme dtims in the dleid. Wil nwr we 

hownplaEedrvakmmly onevdtmpfbackgmd tumiraam,0.OMdt (0.0908R-U. Thb Isthe lamlfimm, forex~le,of the 

ibe eraface when tlw sur( is a ten dmws balm the horlm, a the land awfawt when tke wnlributlpn d Illumlmtlon frm sky 

end m, wi& w i n ~MBE~BH~B m i e s d the terrain, &ne to m a Iwel. Fhlly, at thia ada@~tm 

1-1, the eye L mimtcity wally wusfthre frun fowra to tlm nw periphey. 

W Hhii wePe phy~iolwtcat point smcm: suMendiM m angle oF one arc minute at tfm viewing dibm d S,1 

[l22 In.). T b *lore w e used: white, red and qrm. the trichrmmtie &mites of $le rweu m I W d In Flgve 

8. They are repraentatiue d the cotm u d by tb l n t ~ s@lIlltq t cmrm~nity~ andamhfwabiiawdtolm~ the 

F I. IWY t9.g3~m.g iaIm M.

U a @ f i v e y w w ~ w 9 t h ~ rrrrwwdthe&twWlity ~ ~ ~ l ~ . 

of thwmhnt~~bt~etiphd 

h flash Iw@I, uahg the psyEhsnydd mhd d -1 fd&ai~~. Phbdmmm mre@md to psswhiM omsf 

fauWF,rn~thwIrtlWVal~~~f~anwEhW~ 

TRismthJh~anurf#rdadv~, bttb~newhkhia 

pmwwtt fq parrttsal pwblm k W rb &W& mllt9w MWim MEl W, Wn ming msderdiw, 

wtlytrkcroraPsO.ftO) w a y b ~ i y ~ t e a n y ~ ~ ~ W a ~ &l f@t i b ( ~ $ 1 ~ ~ l In- m . 

t a & ~ a ~ l d m r m y ~ d ~ l o n i hItmismmq, t b ~ a h-* bmakemmy-as, h ovqe.ech 

s i ~ ~ p n e i ; l M d W & r ' o - h a s ~ ~ n a d @ ~ ~ h ~ Wdifatobehnmbaswl 

b t h & 

u p o n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i d % W ~ ~ o A l y ~ r r b o r r c ~ ~ hInal~~thapub f n g t t l a l s h ~ 

siwp #as W, afnwrlgh &B sRKly will wmW1~ Mr&a ttloQe whW W Chmistk 9f wwbW I-, mEl~g 

lmm&, ad mutt#liek ~I&s; W ie dw plsnned W a y additid Imhaw Iwk. 

51nc82kedMa d them -its are prlbexlwl~, 1 will m t ally mough ex@a to SW a m of 

wwk. ~ d a t n w l ~ l b h l G I I I ~ m ~ t q ~ Y i ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ , a s 

'fhs rad light stiHimull yirkted data whkh am lypfied$y tke twocwes &nm h Figw 1. It was thet, on emwit of 

the o xhdy high 8m&cl pajty a d lang wwelPngth d rhh stimulus, tt migM ha found that the shepe of ttra duation fuwfion 

mlw giwt cl- bad5 fm d ather the bkm&&Wv ar qmm forrcnrbtiaw. OWmmly thma P- to ba an 

hflwim in the Iltlrttlon, Mieath W am dealing wlth rr cmph cunra 

knalh, the m light dam, shown h Flgw 0, alsg W tb h t h fuwtim IO et- idd. IA m of the 

data 8~ far qoilacM hm we the law limithp a&yr.qmte I =C, altharph fuwm urorlr with lmqsr pulse 

Iw&~dlI WimiWhVtkIknit. (Theunitson thrtordhwdZhsrsdand~ewwemiraienal; heqr narnmnbika 

msult of Im@ming ?M t r ~ i sd s the ~ iihm u d wlth the ph@Wk divhy ewe af tb 6~ and the S-l e m 

d&iiQfthe~d

me-W& i n m m #m aidmm&mwwdthe~lW will alrrqpM to a@wbtfie 

mm@h,oft)tgd~rm&iqhkeya, In thewofpoinfmims, U~dw& rce~awmuttlrtrtmAyfiaWwf~dwtod@- 

~,batdmffaM&~imivttyMth~, I# the ~ W k ~ I d e r e t h b , , * U w ~ ~ m W B 

very mdf datirw b #m tsjpt lunimms, ir ir ~ Ito B Atlids imw dimly. Atkd'a IM, which was mumxiawl 

a w a m qp m ,gim'thBMf~rp~Ws~ngrm@ddl~msf~mll;lanttW~$ 

of tlliiitmcemd 

rr-ivi~: E, = ITvN$, M e L Is tfm xtaeabfd Illminatim at th I the m i t g d W -W, TT ttm maratssMty 

over the of V. Sam ap~*oxim trsnmisslvitieps m rherm in W s I. Ths mwpmw c# WlWs l- twe 

stiPrrn praphically in Fig-$, ~et&muatiwn Jthe optical signal wilt # w r x d n g t o t b ~ sa d ab#twln&#w#l, 

~ I V#m, B ar m) htmenkrg ol#rd a*&. Unttke tba -Ie which my may-6 ~ f c e l l aa y tb path of 

Hanb95 in mgki watMcBn@tiar$ W, W t& to W SwwiW my P mbtrad Bi pFedietd rptth fair 

#lfidBnm. 

=W-- ffpl*Mm) 

W- 

IRJW 

Ewmimdlr MW 5OM 3a+ 

Vw P- "M ;sa 

cw .74 f 0 

wt xi5 6 

Haas .a 2: 

nrarae .m 1 

W fa 

th 

-M jp.2 tt4 

Thkk feQ tgla.4 S /$ 

mllm F* twSd.4 m0 

rslaV*mw 1reQ 100 ft. 

WTrrmlly den60 fw j ~ + a a? I h 

. 

Qwdhht~InrrhiHwdthmaybbe in ~ E t ~ t l t a ~ l ~ l ~ ~ o f l ~ i ~ b y ~ r r a t i n g n a 

~ ~ ~ M n g ~ l d W I P I l , ~ ~mwcbtsallawrapM~Mm 

~ M b y ~ ~ ) . W &Mlqr~Wa 

W* uarrartmd miW ik~dtic~$4WgmM hminun@s and w~t4vIfW W W y mly to miag I- 

~ ~ w ~ E i m i m ~ m n &wdngtisne. g w t At thaYislMli~~awopywm~m to pqsm11ewmnqrrnswhie)lwill 

the mictien 96 s3gktha raw for the taw of hbrid fldw d WImd viawing th. 2. -l,, A. ad W, d* The WBsil Q lights d~fikwk duratfm dt ht l Trms. I.E% Londm, 7, No. 8, [lQllt.~. 

3, KM?@ B. FI. Tbe~svalust~mmfff~~ light samesin mlatlon~the~r~~napIcuity+ I$rlwsityof W, PhD 

Pp. 318. 

haits, (?W 

4. M.A. ma m &m Wh, H,&, fhe wmrs aplmatia, of dsim md the brl&hm m d m 

mMIm and viwel angb. J&t. h,*., {V-, %31-=. 

a; 

5. Mwk, W. C, and I&Wl, H. R. ktaitms M w m 

rCepwt NO. OtM4#fI 116)89) Pp. 81. 

far wrkw -,of pb. 

uiribi IiQ hmfmlds fm si~glb 8lKi dodt1.e wiw. &ivdrp at' Mchlgm

Wbrdd y ~ c-t u ca my Enaivkdwl &&ux~m you aetedt &a, v& yau &taws the difhmaeas 

bemma usittg a mlrreive probabilitgwf-wefag cum VPXSW ecrrttog the 50 per cant &ranheld and 

WtiplSfing ir by mprWate frrttcrro7 

'Lho Wfvidual diItfesencas &a ndt may b hexha at this m-t, thdt is, o r bts nat nufhateat 

pnd not ca@plmX~* By adjtzsttng for -lute ~shold in the rang gou hey, *t fa loch's m 

area, you CM aE.ida t8e 'as togaair m the &inate m that tbay mm to at+ B* srtea m, m am dwm 

f- 6 $o 5 reat srtbjacts, rmd cowletrr data fOE 6 wwld had* ke dqwu. 

Au rri8ardpr wtng prohabitsty *tepalu rather qmzntiq directly m th ohs-a frqwmdas~ e~~eing, pm ham a good paint. You muld, for omtqle, ham a r e d 5 etimuli no that me waa w 

dim if .ptaa naPQT seeai a d at Stae otber exwe* m e IZQ bd$bkErt it wan a&wa am, Bnd draw a best ffttitg 

E- m the data L bmtwasn. We tried all mrte of cum~j spacial ,l A&BBOI~B, ldtbodc c ~ r t i v e 

Gauss, line= norm1 in&=&, ere. aud, owmhehk$ly, stmdard axrxnnl Ga#&drm imregu&l$ am tbo 

brpt Plt. That -&Id &ear the phpsimWg5eka r little! 

Geqmtionally, me WO* at the poht izoflexion %of the e m , &ra W hest arahur~ in, Zf 

1 Writ up tu t h 358 ~ point a tiktlo e h W he &Y mul& led to a hugs mcee9Xncy m other. X$! 

$m believe in aama and effaat, tnin i5 all than aimply mathematical, you de~oot have to to idddual 

cma1. md the bar fit h a it%ratZve: praesam, darived frm pble aanL@~u~, Tbat ig the r- 

for merating mi Zrrume ratIi&r t h an iadfda1 mylte4.

Thfspapr&s~s~~rhorsartlWf*clmtbi~~~~muE~b. 

-tI&&Hth&u 

et- ef 8-b a Z5*~,Q00-l- h W~BB m4 &tm4a%q tbe & W be 

wad far a 1- Wt Ho #Wtla&Uy B W W t Mfwt m fa-d &m to fZafa W4tmg. Faa 

tk *-X. BPBO a-&* it w d at: titem wa8 ga &UtL-n& bmxlett fzem W- 

*=& thi mro m C ddaetd AIW d &ut 1.5 ICIW- W 3 W~R-. ap-t IZ h4.t 

451 *a- d£ a *GOarnkBeSBCL* -ha. amd &a&, no arWdiM#t dfUc% pm hd 8ua 

W ths flat* 8-W* hmt '-t d& tba %Wd esp" d f #iPlfhtSd -8 1-f. b 

Wm -foaat, eaeb mf five ouQJLcu M o d at a I#azat WC& 

tP 1S$#baz izre~lpapw Emm 152 ta l,2Z!? m&m. W &a #l- r m Matad Q,OS to 1,587 

kW m f9r W E ) B * W X B tbi8 ~OPB W 

b*aa "bXnwn-upn m &-world abr 4 th $ a m a Wd &uauz$r Uhxamry, in wnjunizki~~ -5th thm 

Bif m e 

~tiauldti.wa. 

tdmz*~, wduethg flfstat k4 Wd&m tb altituh data It the wedmata 

Thrafum, it tti nat mrprrbbg tbat M a d prabb me -bred duriag night, dr-to-gmmd rodm 

d %!a&% 'tw 

- 

h r WEidt peblm &X W&. U*. 18bw~f~),rrg*s_tab.l~Bad raWtimxWw kn 

p~~&ut km h aot o5W& a riwanabla r* y~mmbtq 

- 

fgl: tbb field, d attempt4 km hen mad& 

at boa Lukw~ka~p 8-m .d fid& r$tdf%s. H d m P r r e zs &a-* e t ddbilitg 

d i B m fa^ lauf.taqp wt* a a @tor. Bfw m r*u 

&W-& It ppas fbrmiI khar **%uty ras pcuma wh%n c4Ep*s ghcad hue- 

B*& u d but at^ of ill- short. Xn Weae88z1s fi& #*, g& t-ts 

~ ~ b a 2 . b ~ a m a B n i t s 1 * a r i d ~ f l * t e d . t f ~ ~ f ~ 7 6 2 m 

l,&% aabb wZ& f*qlp Barb & ~sW, &,M atare. Thfrtp-m fUwu h 

ad h - h - vam dmppmd sin&. Fk&ham pumeat of &p- aknthnery brgnb a& fiva pmr Eant 

M tht wtl m & W C rD)lih ~ d y goS pWmt 69 hth fm of Fag&b m *tlfM.

We enzI$, S- W1W ~E&!+$B a2 4 ~ t ~eprdwtA& d ~ ~ & ~Wd#ar.Xd eb%ae~Asti&# 

dthouc regard tm tha riontif'e imrout+tfrm nf tha w l - 4 -Bra Ln 88 -h .rrmcmprs vfauPI 

actt5tf. Wfikthi~ flaual &.uLty Ss p~8.lllp O&Wed aa 8% th6 q-e f4 rdw dSd1, at 

m&tTi+$y a&- *U tbi w t y tb it%~~wx.~ 

black d W e d&wl a$ m m diawmr. ~har:a at. 

-7 pablmn rre6mci*t& ~5th C-l W da~~l BwEq P.IW-W d &p&tPpp 

U EW Pd,bld. F* -2rd, &act apblitzuzfea of tb d d j -apt& PIBWII af maal~tr- trhud 

aeuitp eo tha fLeld ile d5ffbd-t &.a Mm& amctt W frm m &

4 Tha w t 

In -imaat IIX* the taqeta u*d -4 M X F ad grac%l&g~*fi*37 

r* 

ammxa* m a b h aauf~ W m rNolrrtim d mm ebs tmk mldlttan azLd wth. 

tm&&$, tlm rXng m# TOELM m tht #a @Q W h one of far wit-; W, W, right, or left. 

Tb d t y graw aba miat.lm *task of r44afiazt. It oemA8ta 

M thew wallal blrs wtth thm hwem &a 8*tlO aqa ta tPLa tWkaeam af a brr. T b 1tm&r$ of 

E& bare ir aqua1 to MEh af e o camf~&an. W-. the aedv pf- W located 

in &+her a "9wrksoarat- or '%matn pat-. 

~ ' t l w ~ i a m t s a d e l t r f a $ r x d t h . ~ b e ~ c b p r U b a P r o f ~ ~ s y $ n u s l g ~ 

-l m .l9 earthr*=. tht rua mf lpr0.x tr*-8 fim-4, Ls. was f W tlut W 1- 

( m 1 8 -3 86e-m d&=-%W ~~dfttw iw ths Pia*lag &mu in thh 

atudp, %%a -8 #i&kacr..rud fitk a -5- whams soh- mto 8~ g~apaale B- df 

Waht%pBWma -4 -a, Tip* IOU (-9 gzdsqaat~ =). Tht* pppp* U a -ted -F-1 

* a ~ n * r e w ~ w l a ~ I r o r d ~ d ~ ~ b ~ W rThahmd* o b d e W , 

m* -4 m -a *t arkbead $m B.W & tf.*dmg* mum 1 4hwn eh8 bxtgtttrrrur. af eh& fwr 

b.chrde rmd tha rdt- mn*rarts. *e em wsa with a 8poetsr- 

WQItt- stod.l %B" -r w r e3-t UgZst caditfaus. The hrldtuu8 cdraat peamapsa

w e ! &, Brl&tme of the Backgrwtad 

#l*& &$f&eraee@ %a the briqhtnsas frcw ro b#kgz& dus to th rquirld 

a5 the ~u-poI,m bf ,- b -1- OX tbB soJ.uf!bn W- to -hesly Ewer 

the v*- -ea. Th. -t;iy% ~rcmw of brMtqe$a wn#mt in Tabla 1 -alp b b ~ ttlat a the 

saag br%ghte~ rhan tba baEkgewad. 

t m z

TIP:aa of daW We r w M fb* wbjabe: total of MSd wste forrad; (i,.alr 

Maatlfpfng a tnrck when aoas wm in the -1; ud tfxpie ahwsd frm of Iha fhmt flrre tci a 

-5j.tt'l verbsz raaprrasrt tbat bs hu9 &-W, mtif iod d l-W 8 target. W lut 

variabla, par amy of the tea tarpts p;ot &-fd dot- B -a, thm =%fat 

sP lIDQ meode tX3a was tb ubo*tsPt e p s d time fer amy of the f W m ~dtiorrp. 

dWr 6vm a ram$mae tiar roora 

The pracdrs+e for IZ war tm that fa Wp&rwt I, ucsps twb p p a af 15 ~~~bjmctm 

U& w e eaablhhd tm &ormmpd to tb ahiexdd d d & e d coadstimu. h only two fhrem, 

pwrd m apttr, m% usd. r- tJ*Pa, fm my M tbs soom =gat@ sot 

d-td a run, the dlubjrt W givm a -mr tk m e af 300 mcodo dwe this *U tb 

timm gm th ~D,fiPO,MW-lwm Plate- 

Im -nt 6&, 40 wrbjmzs wwe U&. The oubfeete were &tdd &to etg& wfth fiod 

m&$mta in' ~ c grq, h W g~mp uam m a d to on@ &a- oaaditton. Ia ddttbn, I11 

-0 were m a d tb @Q taw ~f W@ts (Mole ram ad aeuiCy gatiago] Pad tb fo* brightnmr 

aernrr d t b Oabh l). 

After pralh%wg explau@t%ma aad a trfol rua, a& eubawt p&oomuW tha tmk of detem$abg 

tha pos&t%un of t b gap in th aana of IaodoIt rfng or detmmtniq the mxfeotation of t h d t y 

p-. Th& mltu of pr-t~cbn 

- 

fur the taqmt; d b-3 cant*& d%mtimU #h LW-. 

Ba- memSo~~, #M pukjlet wwa apqliu @as to p t a dark mkpeaMm md abo to prwant IM* 

m p-eo* ft5Hr drt. xw=8ed f~r aadlynts aoesbted d pg. tiw dupsed frca igudti~ of thm 

5- tar a aubbjwtfa emwit vatbal rrpponoa tmk- thm gap of E h UudoIt riug as &riwrtrtJnn ef tha 

d t y wag*. If P mabj=t pnu wbk to Lho o+imtat%w aE r targirt, hs ru &&-wen 4 -at* 

.oom OS- UO macndr, that rw d~ hratfoa of tba bPrm tfae of th. eiagle oPmrlrtd flsre, 

In m maaU grltld ~luam fo* tBe *ntizrrm&p~wt. tho mar- eubjeat aequ;lxd abut 7 

(7*8> t;ptgq~~, twk b t 98 t*.%k] -a to fiDd sp w e - amet, ad camZttod u h t t.891 

m r an werep MP. 2ha S r m-tim #we i* EIQB* CQ tlm ward1 PIILCI (91.6 

-&a) far m k g luht QB~~~ZZ 

em -a imom -h -e amtote mtbods. 

m of tko tkae varhbbs rwmakd atpeirtkaUy & @ E M meet8 due ta the f- ohl8ldiag 

Q-* the mm-uUcEdiq. Further, for tha CO&- of mmitrar of -at8 aquirab, W e m m m 

amti*tim~~% &$B~:W at *U. or Lfma &a, ~abh S twaairr rrtatfstierlly 

r$@$hant etfact B--m type & mat 4Xd bg.0 a w%gWiCtrtlt interact%on b + m type of bxwt 

ad ntider of #ken d. -km mzces~itatd &a B& Par the mhph d f ~ ~ of t a 

af furas fop & type & -get d thXa ayab in amsad in Table 6, Pohfkh rwda tbrs 

the * w e , th. ming m, md k b porkd truck anati*ikrt.d aatiutSa1~ jfZ@flw~t mfPect8. 

Per thin r-, thmm thaw typaa m e the only r.arpee uaad h Ibperiment If. Thr mm m m rquarm fat 

tke bmk*&fX@t oft^ id a t e t * tQ th% i=t 'Gbak ft *U of t b siibj-h h *og 

m. The $raasna W keete $@P d%fWreao;es m dll, w e d fox kha muh &hat. $oamqllf 

B- that p r f m m w$th just me the tn eignifkantlg pmmra t h W%& tm er a e ilar~, but 

tbt iooras&~ thr ef $1-mu abwp datg aot hatease dwal pedoma* far tho tppm bf

t.rgrt Lmt. u.sd .La tha rxpsr-. m d*C8 -tat- mf =era elso ravaalrd r ntarintically 

n@ff hat effset due t* &a of f 4ru umd. 

.- SOURCE 

.M. 

$%mm the -at pmblm p+armt.d to tha mbjectm vare om#idwably pore dtfficult d it m. hopd, 

mitivm* than thou mtd in qmt 1, the r&.ult. frca milPrat II are wt cmparabla, for 

-In, with the rdte in Table 4. For th Ph1aJ.d.d cWitiml tl# m- mbject a~qulte& 4.13 

t115g&tr, took 1IZ.77 ed* ta ftrd M mt d -taa*itrrd 1.27 -S, B= tha oarhidded 

-Urn, t h m- *ubj.ct ocquW 4.07 targat., m k lst.15 m d a to f a an m-age targat .nd 

c-tW 1.99 =ormm Buti*tlul Stutm fot C;Lw Urgata fad ad error. .ad thr slldlpeim of variance 

for tb. rupdmmk tiaa m w trpmld ao mtariat~j rAgnifbr differem- du8 to the rhisfdiry -8ua 

rmrhioldd codttlon for tlu 60,000,OQWl- flax*. 

-l. 7 the umnsidarable rwponsm trl.r vorhbility nau i d bm- dlffarmnt rnhuhtd 

mltittldmr, U b l m 8 .bmn t h m r g of the of vuhm far tbua dmtr.

somm OF SQUAR-~~B mmm OF- XEAMM~UARE F urn 

231,956.3J - 39 

Fra ate dysis of rr.rP*nch for empbtuw sfmea, T&le 8, the ~titistical hypatbaaip that tlfete arc 

PO misOificwt dif f ~ BIIEBL~ $a Zaapmo rim- tbe w e group8 h not Cgnable at the "01, lwal uf 

at L e .10 lerd of =did-= fd5cahd the 

aumuzi~ed in T&le 9. In EM8 table an uterUk iadSG&t,te8 a ataautblly aigaificaat diffwrunca. 

oodidmcs. T b h-'= Hew Wtiple Range z9. 

SIMWARY OF S!WTLSTXE&L TESTS OB ALL m PaLBgt M MEW 

PW ~~ 111 

Blw, ffm W i s a£ vrrriomte for rasponam thee, Table 8, khe statistial hypaPhPais that 

rhere are m differemss in rqrmsn timm due type of tsrgat: ia not te~~ble at tbm .Q1 

l~el of coPfAdea~e. Rather, rhc dam rand to Wfckte tut the acuity SaWu rquirad 8W.iCmtl~ 

;toagar tme cm &p Wait r-a. Ia addfch, the ~ tatie~al Ilmthneiq that there are m eigsllicMt 

dtffaraslcee in rampm08 efmtea due to bz&htne&a eantrast 1mla %E 41em r ~ot tdle at the .01 hvd 

og canffdwer. Tbehncop's WwWtFp5e Rave twt at th~ .OL tm4 sf cdid#m idiwed tbat brighfnwr 

amtraetm 05 60 d 74 percant wore a~g9eiatd attl *korter rwponum them riirrn the cnntrauta of 20 

-200 prrcsmt. -BT. amitkm of the- pairs WM o%gdicinc5p dmetent Prom W awther. fin all^, 

*re -8 a 8~21nfimWp dgdf- iataructiaa be- aLt2turla arrd tpp of turgat at the .O5 Iwel of 

emfthe d an Intaraction betwean alettude ad brkhtnma contrasts at the .01 lml. 

Tbae thera wme ncr i~tatisticdly BkgnlfS~e diffareweu due to hlsted f1-0 shielding waras 

smrptiabg. m m , them $ya ~waral othr iacmra wmerniag mhi*~ding other then rheua involving tha 

d-tnt wriab1ss used h tkia ~ xp6rhtm l%r ample, the vlettaI pezfomame in thi~ 

m tbt aagdcfntd rrlth m search far tarpet of a~ortrmfty. Aim, thgh %he BH~R aag aot mnbaa~m 

*uaZ perfow fm tMa type of tattie91 Cask, L &l1 prevent illud~&im of tb. aircraft fcm tha 

fbrm, an mrtant cowLdetrtla. Ba wlfer a- B Mi~ar%d that the full bamefxt of flare -8-1 

may aot be ,~*laeOd -&U th* cmdlmporser of the flare rwke 6a,m, OeKI -0s. wefmrt, the reudtr 

from glipgtbmt 1x1 S~OO rwmalsd that there ~PPP M ~btioticdly aiglllfteant maim affect dw tm fke mhtrnldlq ccrnetiEutd a further eu*priee, 

fitudy was restricted 

fit result* c- ambat nf P-- arm in clotla sgre-t with aur earlie* wudy15 which diraloud 

no m t g n i f a t dtff ereaces fa. perFamucr nken nlmahkmd -4, .B, 1.2, ad l. 6 kflometep: ~aparatioas betwen 

fWeo w8ra wed. Waauntiq fln~e fa11uze tat8 ad other raetiad maudvura, Ehwe i m na rathadln far 

mtag more tba tm flare4 oyer a met er- re$reaWItd by the ~ cdd-~ize aad t8rg.t featurm of rha 

Earxrtn made1 utilised in the ezper-t. 

T ~ R aif5er~es actrlbuta to typa uf w e t ware on~icipat4. IU merimat I, m ~t mbjects datecfd 

azd t&eutlfi& tha mud agd tivar w%thP~ a few ~m~~ibi8 ails tha anti-srfseafr site was never dermted. 

km-, for thia ezperfwant, th impamant mete w e tbe which proddad variabUty for the diffamt 

r*garhmEal Eactoeo. The vfllap, the par- truck and the =vim sampan rOqee,@+ tmseta aamclated with

Ghir ~lrtabiliry. Bar tIda tm, -haal. m s given to chrna typaa of tanarm LB miP*8t ZX. -t 

m lubject dmtected the anti-@trctaft aitm r#ll aot a total ourprina. uinco Smthsopt &h retuw 

raportd tbf these eitaa are d m detected unleaa thy arm firing. 

Xt in apparent fra Tubhe 7 0 tlnt far the dam range -1- of thi. study, oboemar altittdw 

in the ranga of 610 ro 914 mttere are atpertor to other a1tittpd.s. 8pecifically, W m 610 neter. dtd not 

rosult in signfficaaF3.j dUfe*.nt parfo-ls from 762 ad 914 morurg. the 610 mat= altituda warn the oaly 

om mignifhantly better tbaa all of th othar oltituda coadithu~. Tbil probltu am -it. fidd valid*tion 

Vfa an in-flight study, It in widrnt from t b r8mlta frm Erparilllmrt XI1 that thus acuity r*rgdr 

(1,000 t-a large), pwad on a centrollad grod point will provide ra8reuable criteion -run8 for 

fh iflight validation. 

bwavar, it nso nurprl~ that tbo acuity grat-8 g~nardlp -re aaoeci&tod Hth poorar parformama 

than rhs Welt riclga. rapmta tbt in tb. casa of -ity grating., uch single .l-t (i..,, a 

riagla line) of tbm grating pattern would be W 1 y idaatlfirbla if it -0 prwmted done. Eamwr, tha 

premnce of contours {i.e., other Lhm) rmaker it dtfficult for the abumptr to dl~cr-te the m a t e 

e l ~ t af e tba pattern. It is raaromble to as- that wm dth the Iaadalr ring gap mqd te the 

s*pnratlon vidth be&- rbe grating k m , ths epii3 targets do n&cesoprlly prwont thm urn lwrl of 

dffsicdtg in discrdmimting perfoance. In dditim, 8hl..rL I& that mo fwtima rorultiq f~aa 

the usa of theus tm rsrgatr to be quita dtaeimfl.r. pith the Uolt ring ramlting in high- vimd 

acuity with iuetaaeesr in illdtion. ham=, be coaeludd that both are admLu.blc of vlmrl 

performance. 

S h e oi-l acuity ap-a to ba a I- of brighma dir~rtmitzatiaa.~~ tbs migalflcant win aftact 

due to brighasr cwtraut beats m 3qortance. Tba resulte af thta mafa rffoct wire raticipated -mpt 

for elm rdatival~t po4r po+Emmmce in the madftiw tb m e t rprtl hightar than the bctrgrormd 

(BC 1 -200 pmrcant). Wmr, the -41 rmflectmcm from tbna t.r&etlboct.sewoj cwbinrtinna 

quits low (8- Table L). fa uiditba, trditid mpirical data b e &mm that. fox dsrk 0bj~t8 on m 

bright backgourd, acuity In -1 for the highost d4gree of cwtru8t be- t-t objwt ad 

-d. Tboc~moa~8~not~e.n~rilybs true.

!smEs 

L. S-, J. C., li~lplbltxtudm Eesca/Strtk@ Teehdquea, Prablams , B W: AgP--67-17, 1967. 

2. MwW, A,, Fer&bI, G., and Whheldk T.CD., Pmb1m of v i n in Low W Flight, NATQ: A G A w b 

107, 1967, 

3, 89patm. R. %h, EUwurth, C., a4 Palmar, B. H., Lobaratery Bttdi- Pehing to V i d Mr 

U-? l&DC-*54-3#, 1938. 

4. kdm, D. A., aad Lw, B. 1.. -*l 8-tm Stud* - Vioibility d H%Litam 

Tutgkta u R&W 

E0 1-t Pomitlon. ~ v ~ m i af b f W-. Run bburamry, IEQprt War 2144-341-7, 

Web 1959. 

Ta~ga~i at 10fahrl 

h$paroi#y of w a n 4@uqar~h XnntitPta Bdnal Xmrftt UOP-l-F* 19%. 

6. Wlton, C. W, , kWd -tar 8tudiea of the Vissbiliey of ~ U W 

B. ITwotf, P. L., 'IF56 Scorch and I)uE.etion mar S-td Flardigkt. U- -&D, 1968. 

U. Cwlgon, B., a Swhrg, W., Uvced LWebpent off tae Puth&%mg and RapLoymmt uf a meldcd 

Plare. US&; Mx Force m t LPborstorg P o p ~ eReport l AFATbTR-b9424, Septmba~ 1969. 

U. WlgM$d, &. L., Cure Bsmh Shvbtad BsWafiU IUwiwtAa: 18ffaek of Bhra .8bldBsag. 

Prwanfud ut €84 S-nd Paysblo~ in the Air Pwce mod- Udtod Otatw Aiflorce Aerdw, April 1972, 

5 . M~admf, 8. C., V- Performsop. D&= Simulatd 8-a Wet: EfWtr ef Phxa fgaiti~a 

blt%tu&, Vex- U Ha. 4, burnt 1971, pp 373-MS. 

16. Gr&m, C. 11. ($dim*), Yid- ad V i W ?ereep~on, Xw York; Why, 1965. 

141. -tar, B. L., Clem, D, S., ad Euehrfe, E. H., Thm Prabpbility Inteals of tha Unga and the 

8-timd hue, UWI m-m-58-484, Iro- 11, htles 1959.

~vWI. lie I_emda wwi&liqt b b '#at ham. an a W-dq of P m 

a-, it am ba &%&ad tbc a #$a wat U# tih -4 wm in W Mlr 

s+ ~ d t r o fh W$ 113 dllian d l a pcvm 44m fawe tb e! %U 

f1- m u am&? Q.2 £m .dlr & f*~ *Iti*, )d[YI tiwa -e m w t h be. 

W &&l 

data &'(I &fieFeat t&a.

I 

It hash ~ ~ ~ & b * ~ n o f m h t l t k a ~ m ~ W t m y w ~ ( ~ d E n 

ahdf) are qwmtw iimibed, ba& by bk I- placed upon ihi ma*nmIw Bnd m &dquate interfw betwen 

thopa&rdhis&~ k ~ n t s ~ ~ m m a n d i & f l y i a g ~ h b t h m m 

~ & b x l ' s ~ d ~ f & ~ b ~ w M ~ W Q f ~ f i m A t o B a i s c ~ k 

I. 1 

-m!wt- 

W ~ ~ a ~ t ~ w i ~ Wa a l p w s ~ y s ~ p 1 o y B d i n a ~ 

~andh&bly~~pgmblsttfatarc3lraf~JP~~otf&toWm~&t9rdEs 

~ ~ -Mdy y and *p&-. I 

b m d ~ W & ~ ~ O f ~ f & ~ ~ d f o r s d u c e ~ ~ l o ~ a m e t h 

tbe@otbtemp~~beenh&a~&mdM~t~forw&ad&. Themof 

W& a wy~tem = Phat it bald allow wmpleha hands free direction of weapons wiystem, s h&p display, 

~ ~ f t o m ~ g , a n d ~ y ~ h ~ o u t p o i a ~ ~ w ~ 

Wllity for 'Wdn targnta and maat immtmf W r@d tawat mqubitlon while uskg the mtud p m 

mdcmtml&~~dtheo$eator. W~~d~tf~byUSAftny,birForissmdP3aP'yfpr 

~ a s y * m ~ ~ ~ & i t h ~ h ~ b ~ h f -m t f~ i ~ ~ ~ e~ m n m ~ 

t&m m t&mBokBd lmlww %g., m w dcdga and helmet coormatti C m W a t mq* cpuidm 

a b I e e r a ~ A n g ~ = t C ~ W ~ ~ x & , & Ith#y~mtdqt~prea#sat 

t r d ~ . 

k r y w 

amunmohd ~ a 

~ 

r 

w 

s 

f 

b i 

~ 

~ 

U 

~ 

~ 

f w 

~ 

w 

~ 

W 

~ 

~ c 

~ 

~ 

~ 

b ~ 

t 

~ 

b 

b 

~ 

u 

~ 

t m 

t 

t 

m 

l r 

i a t h s & ~ fhats&!&b~htwq&m~ ~ 

Fare~qscrfarinthis~dgkt~ 

~ m ~ t 1 x n l y b ~ ~ ~ a s e d E e r c ~ X , w ~ i n f G t : ~ t l g ~ i ~ ~ 

equd mfhuats to MOfta a Wwal Wget aqrlMm task C m t wyms fa# tbs tan -lay an 

umwmal- ta&@@gon& t h s ~ ) . h a ~ k p W W n 8 b a I r c & * ~ r ~ ~ 

~ ~ ~ e ~ t I C 5 l m t g a n ~ M s l n d ~ h ~ p W @ 

men& ~~w~~w.~ismgr~1~tkatm~oulip85p~~tot~w0 

d s bMon tat by only the Ww. L both of'tbe situations only m mde groups m employed and 

tho of am! miant itemracy m pl@&@hlly eampmbk. Hughe# and Ni&&m*a rcpodtd 

a piathg.m~y af 1" ushg thb h&hiqub h &8 qubt labaratcq embmenf md 2.0' &v- m ddng 

W?ij@~, ~~%iffadiwitWaa12%oaeCti" ~ s i d ~ o f t . h e l ~ ~ the ~ ~ & ~ 

d ~ ~ t m t s i T I ~ w e q a ~ e d t oWhtmtb~tis~nWmrsmmhgtar&t, m i i d ~ 

~ o f ~ i s I t e E a ~ m ~ a t ~ uFJeP~at~tmovhgat p t o & ~ ~ ~ . 

a ~ . ~ t e ~ l ~ t u t i p g a t ~ o B f dqtmprsscoadbcmam # e - ~ & ~ thes@dngere~rbyefactor 

af41rscotr~pmdtoa~tl~~t. k t 2 ~ 5 ' p r ~ t b ~ k g ~ d o u ~ ~ . 

p ~ o l ~ ~ ~ ~ I n ~ l a ~ ~ k f ~ d l ~~s a ~ ~ ~ ~ 

that d- tar~t Mation b atm@ishd by a cambination QP bad and aye mmmB thevisual 

W n g of P hrpt tds sa b -t of mn#mpmt. P th cm d h h h t mmnted m'timlt this 

~ 

c o m ~ W t a a W ~ b d w . r t t W o d ~ & ~ W ~ L a r~ r ~ & x t . $ n d s t 0 

tha sym W is had haadmgtiam atomafhlly in a mp8fmtofp we mmmmt to beg the &a%& tatwt 

&&nary. To & w d y upate Zb c-t da&m of kdmt SW, at ~Iimiaata eye m- ;tg a' PE& d 

h ~ m ~ ~ $ n e ~ a o m 0 f g c W a o x ~ ~ mLaot.~ys~f&arPd 

d @ x h k b 

themfare my -ioq betwmn &e *t and obyer, 

~ 

A ~~ and yet mmdved pMsm assdatmi with current rnW& of helmit mounbxl @h& L 

~poDsnXirJ&ff=td~ma~IfWuaQRad@&and,@tZal~pW WxenXmodP3s~thehdmt 

~ ~ ~ w v 9 a a 3 d ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ m m m b 

or~wut~~ivetk~iedr6f"rCUle~, This~tsindif~sinf~~Illu~btwem#e 

twoajra, ~ ~ ~ h 1 ~ ~ 9 I n 2~ rf p c u ~ n a m h ~ w f 3 a n a ~ d w 

o W f inmtbnrW16ctoafixd field and~tdblao~withoneepdarkasdby afilk, orifonewe 

l s b S t e d m m 8 t h a t ~ t h e ~ ~ Muruterin b y ~ ~ 1941 &mvmdWanob~inmoaionwasnot 

~,butmwwwe&iRdabmta~axh Tm~&l~byabisendl&tburia 1951,slad#g&

h Issa. Tb of the mttio~ld ~pacp ab~t 

p b ~ h 

an k htrhmtal to Wt dty d mbhn acompUshmenk Lit '(1959) cunductd ta detemhe ther 

BE& of illumiaanae in this phn- and effect to ba Eat'ge at lw illmhmm levels and 

tbcm*m irru- levels are f t r h d . 

a ip! a~ 

'Ilhe art@mi~nP af the M$? mmRd sight wmpments 9 W helmet is r third sow of ,fr@swlng 

csxrem dqm tsrltb th totd wnight ~f the hdme This is m m problgn eM Ust- B- to have ban 

cmp.WaUy studied by Geman AMim hdkintr SpceialW k W& War 11, T&e conehion m&& is quoted as 

fdm* Wm of tka prmteds or M pmteEtZon, whl& 3s physhlo~~y most importaut e w with regard 

h aedeAbq ie B Wit awt af the htlmet to about 1 U .or 20 prceat of the weight of tha head". We 

@m r&aW 'QR a&Wr% by Wey and Tbtmw report84 a W e di&1mmcmt aS tka fifth cmical verllebm 

during n twt d the Army APH-5 &out 4 pun& {l d RI. It was tbh spinion &at, "a w e dacalemtk 

pulse Bt a he1 of 40 G far 0-U mm& wwrruld mele iqiaw ts fbe ceMcal pbe-if a 4 pmd blmet 

was warn". W@& done by ajoiut #f£m between tb Naval Awqa& MedOFd Research hbomaq md USAARL 

bmwawd~trto J s ~ , ~ c ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ w d ~ d ~ ~ ~ t m 

mass of the hd. -fly aut data, us& h6 hpmm su_bjec& m&d that a 9 G ddmtim pule# 

measured at mmt at tlmeofhnpact wasmpXd to 12 G d t 4 e ~ ~ f h ~ ~ f u a ~ 18 tGat i othe n , 

bp d over 36 G at a dnrornet& mount4 m a bib b at the aubject'9 mouth, Thdwe our m&at 

poaitranisb~hd~t~tka&urnbB.S1~~~6$ Motntt&dths~uponthehalazet 

hn abdstmy ~ ~ d ~ W o r i ~ o f t h a o u ~ ~ . 

What m b'e done to &mWD thW had .fwtws d'cu#ent helm3 mmted 

(a3 M W t*hnfques Cm b@ ambY+ to wdw WWt and potential Pdch gttenmem cempUutttm& 

A ~~ht&% mb&iag bin &&$it emitting dide td a very mall (1 ,S ntm *em) &sjl~ered 

~athckdta~ViqQf~~enpduwd. Iftbhk~~c8nsldmdop@anally~ 

fu~tpry a -bob with &nil= dhnated hxq and kht: diode cm be, U& tg pmmt tho 

reticule. TW &cr salves the wei@ problem 1161 well as spatial dbtmlofi &me wch a system W- only 

an Mlnm 

'&) Uk#onic tdiqw mn k mplsyd tcr Wmt ~ mmat near &a m t Watms u-g 

mtarsd WE or Wwam m te m m tb pm>ah.tiWp~~ betwean W e t and tb airoraft. 

Ulmanie meys ~f maneat ~~ meal no osgpmdable: mwnt of ulm& mis in t& Woptw 

cwkpi't 

(c) Tbw miredons do not pesohe- the ~~ of r n ~ a n bW s sysbrn. ~ hfam, one 

&mld not expat pint hq@f amtra@ fbr m& a systm, kt raw =pc& to im such a system 

pdmatily hr taget aqtWt3oa. The B W Y mounti:d &t W W r stdMad b#tkal mt cmbWd 

with a weapmh &stb ifi m id&l mtem f&r r pilot N bandoff I to th ~@t/@nndr, or vim 

v- m w a m ~ ~ & w d W ~ & ~ & ~ n m B Y ~ t s m ~ d W 

Fm are wagas ay$- W i&wt rnountd i$ 

a.0ne gyman f a itc@dtion Bnd.-, c~nft69, 

~a~b~@&atndaba~&hrs~~bcmma~kp~~afi~a~er&mcefi 

&RGt Ut15 iPr p0d1. 

h %ummmyi the m t helmet mvmtd Wtai offer an id4 method for man/m&hinb interface and mntly 

offer certain duankagm; they em tra impmvtd, but in my went they Wud lx employed with fth fenowledge of 

their binmead defide*. 

Em Mavanasnr k Stghdng rtr R@&&$ to of k i mtlng &mL. Army Air 

Form ThhaW w r t NO. Hq. Air TMbsr Sswkb Commd, Wmt Fiald, 

A33 #497, 194% 

3, -wood, ~,G,R, da Emay on Eimmh Yidm hew York, Fhhm, gp5S-l l $ 1965.

R CurEin, J.G. 

I 1, Wpm, W.T. 

12, hd,AL 

25. Eel1=, CL, 

27. Lit, A 

mkt Re##'t Sir the &!&dB No. 2&2, June 25 - Juty J, l?dw&q i%y- and 

W k t . Bell Rdkpter Cmpmp Int- h, July 1966. 

The Eye, Vol. 4 VhJ Optics and the %mA $pace m, PhY*lw Qeq?mt, 

U&dv Coie~, m t k ern- 

NW York rt-rPd -OR, 1962. 

A Re*w ofhQ&d kfakpn'ixms for dwat%ons m M 

W W t e s , h,, NASA CB-76, JI& 1964, 

A Wmkwy Investigation af ftdPndvs Zled Wmtd T wt AcplilfIon IEeU 

Ekbprn Company, Tbhdd Repott W-QkndOl, Mwh 1966.

~ p ? ~ D s g c ~ & n m a flmcttm of BS-brv Dflerm#s uf A d 

Pflundnma at SmCW and Pkotopic Le~k J. Opt. So& her,, Vat 49, pp.746 -?S.& 

1859. 

30- MeFwlmd, Rass A. ~~ F Q in AIT ~ i?hspa~~tfo~ M&aw-HitI Book Campmy, New Yark, 1953. 

35. We, K.N. A ~f~ ik U& of tke Wad "&?&p&': J. Qpt. Soc. bmer.., Vol. 42, p. 142, 

1952. 

a, Shontz, W.D. 

Metzger, I.W. 

41. Shontz* W=D. 

'hum, G.& 

&cl mtd Eyn lMcW R ~ w ,tp a &IQ@~L wd Amdm&n inputs, Institute FN 

~~W P&ychhg, Tuff~~ Uniwsitiv, AD 237445, April 1960.

It is qmmei-l m. Wbar *@ it w~es~m La our n*e of it rdtb a rtabtlbd opt&c&l ri&t, 

I fine pima af optha1 an&aesrim, the system, ft a m bmmt -bra problm stfl&, L i b 

w$ccbr being in rwmoed ~mae, but m mrge t it 5s a f h qaresr. 

My cmtcmm is tha ayamm aemxwt*8 g*wLp are txyhg ta spdfy d d#ign in, tto dla, 

tharetfmlly, firat biw at lang rangee. I M t do nat thiak it is phyahlogtclrlly wraible m 

aehtsve chat. Vaed in amceim with e* mrm, Tt off&# edtrenw. X m ~ W d s 

mat ahwti ng dwn tba -apt, -er, but murdy -isins rbe bf stachna1ogical ~omaraiat~ a ftn 

a.

TPnRa 

ge-4 self -PC-1 ld 

-h 

=-4 support Vahlfilea

lad as* fhld d *, d nmdaicar, d.,, d. C-, m W in dtb. fb. &lUfrrd., -, md rra#r d.iFrsrdoo -8. n 

hm .a 1-b. a b P t -m that in aMe8 fi ih* .p+eiib8tion 

or E4 dmt- -6.rkt- bo k arirsa t*-w e*, tb hat- 

c ~ ~ W ~ b ~ W ~ h i r o ~ u ~ ~ t & t f ~ W a i ~ n t i a a ~ 

o i ~ ~ u U m , U d ~ t l n g a t a d m ~ b ~ ~it~~tlpO#fbk~h..s~tfar 

~ h d * . 

~ ~ ~ l r u # ~ ~ ~ ~ u d ~ t ~ ~ ) o t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t 

-0411wIm-*tirl. mbia-tsmdL1bs~mmmly$n~nt~iaar 

oftbprpr.

Pax - I kismtw at 

M- mmh P M

Bar r*prawatPtitn rat,-# rm oan -if# a point of far furthr &B* i9tion. 

For X IQ00, rad th ni brgat ldontlfiwtim c-k4 twenty TV litl~) ~ Ithl I -a 

orn mm111 - "SO -tan. m n #a displrg in B d ~.18~-I?d iswbaI 

'Irhioh ta s v meal 8br P# a hdiacrge slormtsa CRT d w . 

bml-hP@lh WP-M~~V hp01rrtUbm~ m ~ ~ t . t ~ ~ b 

u q t . It im slap- to m &% Wa stags aa M Cbe at a thb 

an%lnses. Oiwn that the fargb sima is ouch tha% Fh -r dobat th. -get 

it atrut *nd brighttmur m af a ~ dM, s tki m qassWm ia that M thr btm eh P b m 

hslrtoasaroh~~. 

bfemma 4 mpta mututu af a Of caewl$ -tall& labam .Ipdrim%a in target 

~ ~ w h i o h ~ ~ ~Wdbymtmdurmmtucanwrraoeulom~~tma. 

r n r a 

hwdenthme 

-nta tbs Row dhpam a m in F* Ir af W a-h prrocsma uaa oiiwed. P aimant mat 

& bb ma W dr-Cbn ( h m thl r6cW.d dab) d tha rslatian CinUon am 

a fimdfom of fdm mt rci* rdatfvs k W actd hrget a*. A dti- dhklbution RmDbim 

ofU~tim5allrhRminFi~5. ~ t i ~ o a r r b e e d l c u h ~ l s r a s ~ d e ~ ~ ~ 

&bJech ar pats Mmt vfll be htsd -h meowl urd W mtim fin- rawa for ths &Jacta m 

* -. 

8 s t m ~ ~ o r a w in nf- -gat" arn eontralld m rsl~tivm 

rmtioll nfs oan maand md b e n h tkm m%u bs G-wd UI P dM0t ewaqwmo d bhm 

m b a of difi*rsat nwtun. In maa at U waly clut- B 4 dk-, hmmr, m 

~ I m a ~ d ~ ~ t ~ . o ~ ~ t ~ t t o t h a ~ a c ~ p b ~ ~ C 

w s the Wal dimplq in a e r of gUmp8am. hfe- 5 Wlqo a ram axbnsi- mtbsmt2~ 

d Z to pr-t m m b f of da~etlon at 8 m on s hro-dlmbnllioa db-. Y lnep 4Lsaeat of W 

a o d Q h ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 3 . ~ b a f ~ ~ t l m~5~h~Imbkdiagm.n%r d l ~ i D I ~ ~ a f 

affawdm-. Thi.mt~~andplpbdV3gfa~dPdiw~ti~. Emmvw, akttrrdur 

mzbeobwmdfmmbZ+a-L3mwhlDh mm-rrpllelqpeWIpbamwd. RgwSm-bt& 

mats of tMse mmnts. Bassa on u a dat. m h elaetdd to um r ffntlon m of $m 

-0 ag a m e mute tor m target m ~fipsbi~n urn rttr 4 fau d8- +iw a-. 

hibp6130.1 m ths mmlh uf m -M itl a& omtrolleu Wgah (-I d rw-ea 

dtur 28 *a from W m r a W. mbrgeb almsu ommap&d ta W a l aisw for rual h&%& 

m 8 d w m Ikrwe h Mi&t &at klicqtar d08- irr @f* 

W. 6 p.snta rowlh of W -rlmnt in tmrm d m a a t i w pr&&ility of 

metion -rmn tbs m--tmmlms mm. ths a-ht of -a mofiYsat#aa bbba 

At h u a m t b a B tb diaW91W h -6.r -5.

m gUqmatwiI#damnt aid-) llrdfhamWnpramtmraoltWmwliarnb 

mat* m mob ia m aaeqMble cruiw ad for a UBbt blicaptsr. fi %a 1-b 60 

-ab.twe.p.d i.dm*nt rntl*m%rdp-c~ind~~~tmndlpad.nt 

~b€h*~ct.l8ilrs~tlbadbp~aadthadmgb # -1lLb ob m* * 

of dst.ctfon W,l m lomr &Impads, Ulusb=m th E9 e -B- 

in*&%- mW ar-~. 

'Pkr m, qn $h 0- W, Ze 0- *m apsf~ang At s -%mm 1wel thrt 

p*obelrfiiW ai dnmt%m. h wf m brlghtnsm 1avob aseooinhd dth auidslng bkm 

pmb&iU.W d d- am 3sa8m%iblb rPi% weit iUuadoPUm IsP*la dm-quirsd by Ww 

$fist. far artr Wfgn oorrwpt m9 oaceit ~~~ plwm m &I* in ww ai 

~ M o n ~ a n b ~ ~ ~ e o l M ~ ~ s d t o p e p l r a i . t b ~ U ~ i o n 

d%plPg m rrithout pilot intdwbnca. Rgum 7 &own ths m& mwft -nt d arr m b 

WW-rn 

- a- o= wiat m* W *k i@ %a d e w deU* t*cw effmg*f~tJ *n rift m 

tha Mlotiva umtb af mibi# dsa3.m dtmmbka; m m& mn* f9 a m 

tim. Fm &a 7- c~utliBsd mrur W prtrpd BECA~~ h.Limp~r U h 80 d 'rnt 

areas 

-teIy D&&. W my ba ah umm@pUbly l&# me *bet- to- ~ Qml 

d t O b r 8 ~ -

STA8iLlZEO FglOHT ViSmEJ SENSOR 

FIG. 7 NIGHT - SCOUT HELICOPTER - BASELINE CQRIFIOURATION

In brW, our rather aamabp~tim d-&U &fort han -ultml fn a spe* connaptrul deu@ that 

umsmuthlt haem *m amprb%lZ*y ta acawplbh thuk mat dfkf -It Of bpttldbId t.sh - -*C 

fd~ntirhtfo4 -+ aa a e-ohk W tRts aigPLflo*nt: ~.p.blAw is f;he potsatkllp rslltriatd 

afaa aarretaga t d u h d =%hr. T b probkm t h h to dadme a Wblm mept tk.t will amble 

PI to mw&mh tb wpbility at Wk neat *ik m m tar ~~W?hgc of algmtfiamtly 1-W 

-or- 

- 

Elvrlier iA the paw tbe -1 awbtlkw & %btr obnemattotl blieqt~ l~or up.aSCtad, 

S W W m have a piat far ERe ndmf maut ayam it Sn pwnibxe ka empm tha mu- wtth the m Q p b l m to total aparllm femibility Lrm an rSrcmft Lift btsndpht. 

A manuuabi* wght Whte tor the *t a c e fs a# fo1l-z 

mght v h k aama 

 

~ 8Avhhe l ~ 

-L 

Ibm 

M lb. 

250 lb. - 79 lb. 

605 IBe 

-dam dzh the d&4 h TnBh 1 eadhatm that the bssalm aystem amde the wail~trb lift 

~ b t l i w by a 8-t haat mm 

fn fsot, the qmmmxtatim m m rPeigM wtw- fm tlka coabw rdar4ght oi.foa sptm 

m Umk d the dw@ paint lm1icaptw*e lift uapbL1ity ad hmw tulm mb tha E- oP a rLq1e 

&raft allrYesrP. Thm ia B- sn aLtap*ttw mtbod fw hplemhtiq tha systemconeap% in an 

4mreef.f -&file way. Itl short, Hmm 4s na abaotuta d to M *IcR seat helfacptw torllig 

~ 1 C e abm m 4 ~ raors &Eh-t s0tUtj.m ta to am 1- Emgm r d 8y8- to prwld* 

~1tdCopt~oneor~m~~aotB&lie~ara~in~igrrraS~ 

AsWiaatebio-9,kfm 

my to muEm&l Opmatam % th h&gra*tm of tbe E-t cap.irill*fes oB thm A q reher 

W tbo -1- QE amla &rim aixrrPPt fRat mlth U1 nriseimas oa, a l-4- baaia. 

The mrr mf trw dqP18cpUC W a elfnbtiag the w&la Qf at-iq tQ kwtall all oi 

the qutpamt Ln o mmla mart hPrlhoptmr. d m with it Php ddi&forral c-0- of 4 o- 

ad ammm -Len wtm, a data I-, aa rail, m a for c&taYt;M oF ttm totpl%gptma* 

srrsgertd h FWre SI 'Ihsra PQbitid wmtflr-, -ct am wall ethis the r E m aE t8a m 

sad can be m% awapbte *elrasemb1 plannfng. 

- A hi@ poinr rtrdy fm a n&ht aamt W l w m W# aooplekd. Tlm inta&%m amtaatkrl 

c-at* errd E4 at- b*an MmnkQi&. BhalIp, t%e mafoh QItwt%m 

m faf a -1 hra bseD catnubfed. on the LWtM ara seamb e*p&iIltg Pomcaua 

for tha dmw #mr a 8- fm a do*l bPrl*qter aystem h*

~ l d w . 

f. aa aartrrrr eo Hr 0vaiq-w~. Wa mnru hliw Pf& a -3- -1 dirplay. ddda m t 

~OP. IPOI: md QII lpr-tfm v i a4.w ~ ~WZQ 

Ia fact, tbre bmad out to b. asme. 

rt'n iP C.H horn thst 3h* Mm of a WWSM, ~ f p w 1 t y , b #q dde cage, d ie 

m pi4 faith PO 0.m ~ 5 . a=+ a ~ zr h 1.0 ~~PO,M W at 

'Stulu OeP ore k r -mt-e, mdhu IW -deal Padee+dms, q h cat- of cls 

+-iazrnQ 1Mt.d net af so@di*. Wattid apelfoatkos dlsmar a **l., -8 am, &att. 

&X, d 0.2 see bar bwen dopted by C.X.Z. 

Is;a te tlro opm diseruutotr. With the -*h, kksrrr Why, Bt-f d -ly E*p*rrant, 

t m*, .OIB of th more mk m h pw--, If atiter lobmm e r B*pa dll j& 

pe in hl# the grretLcd rd*. All hrPr spakm h t m dpia; apdfULy, blvt 

fkrw mt Bpvelqd op m m awr- W&#, that bihd-~ng ality io 4- mu duaiv&Iy 

apiriar W* U& Cbst W 1- W &Q fg~ar.&r eP agxw prw* m tn sa mst 

igaatlttrt. Coald I, than, orf U& %r tlrxrr tu ay b ~ taQp W& olmgant ~ I*botat@xpba#d 

r 

Mdlirrg b hdp m pddu1 ~~TU~UQ. 

in waluat3ng mipmdnt W-trP 

Itw8nabibta that t8a la"at~0PQaaPdda d t- me4quifbfatmt$caid. 

-, W my ta wrk at thraa Llp.1~8 the h ie pr-dcr, then rf.Ill.tfm &ls, *bm 

t.rb in that W. 

Barbtlws, amy af a. h-l pKmtuf4 tiQPt U* cmld b. iPBeeWtd h 4 ti@At"prDOf 

r~rm pfta tb .ubjwt m a bi-. But 4 r ~ i b ~ lfor i g ''f*~rp.~~'' in gtu raserrrrb 

X~lllbringa 

~ ~ o * l ~ c k h m ~ t ~ I r f ~ ~ l . b B t 0- * ~ *othm#br4#m 

~ I w ~ l d p t 

&Ctor31y m*t& WOI%* wary fga of tmtgcatl a-S are impRo*.d by a bi- && 

~ , d ~ t t 5 9 b o r n : l w x k ~ ~ t h d t ~ a e ~ 1 v L p ~ ~ l c h a ~ s M , 

opt- m. &t we h our a m r h a fortnde8 an &sic ramCB 8f lm ra ram 

''faam aw. I M r%at ms opM- mta -4, 8- -%a, -, &a ~E-L mrM 

W a noh-1EiaatSfia m, ir: WE maot at 013. ua trp to u ~a mwblW 

km bL W& d &m to gs4wtfa1 but fa& WO wu llot r-ate Mat rat* 

e- arors uetww.

c- wap rdly that ~ ~ uaa lEhe mdQ d bnt not: "eitt. cbe mauut'. Mah ham a uaaftd 

place in ddrrecting work. and thinking, bat to m~'klm a m&al whale, umri.&dIy, is e ten1 dangrrt. 

The iagrcdienta obpuld 68 looked at carefully. 

Gas I A&- a g-sd c-& to Bt Paplor , aegnardiag ~IdoT-mi,~ qnation. X beli&e ht 

& tttart+g with &e php$iesl paperties of tha 6pe a can ohm a disemtinultg to be -dotad 

fa *ba region btweea d. 25 end 1.0 need. M-, the aaymprocse of Ebe total function would 4a ttir 

Bhch Law at qmr% t h of 1-8 ehn 0.01 BW, ad s a~aatamt value Paw would apply far vsluas 

gr-x;sr 10 sea. In be=-* the 1"ergb vatiatlanii us m a t v&ioua exp&hts~r esn bs uphbml 

ia t- of lft~&af, &X. and prersptatiorr par-tara, and wuld be predictable from Wsa sme 

phyeical propartice. I ghall ba ptbliofriag them ~crlaehions &wtXy. 

X be- nrl dtmbt tfM s~sefaf QOW-t emeta aperate Ln the tran8TtCW r-a. Wtfainlp, it 1-p 

as if the qwmttm hqusre rmt) w e is e d h d ta for at 1-r a ehort rim mer part of the r q . 

Thm, aa m W to lwaz duraziump. you get the busheer sf dtiple-ldok pmbabfliti&d a d also tlw 

BEfaetl of apawum m giving hit probabilities- for amy catlee. We have a mixtuzr of 

&f eeta, &a, and find the Blodd-Bap specif icatim too pimplistic. ?&R prae&d *-c*, h 

taw 04, aey. energy. wd, i# mt realLy g&- to t4Pa &acmnh. 

I'd lib to eater anathat varM l*, the raartsr d mmbt dagrsdsth. WeLa ptadiEt laboretmy 

&m gite -11, aad my pz&&ct strruL~+iw .BE fhld tet dam em, but Ebe ~e&t d~tuarban m to 

W tn ader groaa effect. Xvm W% *W#& of myone auooedhg ait putt- m fantm ar -tW& into 

&l prdiccfoan to account far o&t situation vsrirbha . 

X&, fm your quwtbn, but I p sa it to our apeakea with tregidatkn, 1% 

le@enPy mare that tb iwua iis a V- mtsitive oaa, probably -itfag epwal tkedkmnt a a 

mwlum* 

Wtr Suve r pragrame rrmajns st ptmmqt to da with night vi.&ba ftoa hclfeat~. Hay I jwt rahte 

wbrt ate individual told m, that alcukr~iona U tp uhat d d be a m were P-, but &m he wt cabat 

ha b- a lot bettar ju6z after him abet a+! It my riot 41wap be a dmgmdimtioa, bpr A dmrh boaus or 8omthLag Xfke tktat. 

Dr &&her M 1'- been &*l&, ind -&i dy, huad this pro%fm fbr i$out 4 yerrr. Vet- 

attempted # mdtot out auhjecra dth phyaiologi~~l mtsssuxea bekh iti tth hbmatory ad ond EEilgt, 

miw all aorta of ukaaurgs a d appealing to all awtn of thories* bit stfll uoWng holds tether bp 

way rd a ff&img. Ona mh-ain& preblm fir r ttrrtmies ir that mm~ of wa bwt fwmd air 

cautzolleza, rhwr who can zmlly aequite tarpts , are older, n d corrpcti#~ lwm, &e by ue 

"tiger" tgrgerr, md are oft= b&ig heavila mheLrm arpd at h &a! They report tbqtre verp rt'ramd 

in combat, d return to bme with a dry wrrrtk, for imtaucs, and parrpire haavily, ad perform greatly, 

I don't how how we're war go- to pzedbet this. Perhpa a m 

tUaq wy bald th8 keg. 

pare of rl:m&L 

~tre miy ~t*risl I cm mtim tdap in that ~extd mr IT and wara W data Pxmfned bp 

R Walkor in the Scat-, of &m f 'm LWC fw're aware. T pemaarll~ find mly p€t of hie dam arrd 

wan leas of hb cdusiwp meptctble. Of the fw it- f; a~~apt. the mut mtabls in fat rally 

olsesif iablm M chat ddagradarLan o$ hrrman psrfar=uo@a. Thfs cancwna tba athekitlg of bridgu in 

hutham Eur- Prftla parrially @idable bab. *era rbe mtaLduaZs **aged bug %mu& b tlsthte 

tcberb the b d War gging rdly. If it waa going ldft, the$ M&ed it right, if ri@~, tbey W b d it 

tmft, then flw am quiwj aa thag h* M, 1 a*IL that ahr-d thinhhg, mt a B--• offart in 

the contcmt of tbs qurstian we're reking. 

Y-r flu -t mame of l& a!lkmr'~ ~ k #id , evaluate it ddl~ly EO ym~.alf. 

E think mat dkuntim is ambat cmlicatd. is m strua tb. idi- but also 

a ggle*ltl rmese m th. a le eituotioa or eavixement, not a pemmul s&oaa but-* for -la, a 

g#& eotlfusim and a k id of on-goisg swm mtajdgmt @P d-mt;

- 

A main pxo;8la h a ia ge~ertaiq~ the infemmtimn Weut bSt 4~cma~y3. In Morld FFar 5X 

11~ticW1a &h& W' a mv&llu. af 9 iatwmg&~z ro &a# myth* M mm#&& t 

the abciww* srtd iao&f&y a% rbr* 4zcrdlll -ox * M just rbkd Id4 life W beliwa he ha;brrt 

t b job pe9arty. Yl& b quh a g401 phmmsmn. 

I; oedtketmd 0- 1hfmd -himm v*&, aad Blrcmd &&t t h tarpc Mdhtfm was P- 

m41 afPd with tkm bmX%a* In maitPe a& trewap you get o pat on m b k Ear eotswt 

zaahtifd011 d k~tr);. In 9" m% d h& 4 Mu a m #f Jew 

-v! mewk h h cmqhCsrly diffe ao tBa* ~ ~ Z maybe E I a -d intia-t m th of airlcferr &a ii&q tm 1PTulq tB$&Bt4 BBd v nwtmg $ff%Et ,W to +c sqiEara1p fwa.

This ppr presents &n +B& W &t&mtn$tg the proWlitJr af m u g -&S by a sitsrch 

aircraft &I& flies uIahg an memy line a# c~mmiwtion (m. -- 

A Ilw of -cation fa W a d as a 

m, e.g., a 6, wot-y, cr ailr road, rrnd the tatgab bf iWWeat We tmb, beta, or oar WOpride 

camfers. This analysis appfoach eaasigts of thmstr araos af 'bueatfgation: {l) analyziag tha 

tous (twists md tmu) bf a route for purposes of atsbuhing e prkfrrd flight path b dethe 

Prsqu*~ di~mbuti- M mpst~ mlrti~ M th*r flight pth, (2) mtbg do pmb.billty of 

detetiag a tqet, &m W a& US W, twt, d flight. path ditions, md [v intsf+athg the rsduits 

of the first two fnvestigatfm tb poduce pBb&&lLty terget acquisition folr the wezall 

$at d wnditions. 

'nis w&&loggr pmhhted in this p*& eart be applied 'to &wt%pts c$ndWsns of tat@ ac- 

qulsitipm for existing lines of commle~tion 

fn the rsal wwld. 

1 hmimndal V ' t 

of dlsmab btuem Im and &emfa. 

Met Werrtioa by an wsrflybg airc~sft dap- on Mny IiSibgs m& m jsoht lwel, targot 

md b - d sigaahlms, 1Wsphdc absmptim, d the-in-vh~ 6f the tmpt. Of awe, the M- 

&ilk* of bt&tion for a @Yen tn~&/b&smu~d dinatian 4a ord5nwUy e-ly aaa#itim to tlie 

tine the t-t %S Fn view. Time-in-~itw is rs fimth of tha a-T grPumd -a mwomge, aircraft velo* 

&W, Lwthn thm twget Sslativo to the S- Mwwuge, Bad ths masking e t a af rm& and yego..' 

Ca~on. M e fasters w e be rerPlistiWly det-md until paths takm by the &craft md the m& 

hav* b* spcmwrlly dafwd.

Far a gfvw get B? vah6s. H aiWt and &a aqlm, a tM-1nbvf~w em b a w c r d for a 

givm of -king. 'Phi8 masking is a funatim of airw&ft arlcit-. b#it &f ttrer ob$%cta ($h as 

bills (*C tHw1 alMtg ae W, and eh rtdth of the-W, raisgo fatars, plus ebb JplDBd of the abe~sft, 

cl16 of d ra, %nd the mwuv~t. &m)< Ihitr of th airmaft, bta9nfw the fimb O* e~sme 

* . 'Ws t b of ~ Q I - EB~ ba tran;phtad ~IIW tern 05 prmbabivty a* detectioa by a sathe 

1, -1% egst WC- Wstwhdc* is &tImoll inputs. 

~ti- aid? 

%*wly my r r i ~ c x W ~ S11w a MlatkveTy -&t a%&, wate-y, ox zaflmd in f l&€ 

ia a that its samm me always lmH~$ &ad &m4 d m tPrP d, SW* rw turn =a ~secsssaw. 

h && FOliT* bBGWli m a* @tZDUilg WSt- $S& tQ PI=@ ifl ordak POP: & *- 

mt ewms ra k pintdd &a& and h the -. As mze a d aore turns m md, tb dfmt of 

pa4xal apd Is- dgnlIm aim* t,$b ~WBT b e Jar* dfi 4 mnet namlate 

W many m aa thm slW Systgaa9. %m a Mm awmt be negotiatad wtUmt thm mute p S u g at & ths 

m fhld of rfw, i gl-m path must be h s n W as eZ&niwte the tum d at a mh thm& me 

tortuaw oaa%mt O& the d e as &m in ~igute 1. 

Line ef -#tihs W4 J,helu&s a fl3gW peh deremWtLm 5uJqWgrm #ht& rrlqplolyn 

opthizsitf m ~~i~ to Wins a feasible path whbh sdmiees &e prmt vf tha rmta pm@ thruugh 

m smgf @amd WZB;~FI. 1-W M W3 h5W: (1) mccwgulq caWtEwites of ths MC to W ansly&, [B) a&mm & df aiw-aft tit- pernittt,M, [S] r m-cmx~b distm~e b m 

v, E41 drcW sped, alt4- m4 G-Umit, c53 smsw ffeld & vim dimew&ow UI gnrl alewib, 

pJ fie &em-9.r &p$wj;sn ahpa, and C73 the X ~XdirurZw for m initial set & -. 

'Ehe fi*t stw In d$tmaWxg $b f4Wt gath $s to d- W mure to bm mild rts a loms 

of points PB B fin- c m t o systma. h MC b &fined by mefag the paths of -C mteo, 

$ttlertd ss p t d + smdy %*. f ~ ~ A i 1- eadin~g~ system is then sqwrhposd on the 

-c* ef the mts rrnd fib x and y ~1,iaa.t~ & kbe mute T@CO-. 

0 1 1 she ~ UtW sf the is d~t-ned, a '%E&*' fli@~ p&h will be s~$waed W' dw- 

*rib& klw. h init$al El2&t p%& is &mm d is qpmxiw*& by P of strawt I- S-S 

be aftXated by 8hcdt lll~P.aWer- 

hnnhted l?$ dratlw se@eDrs, The thesc dre septa~3 

& k r i ~ Q p~mAum sslectbq an W fiighb paYh h gim A), Hence, a pth 

%S- &aplerdy .W&hl oarb tb8 5 ~pd y &&dinert$s for ths &#aft tqs M, b m spafi6d. Given we 

fnpt x-a-tes far the idtfrl sst og aircraft tuw, least pgro~mbmm m utilfwd to detgx- 

eozmspctadl~g ~wrdSnabm. This t& te nnlwza the &TCZ& distm~ h tkQ 

W. &ing '&e &@m d#palan air&- bltf tu8e W field of viw &+nsim, thu lmtim af 

t b g-nd a~sa rel8tQf B to t4m BI~cmft flhht *&h, Le., the S-s +lfaotprint" is $6-Wd by fppprqziat~ W*., Tha pereent uf &b MC actually pasll513g #mu& tltis S~AISW swath k 

the P3.ptre oP mwi* as$t@ tQ $his Weal fiQIrs $ash, BQ m# Elf@ #tk Ijasd dth C highar 

of mlt] i. tbm a+t thm@ r yltem&th war& 6F the naiphborhosa( 6f the initid X-comdtnU.a. 

W~Uadbt H p*- mtlA rgeci$i& tal~m&a W t s ~e&&d defiles "l?~%~ Pfwt pth 

&S& fot this Wy9ft. &ftifrnw %S made to F$- I wheeh $5- a Ptw dia- of $M b W stOps in 

dezwmid~ the bsaZ \fl&ght path. 

m %he flf.$lt b m ~ ) b d m , m~tw qUant%uQY #$QCl#tBd ~ftb 

*in* bm wqmtal. Thsacr* 11) tire &mrlw di5wlw Smh W posrrt to SW demt 

WZm of tha fii&~ p&, to .a3 tIrs 'fIrffsat d&tmtel', and (2) the absmlutw vale of -1.a 

&?!md by ~5d~dibr4 i3f k lim &went jaSt3ttg trul 8bjWnt W pints and the lrrc8l path 

sepmt. Jn mh8quenz ptwgmplts W5 will W d e e d to th# 'tmassiug mgi~'~ fPr the relgd lOC 

p&. Thn dkst2skiUt-L0t1 of ~ffa - wwiag eefn&iw fbr this *Wt*' Flight psth i~ 

m ~f the -1, 

%

L I, P 

I-e X, Y 

wdiaatta d 

UX a% aa*h 

faermmout 

Seleal: P start* DatemPne set of 

sat ?of r ~95.utis y vdms by least 

-. L 4 square wueina 

I' C m t mkb~x of rd. 

' 

s-ts falling in 

L seusor Ei:iatld of vZm 

for tbss &'S W 

F'S 

" 

k 

Sslsm a tttaw S& inweme in &ex 04 , 

(Pf X V~~~EBL 

3hm probability or tm det~tPotz on wnsor, W-, and back@mmd Ckwaetsriei~s~ 

plus $h W-in-vlew nf the -ea. Prmetionrlly, ehe pxobability of i?aection can h rqrmmnted as 

whw 4 i@ the in in d f3 c q be a prme%w collectively ammts fm swsur, target, 

back- dmact~rfstics. his pbmeta ca bs smistgfm ta typ of seasrrr U b.g., radar, I.R., 

visw] pnd can alsa otwmt far d &$#S. -, the probability pf tvt &t8ctZm ia based on 

an eqmentfal del $5 the basic &m: 

Tliu pwawtur e ust b~r det- to S- axtmnt on an eapfri4 bmls, A del, such as squatioll [Zj, 

can b& dsrid on a pura -hi-l hh, or it br based on au matfu@ -tin& arhieh sat$ h 

~ i wapmeatu w of a sasw arystm, ednsidming physeal chwtqistics such as lines of res6lu~m, 

SW-, smd-to-mfse ratio, ere. he -1s of a wdd of tb leer typa L given fn refereq~~ 

C11 

$or this #er, we 6311 Id aur~ $iacusoim to the other variable af htwesl!, that bbetng tha 

am-ln-view, TM-ia-view is a nf pwry. This gwmtEy has parts p m g to: (11 

pamsor ground mmap, (2) the aircraft Unit, and (3) mding. Thess rr;re Indepmdent 

$and therafm awld be discass+ in any drdaf. We will t&e them in the mder in which e have lQtd 

*hein startfng with sensor g-tqr. Thrlb smr ltfcmhprint? *hat is, the @tern on thQ p a d will have 

ivwhg depnd$ng on the typa of sensor used. Pm ilhtrative prpsaa, a saw usually 

3s fancslmpml, the rides bdnp SR- Qf rdial lfnas and the leading aad trQilfng edss be* con- 

:eeumic arcs whose winters U* ut the htterwctiw of these radial lim~. 'Phis firtemm~ion lies dir~~ly Mn~ath thg airexaft. The hn is ~ y~anetri~al rrbwt a which Ls parallel to tk aim?flight 

pth. The dhmsians of the fan -, fox the mst part, p~opmrimwl ta. the siltitrrdb. 

Iha- raaplfanrw limit is of Jpt#rest if the ssudl aircrblft d$o m m s &ttW 

:Once wxpt &tectiuu tAtm plms r of wmts a t tbea t&e pl-e ts the a:ttsm 

(of a wmpm rdd~&ae pin!. 0mm1 wt bb mt, &frtraft must b* hrnud *U rr carruck heJiag, there 

;!nay .be a h-ff ta a tezwhal lenrror sy$ta and tham Pinat flight %mrWPbos wt be * rb t)w atx- 

:q&t heading. Biguxa 3 dqicts the gm~d sbtustion. If -4 thes m hPirn .for eWb 

aogemaon thee, ip to the m, Jtk-, g-lWsa -& rlPe &a&, & m- bawl bekmr- 

=as tnct Lalw we *am the 1mQuyBr ~imi~." m mwnreT lidttts, w e qtant g ~tg~rs 

:and conota Spd, is siqIly tm -CO ona at M e of the fli@a* path cmleemtric with ehe rue 

ae the ff&t &? Left tmim fn thp flight path* 

'Phe W f o m t and &L mmmqw ligft am stmigbr: f- xepzwanfM R? wbt hpW8 

ta the real woad but L rwt ao ta g-tie mpmssntntW. %a kills ad of

which t-in-vim is calmlatnd. dvmtlcal 'Iim -pent abave a tie& msrk, q t Lr the e, 

~pmswts ths grwnd distanca ovm a taxpt 0~1a both be smm d, W mwa, srtadd. mis UStmce 

divided by n i M speed is the tm-&vim at tha Offset. In F$-e ?, th masliq IMt and the 

manewer limit have mined ta give no view of a tarpat at all m the I& of the flight path. At offeu 

to the right the& tm ferotars, plus tb offsat ana eho emsing angle, the nagnfbde pf tkid 

time-ia-view of the tmg~t. 

Tha W-11 probability of taget aquisitim is detemirwd by integrating the outpt of the W 

del and thh target detaction a d making d el. As rbem emliar, the I&t model gives the frequency of 

mcurxsntss of offset and -$sin& Bngle cn&btions for specif ie roads and Wsa flight patha m A -Le, 

such aa that givm by Table 1 as an exsmple, cm be pparod which glva thu hapeacioe of all poseibk 

wimtfong of dhsts and crossing migles. Tsble 1 to be &ta takm h hp aetual rate d a 

&men flight path Prhid was usd h a study. 

Qtm B table simile Table 1 has bean prepared, a tazpt detbetioa modal Ss wd ta *ts 

the prob&illtias of detactian POT the aet QP offsat and cmasing himtiong for mppnbing 

values of time-h-view. Tks pbabixities of &tsctfm d the frqwiad?s *a the WC m - bid to 

give tha overall prob@flfty of tarpt acquisktim. 

p

I 

Is them * Iligaifk~ant 

Sers5me a nw S#$ 2K$xqwMilkmmlhezGf 

of X values- segments in iisM #f

the xegt Wrld lrttst be- mltt;y s*plLif%~d bsfom: can M eqresaQa 8uWaangtically. A ataefstiul 

lllada fa~m mw CW~P t&aitpm could BB wed, but tt A e ~ ~ fM t ~ c at hsispliSiM m- 

e@ta dfecuomd bulw is &m dsquat~. 

The siapliEfsd -1 Im bean callad the *#all Mbl.w Pha sarth L fiat mad Pnd LW if s one1 betmm paxal~l walls ,W& we & unf- he&*. Plszthor, to sigplify the it fa assumed that 

*h fx#: lie-t ~~ whi& m tm& b l0Catdd is 3t~~llgbt -h it be at oJO' ~ g Pe b tke flight 

pi%#. As 1 mwqwnce, the W W B ~ Q ~f ~ points at which Utu taget -S iam viw of the sfr- is two 

pwalhl Iiamr that alsa @mi%llI to a4 JAC segmant. Between them pdraZlrr1 llnbs ths twgat is m- 

~batmcmd - mts&de ef tb lines it ~anaot be lea (I- 4). Thks may not be Wiat8iy abviw but 

tho p o f fs riqle. 

F& M s pmwf Igt tM targh b* a point on *ha amSerUns Me kO% (Figur~ S): 

d = Maal C-t PP Bi- betmat the mskisg o8stacLa d the -get 

m alonp tlr Urn of si@.

us W does m whw4 qie is on wrbut may W, H, h, ad 'this prcnrcts that 

tbc -king envelop is trro parall& l-. 

- 6 s~ t~u, a -i~-'~im, d&t S m m dq U &wan 

Wh.n 9t ma&w pobt A, fnter~eiw of tb flight prh sad the mkhg s~ar*1#~ the mtSre 

ELtmrliru mo riw. A tmpr is s m D tnstlat it pm Tl. +he air- rontirma 

along tb flfght path tbe tar@ -m rehtivm to the &er& along a line srallal to tbe fli@t psth 

until it out M m ewwys at pobt T . CM -a, r mst he ri& the sons* wtprfnt a 

t~por 

W not .M. 

until th. tuget mb almg tbo - to a point iiniid. t h rdu ban.). 

mm -6 ~cmsttria 

details -8 put *gm*, h e xesuLts m+ Like &mm @ 

Ptye 7r 'Ilirl tick otn 'Wrs horizontal aXis at the hot- af the P- -t *e -sets fm

wkikh tim-h-~~ZeM L$ .~LLWiltd. A VW%iC85 line 5-t &WO a cXck wamaflr, WsiQt fir $he v e W =%S, 

reprmmts the ' ~ ais.~m* d owe* W.& a Xiirget- dould both W d, ff SW, attmckad. This &$ataws 

&viW by er=& speed is the the-bvfw at that dfsat. in Pi- 7, the masking lidt aad thn 

lhif h* mnqd Eo g%Yk M Vi& 6f k targbt, at Q1 W thhn 09 tha fLW* pafh. At OHS~~S 

W the FSght thme tm f~etws, plu. the offset and ths trw%ng nngla, det- #e nagnituda aP thm 

timm4n-vPen of * -@Bt. 

'Ehr mterdl bability of target amition b dezemimd by integratbg thft output of the UE 

del mi the target Enien mi .uung W. *r sbm emlior. a o LOC 6 1 pi-B th* ffr.quMey oi 

wanr-B of offsat and erossiw angle cembbtiaa spcf fie x d n and Wan flight paw, A table, 

such as that gihn by Table 1 as an cm bp prspa~rd wtlieh gives ths fmqhhcfes of a11 porsibls 

dlnatfoa& af of*ts and erossinp mgles, Table 1 h n p to be data takm h an awl routs 8ad a 

Ehosen flight patlt mch waa used ix a study. 

Once- s table similar tsr Tabln 1 haa be- prepd, o tarpat det~~tion mall b wsd to cwte 

rbe p'kebilities ef det*tion fox the m of offset md imssiag angle cwbinatf on6 for cmre~poadinp 

wlues of ti#-ia-view. The mbliftisa tif detection ad Ulo &qubntLe~ fraa the W m to 

give the mr%lE pzohibbliity QE targat acqutsition. 

P CD&, 8) - p*pbabflt'p of de*eeHoq, pim a smt 04' &tioasa, the Frnsring -1s. md 

8, thm &llt ~ s ~ w 3 . 

g @, B] 5 the probability of ocwrraee of the cdittm = and B.

cq&tk%ty & a sear& h f t to &set hate8 mr eke b U &mction ef #M 

-s-kn-vi&w df the twe, witin t? the physical c$a&t$lristie# the turn $WE, backe~ourad, 

the smm, srd at@ IItmqhwfc coiditfwrs. Thfs papx &S cmlcentratPB bn tW tm-in-vim mu- 

$~~~EB-JI, and has wifierlly sh- & the ge~paphy d the g-* of the twmt, wlrrtivo to the 

W% wlyzeti wh.n ranridaring targat. Loafed don. a ~ ~ m w ~ a t ~ ~ . 

m,,

1. ~ S ~ R. W W. et , %lr 'Wltipla A1rhme Re~isrmce -1 [WwWd II] , MD-m-m-$, 

Pat I, a8grrElr, *or LllsPetopmnt Fldng, kWI @APB, Wo, February 1968. 

Wal, Volm I, lkpt 

9. Win, P. 3,, G*, D, E,, and ~ r a W. , G., %had Light ~ffdvmaw 

raaslshg S&mtins," &S 67-81, Deputy for Developmat Pleng, MDr WMB, Obts, Jma 1967.

'best" nwt 

* * ~ ~ * ~ w ~ d * ~ - h M ~ t i n ~ * f l i * p u * , 

tB% 5TzhwrOf Ef- 4. 

H- 

c, me fEsla of viw m't be w ed 

b U1C ar B r e -fste dth the aircr&ft 

d. Hha the U#: p##qas a main past m * fiald of viw aud it is avident *t 12 will rom 

p a mt af ~e fiead ef view, r turn L 4 s tll b&g % m bILBlt into the wter d the ffafd.

You g- the hesdwn that the computed probability hud a sharp madmm at r vrlua ~rsuud 160' 

te thr lh af -dabin. 15 dame mwa remm fez thnt 'Mrrd Uf a Wp in the flu*? 

Par 160 eroashg aaglrs ttlm 19, h a t 8- vortical m tha road) dfaeta worm verp mull, m 

pm a*. T. don't rhet ahld be, @p-whlly. 

W e opthixakin pr~dura doaam't aerus~atL1y give a global opthm. Pm dibtafn a flight route, 

Plot all the re5waat X, J valw wplaiwd in thr papsr, ad ddinm s ~ e*la 14 aqwat. Thun a 

tegreasim ir puf OH-, and dwcrlw tb bruk peinta of that me-$. Ton rmt this far aov8tal 

a*m't,a, ~4 rmll*ct thwa pinta ath t d re dye the mslld numb- of oFPamts pomaible. Than a 

bmpntmr routine taking acemar of &a ~mbsr 'faatprisrrl cmmta Cba rrf tilaea the road out 

bf ofvia ailrerli that Eli&t route. Bg fairly arbitrary itexatimn, C m rat of ofh rg~pont~ is BrLiaod 

and zwted Lux aa incxaae W wt in fie ok t h ant-eEdw, PPU stmp tida W* ad rdy 

iwetlioa *an you it* to ham a gwd molprSaa subjectively. 'Pha valuer l& could Ya he to thm 

dsaisra of a aet of segment6 lmfch rera mt tested but W haw ben. h udvaufsge. 

In su& er-tim, bwed an I- rqressrgm, what kfnd uf ra@mrim should bb frkra, I on X 

OK B m I, sptcif i~llyP Could gau jwrify the ehoiaa d ch bee bsm do7 

Peirhqe regtr~~ion 

taebrdqufs etapt, wan addsable, at all. We uad thm puraly for mqmdiv 

aad b dwa eheg warm inhf tivmly appe~l*, Far- a beeter (but longer) matbod -1 be to fhtd R 

large set 05 possible flia paths and Bemcthn pmbabiLith baud, m r did im t k pepor, 

on. eroaah aqlaa oad thk Erqum'jr of bfE0.t distsncw. Biually ywr would &ms t h bent we, a d 

it not bc tha a fivwtW by tke repedaim hathgd X WctfW.

- frW e h t of a C 6 a idea- tia& tkw of tkm btWh Mqrr~ettn avaWLa 

Eo tha abmsvmf b*s a #zhsd &act aa targat aeqdaieb par-ea. torPla~aI farrard obl4t~ *Mp 

m af the fatglt; rDd lrtrromrdiq trvrain Bavo fomd to be e parthulae~y affar~fvc turn d 

briefin& Uvmdh, but sneh p-lam 3qg m8t k avdL&le, 6b we&*t mtd P 

tBfe prp*r uk w~turtion mu d @f ths -eat ET TA£&, h the of rufr&h olAllqm8 pbmampha, 

pmpc~L# trgws#t&03&m &f tba temr d tettah3 *Sv& E- asps, gaci'E35atad tel.ttbad 

targat -&ion per%-. Hm sfhctilms~n dif thus m f v e &#, wad er briefing 

mtarid k dath to -L, W mrad ~5th-thet of mw wed dam, d fp~t:k whb 

oblhw plmzopr~kr. T b mtn *Wad tht, whilst nat &a &fe*tJtW as ubl%qbe- pImtogr@br tk 

parqWtf- h 

imp-t in parforrrmaee so compared dth @he -a alo*~. 

bratlOht about nsm~ 

TM or-m of the b-ina hfarbat2en kvaiXabla 6a tb drcrar btti prim to and draing r hfgh- 

+, 1*1meL duLn ir au *taatr fac#r PE# an~wr. is sdd- tMt bath . 

&I dnmcinn md -t aqdsith ~ & f o s me: a &E%r*sd by tw quantiw and quality oS tIm 

&&&h$ p&&* Por $n~ma, p-rtb of -4utm Zd#ntfff&d dutk higb#ped, 

top-W-h-hWblls,aWt~+abDththe*crhaaftBa-orpd fI),dita 

-c. tnze*ISP of tha prolrqxtw d afff- of m-rsa (2). The iapPrtaac* of 

bntafiag u+grkts fs mxa edticaZ is nlptisxl m targ~rt acwdaition tmb, Whro91 k L nme21y 

powiblm W -het en a i+fmts f~aturma &at fiwy to h aad dlg ~meedad, 

tswt mm, WWIY &a oed r i d dutcw t e . rb st WLW t~.t 

hho.~fh % mflablr to the oarpar abut t* appeamaea af t-t, that of thm 

mmbuaaib# trr*aia. 

#a bi~ hm ex -1- bzidhg fmr high--, l-lwl -gat acgufsfth b a map 

bz dust d. a p- a b W m& d poaithn, taw wf ofph~~aphfc 

WbeSrrg abwhg ?W c- fm *rrfksl dIor obliqmd mm dma be waifable. 

Ia &$him tu then* fom af v f d bri&Eag 20-tln, wrbd dwcrfpth of ab. trrgat ad aurmrmal8p tarrah* a d orber -11$wm WOICP.~~ bh p*PPLdBd. mar-*l #-Q# m 

rbm thrz. sa the mt of wrlat88h khfiug aMuc t h PwNt ir fafimaaad frcm a brid wrbrf 

b . ~ x % ~ t to h , btdld and pWtogxaphie ~ u g pf e tha E-t raPd atr*, 

&wit* prfemnm 0, Q}. ror aatawe, emd Bavl-a 43) w a d f3,m brfefa 

dtriaaa rlth the fgadfq that tb* mm W c i n r llhieb hclpded ohliqaa tarnet pBat#prrpW &&ad 

iu Pi#uifhmtl.p better Womauee, in tmw of bcb reqdnkh pt~baW2tp md amdsi&m taapo, clnu 

tb. tk. &her d&na iu *l& bwmr li~afl OE birfha hfwmtob* -t ineldiug obUm *to- 

m, -re padded. A fwtbx rudr o$ this w umr tbrt the prrofflritm of -tic& plmCa&x&pb h 

a w t h CO ebl- phofogxapbs did QOK iqma parfame & c a m 

ulth o%iiqaa pWtw&pItd *lash 

Pbr moults indtc&te U, 4s wrtld be the =m cldy tbs brfefk -th ruda 

tha aecd mrmt: d awram&iag rtr pas^ by &a obaurwu, +h. mru sfhe~iw it id. d a t if tb53 

apt- hZom&tiw {S. ol aUf qua &t@#~apbj is avdbbla, tMre L a &&vuuw be m ffem 

p- &U, lam dlil -tb. pbbgiapb miaa bth Mo-rh abertt th 

4ipammua of the mrgrrt brrxkg a. leu-h't appr~*gR, md bfgmatfpn &WmE mrdn ~~ea 

a& thi~ op*tiat mlathnehip* ea tbe teqpt, Botb Wrn typm of iafomtion aid k h obsmma k 

-in$ tba h*. mfbmtion #mid fmm kh tctrra fat- in rha *initp of tb rrrgsc taduEe4 

eh e the abmoffart a1 m trrs tr5$dt porith, tha ktra -a r;hrt m e m rwrcbrd lo 

ardor # hata tbr: tare~t, ad LdIu10cing pattBflll. Taferm*tiaa &&E tlW appaamnoe of tb 

f*r- icdf &W drr,ecth d ~~f~~ af tkm tapt dttdu rb m awa. A mtudy ewiad are by 

JaW# 

- 

(5) -ate tbt brbfbg in ef tW twm of infBfPllth8, W tg htwaef 

ItSth tba 8aqEdtp of ths baaQromd in tiw t-X $8 &mated, -fn that perfa- for a- 

up3&mta -feed w t a wtaQ to k hLWy mkim to in Wfefing, ddht tbn 

-ed k wle* ba*lc$ropmftr a -i,v~ty W W--t. ZQ th h t Eb4 m ~ m e ~ t 

w h far dP*aflU& Wa-tfPn *%bt bzkgrod fm-s ta d b a thlm to wm 

bf &at-l &L##.

Tha m~udka oalW suggant tlbt fer *fWkivmsas the briefing mstlfrirr prowidad 

~Muld erra5Zu th. 9 lekmately visualPsc Eh$ mdn twain featurau h thm v&dd*3r of tbe t.rw 

and tbir apaCirrL relatimships m each amar sad th eargat, ae mm obliqusty during r Iow-ImeL 

-h. air em h eclahmd bjr pro&& the ebaamer with at Ie8at a w I-lmol abliqu~ gbotagaph 

t&6n ffm la auffzhient r a a TO &&W the targat drad elm flsqturps Iaadiry up te it. XdaalS, altitude and, 

prrkiEUZarl.y, a~tpx& directha abuld cmmapoad clcroaly ~LWM of the actual minaioa. Xn vim af tba 

difficulty af abt&i&q such @meogrkplIB For rerwta eftupred in haarile terbtoq, euirabla obli~u 

hagery mw not h avaxLb'Le, La am4 wws the obsmr awt -F aut for bhslf &um otbr bricffiPfnsmath 

rbwaw-t nnpw a d t i h m of fa-#, aad khZr agatial r~hkh~6hip8, mhan saaw obiiqiualy 

fm a peYEtculbr appr~a& diraetb, in mdar tl~ &dine how the tazpt arsa 411 Zwk dwing tbn 

apprva~b. Ism reporead lq -rat& and Wrdm (83 suggqats Pbt tb ability of aircsw to accurqtalp 

viau*lisw oblique vim ftom map8 is lhkd. Poa~ibla raewms f DT this diffhdty m% {%l the hdfiqurcy 

of tb hfo-ha given on tb mup, for inamtanre, tones, t~urar, lighia effacta ru3d awonal &iqu 

cgnnat be nItlwug& thsy 1~4~kdly &fact the upparancm of the te~~aia; and (if.) PtW diaiatlty 

4f -ally din# .the appropthte perspectern trrarrfomatipna. 

bi&eme that the 11ed of them fsr~ra comtribut+m to the probt- of Iwluval targat a~qdaith 

-8 f mm a *r&y xmp~rcod by Hag-, Lame end Oakam (9. They fd that upacialisad crabins in 

pars advs -try ai&HcantLy thr perfdm&zeb of aubjarta carrghg out a televiard t.rget 

ecsith W&, LE c-rd with subjaera w h raceimd d y ~ m r ~1ahh. d =h. mbjanta &van the 

apmddSpul trk3aiag mm able tp bigpos$ rbo EOPI~E~ targat aMa with a s3&mdficmtlp higher mnems 

=tar d ia dgdficmtlp ubxtkr t-. A diflarmt apg& wm edoptad by the prwant -hot (10). 

w h bwrt+d wbther, In tb abasme of abliqum pbntopraphs, prapectiw vbua prayared from m*p* to 

MhW U~u*PrPlg t h d$&hl *el&tb$hPp6 t& target and 6 m & h hturba m 8- ftpm tba 

appxageiate ob~iqum viewiag a@e wd$ fwiucrte turgar aaqui~fdon. Under echviahu view -

PI- 1. -1- of tM me typa of pwqaetfve repsalluaf~ion prapu*d 

f~am a 1" : I mLXa map, tugmthor with tkm correrpmditlg 8blique 

Qhotsgraph. me t~rgw, n socd j-tiora, in at a rqp of 2 arilwr.

,CJ;n m 

Stdrrd -w mapn w o urnd. T'k fM map arti ions wed far mute hiefiag d e x each of 

tlpa 

km$&bn# m a d appi?oxhat&l~ 6 &me. (9.7 Bnl 9% tarrbb on aithr ride of tha 

mm, md &a1 d1.r hpnd the rawt. T k 1' t l d la (1 1 63,3603 mtfone used aa pdaitiwl 

briefiq natwid in tm ~f the wdifk m d the fhal 5 milse (8.1 &) to the tagat n4d 2 miles 

(3.2 m) bepad, and m alw w b d with the md the -gat pomithn. 

IiQ 

!the *bl%qu& PR= prepdad W kuzreawhd &t:h the ~1ti-e~ w t a fidd gf r3av *td 

a*prea&on -to wad in cba ~hlatb. The spscidmt reopdble fec pzepmriag tha dhgrm a~aa gfven 

thew dazr: m~rbar At:h w t b s tb approsch &a& d t a w podthn, W a kid 

verbal d*scriptfon of tbr tar&t, I trmopaxe grlA m PIS& over t h q and thu terrain Futlrroa 

\dthb ta# field of view tfm8fd to r b apptopdate eblique gbr~tiv. pru, as h tb. prhus wzk. 

Ttbe of $bgrms 

-- 

*%m @l male 

- 

ws 

- - 

WPpw mrk m th. l'' .oriel #tartad 

ro IP ta avoid m y mf the mra ,dato,iZ.d hkeioa w&able sn th TP+gaz map6 influmdng the 

mparatbn a3 tha fM dhpau, In tbe ptsparatb ~f the fl diitieultier m e aaMuatarad 

t~ k h W- -If U** ad SF- *P& a--1 b.& W b produed. h PU~fea~r eKp 

lfttls Wdl war avdlable, artd *Law 1 1 feuhrraa ~ hwe ta ba 4 W mueh wkkz .on eke rmap tlraa tbey ua h p-a~, thatk m'tf~~e~ tO M p l & S h r PDf W C amt ~ ~ b l i&at- g ~ 

the wt m& tsm& ae it klu tPllP mufed rrtrgu wart prep& 

~FOID bQth fM f "' 1 1 &P '11 t 63.W) A cede idhcinfi b diff~c~nt typr* BC f l 

mod5rad. Wlf~p W, WWm, ;p~t&mm, mcb, arm# of uarsr, oat. mm ro;pbsrantd in the df.grma 

m due dud. 

IfW Phomewu 

- 

Pb p-gmku wad a =briel rmpdntud *on forward oblique pb~opqhfi at 

tbs oaras tSnr OP tb ei1M43lm wed h tblP m u i o n m, ubtabd. tlre tprgzit aren an ram 

from r-s of tm snd four aft- dth tW f5eU of d m as ~ ths eh-film. Tba 'ox~ltmk* pbow.pLr 

rwre prhtad w thrt tby corra&ed clorbLy dth aquidwt fiHram86 PBd h m& t b twpt 

*a app+o*im8taly ~aatral. m toff-aet ' pkotogwpha ohmred h vs* which was BEE-eet f rcm the 4quiva1ent 

fik- by a mmt mt, th. mdmm pmmdblrn ash tb pbtapapha available. Xn mamfcct, Mr 

-a xsla~fwly mall BPd tbe dliffaa~ lmnmm the ~ -trsk d off-#t *-graph# web mt efteat. 

(51 Subject, 

42 E.&@'. p5btr rmd f~av1ga-r W k pazt h eh & -t. dfl W manoive &xpw3sncm of 

BQ*+, 1-lapal flight, aictiorrgh now had qeriw of talcvirttd e r i o n ad carget =qu;t*itbn 

'E48kd. id%~t*t* m, f1.h sa8 &&W hh'8 m fqtllfhm toat WXl rwwdsd far ueh .rubjW. diSt .urb$acr;e &p aarignad tu M& ~f EW axperbntd editbs. 

Zn rdditim, dz -killad &Wee# Cje,mdato) m t ~tad mdw t?& Baek -fins mndfeida (IH lpap o d ~ } 

pwww. 

#OS ~~~lsb~faQa 

(W Md~pon~ 

Tbu tmlevidon dopm W&@ ~hdrt8d 9. a£ from tlm iflo 1iWasf prohead bY the 

Britfeh aremft mrrtbn. 'Phua fUpa wen mjuctnd st a ap#d ef P6 frmua1md uskg a 

LW F~Q~@&Qx. T h d~&X#d m a m &E*- tb. -3~ct'~ &OWVh, vh&tpaa 

b m P W-68~. mi$B -0 #OX t h PC b~i&w mt~fidle* 

sppetaly 3tdWl end fir the mwrorp rmnpou~~ W-. Tb -8ubJact's cmmale waa ucmd off 

f m cha r-r pf ttbr m,

typically 5-10 danter. atdied thm briefing plptarialr ha was anked to coqlste the first part of 

a qrrestfdre, indicating on a ranking ucale bn difficult he expected to find (a) navigating along the 

mure, ibl locating ths tugat area md (c) ideutifyiag the target. Aa part of a oeparate study (not 

reprtrd h tbitbir papar) concerned w ith th selection and we of *n route Eixpointr for navigation purposes, 

h* waa da0 asked to r8card bir &man fix point^ for the particular xoutm, 

During each aimlattoa run fbw subject was required to mvi$ate visually along the route, to indicate 

tha lo~stioxl of thr target area aa noon an hrt Was able, and subsaquPntlp to posltivalp fdantify the target 

itaulf. Correct +~span4am, oatfWive and coxdasiva emre I W recorded ~ for locating the tarpet area and 

for idsntefno tbe targat, together with the wrrespondhg ranges, detadsd from the frm-count. At 

the poeitive identificptioa Btap the ftxm waa #topped for a fw sawadtl to enable the deeignatfon to be 

chahd and tbo frm count accurately recorded. It fa-startmd autmtically, md ran until a fixed rwa 

of 10,000 ft. (3.05 Em) from the targot was reachad. At this point, at which mat of tho target8 -re on 

the verge of dinapwng fw the lorrar edge of the diaplay, the expmrhter stopped the film and the 

mbjecc agaia da8igaPt.d the target. Having completed the run the eubject filled h thm second part of the 

qw~tidra. which waa mbly cwcrmed with the ws of fhpints, but aleo asked him to record bors 

difficult ha had f o d navigariag along the routo, locating the targat area ad identifying the targ%t 

uaiag the 9- tbrw-point rating acdla an in the ftrrt parr of the quantionneire. 

A large -unt of data waa obtainad in tbia qerintent and only an otitline of the mia results earr be 

pramtad bere. The prhry emphaaia in on the effect. of the briefin& conditions tested, particularly m 

prttivm idmtifimtion of tbk target, since thia wan the main concern of the experbat but 0th- espeeta 

of parformancm are alao canaidered. 

(i) Targat nma dhsiamtian 

hLnalyefr of variauce carried out on the target area data hdicatd tnat the efface of the eavea 

brief* uraditioaa oa tha probability of correct target area deoigaacion wan nun-mlguificant, but the 

affect of targat diff~~eucea was highly signiftcant, u &own in Tabl* l. 

Tmm 1 

bnalpsia of varhe on target area dasimtbw 

Source - D.F. - S.S. 

IBm- arrbjectn 41 12.19 

risei ins dtiane [cl 

Beof duof 

B 

35 

2.19 

10.00 

Th ovara11 probability of wrrsct target area designation wen 0.75, tbe Osaae for individual target# 

vmyin& from 0.55 to 0,98. lhce rbe omrall me- rnnge of tarsat area designation was 26.000 ft. (8. l m) 

thi8 variation mat tuw been very largely due to differanearn in the final approacb routes aod lead-ip 

faatume, rarhar thm difbrsncer in tba targets themelver. Standard analymia of variaac* techaiquea 

could uot bm wad ou the rmgs data. aa the omi~riva ermtrrxa gave rise to dering vsluea. -ver, it 

appeared that th provfaim of additional briaffng loaterislo did mt hcraase the rmgus at: rohfch targat 

araan ware deaigastad, and in tbs came of the diagrams conditiuna tended to reduce thm, 

(ii) Positive identificetioa of rarger 

bn ~nrlynir of variance was carriad out on the correct identifications obtained udar the seven 

expa-al awdition~. Aa aho7ao in Table 2, the effectr of briefing conditioaa snd trrgst dif f arences 

were rigdficant, aa wan the interaction between tbm. 

TABLE 2 

bnalyds of varimw on the pritive identificrtiw data 

SOUC~ - D.F. - 5.8. 

Bmtwaen subjactn 41 13.25 

Briefing conditions (G) 6 4.12 

Residual 35 9.13 

Within subjsets 650 144.75 

Target8 (T) 15 32.95 

T x C 94 31.93 

Beaidtill 525 79.87 

TOT& 6il 158.00 

A similar mdyais eartied out m the cdmrive error data a M that briefiw coaditbna did ~t 

h a significmt effect on d e ~ i v ermro e but target effects, end the targets x coadieipnle intaaeth, 

srsm ai&uificmt. Tba overall probabilities of correct idantifieation for each of tha briefing conditions 

are in Table 3.

W, 3 

Pmbbilizier of amcc mieiw &dmtificatisn 4 d brroza for the sawa bt211h dtiw 

&hefar madfti- 

Fr4bbf tfty of m e 

Id-f aeazh 

t 

(1) ar mt* map odp 

a) Y mute + 1" with 

0.53 

Q, 5D 

t 

(31 in rout* * + fx Q.&l 

(4) &4 mute aep + P &&gram 0.b 

(5) 4~ ROW * 1" MP * 1" adfa= 0.86 

E!) iBl rr mip + 'ofhat' pbotozrapb 0.76 

(9) &M rmtr -.g + 'anwaek' ghr-qhrr 0. MI 

W5.a of P- 8 pr3.025 hypochew chat oblfw vim -Id fac4ikate U m-.d 

dtb tW map ditimm, *C inmaee in Bntail ar.o~kat0d dth hl~eae in Eha acah of the 

vadila Pmprova wE&-mr and that ~bliqw pbtbB+opb would M *-%or tm other fa- uf btisfi21gr 

&dent's t u d h W tb dgdfiemes of PSLe dlifX&rasim be- thae ~oudi*ha. Biffo-a* 

had to r=ad 0.17 m rer& zha 0.01 &gdficmc~ L-3 and 0.12 for tb 0.05 h i . Qmpari~ona 8hOlPad 

that bgth pbbtog~spbs d n l a n m , and (71, *re ei&Eimkutly bpttW thln WtR ditiw, (11 

a d [a), canation (6) aim b a dmiii~oef1-p ~ t t s tx b wnditk G). III atioa, th In diagrm 

E ~ C(41 W was ei&Efe.ntly Wtter &a 1" d t l m (Z), To obtain a d e w 'gktura of tlm 

xmsul~a tb adrima WBXS to th-P bridfbg m-, thus& fa Wab M y m were 

usad, Gt which 4-r- -8 W& d thnae. in wbkb pbtographr wra wed. TM data obfabd we 

am io mbld A. 

Cmpariama be- the correct tdeatffiertiom probbiLitLa duen in Tabla 3 r h d that differmebe* 

*s and -, aaff tw die* and ptao*ra@U, W=* a&&Sulat at th O.OS lrnrel, and tb 

dif'f -m haen mpa md pbtogrwr at rhe 0.01 Id, agaln Student'a t tom, br un ba oem 

h TabLe 3, thete wka Icttla diff-~ ttra -1s of d m r i v m 011~1rs P*IQE~W with O.Qh 

of tba t3pe1 of bridtq* T b oosrPLT $Fhcka of m male mm aarelad by d~zo&&s tbm c d b d 

m uf ucaditioM (1) .and {jj, which IS& bda.afhg hfamnt-ian diwiosd d y fro* fM -a, und odtiars (2) C41 ($11, wh$h i~w11wd the adaitinrl pmvLim af hfoxawhn fmm 1" r I mile (1 : b3.364) -80 

comeat WifSqatioa prebabilittaa far #are two c o w aoad%rhmu vmxm p. 51) Wkatiug Wt 

thu greacar aplao razt dett

CIWI ,-&mm ~f 8rJIO& M j~tr 

m qrerrp., &m cwrtrspxdhg d w a 0.53 fm &% WIad a& 0.53 for tb d X d . 

rk. r~9~kilSaat &#C*# -~ffW- *I -r "# m 

TW&. {%5ali3la%c~totb-t* ~ d . i % P e ~ b ~ t h e h e ~ ~ 

d tha ,p~~blSfiiv d rap of &mu EWE -rh, k tlth cm tb$ mail Mimta 

d&Wtl~m19: hfakar -8- tkW &t& k&t X-.

the Iartias W alw b&a &out a ,mMi&rab1~ 3.rPmvemnz h rminga nf comeet i&antlficatb, rhe dla#mm 

did not, The ave~dl &an at w&L& &Wtificat$aa okatlr*ed ader thq diwam waAirloru wan Iffm~timIy 

a a eame U* h t rplder the wtp ,eclaiiitio~ ~'xamhatioa ,of the emugive pmbabilf ty r- that tha 

i ~ w v m 3sl L&nt#Lcatioxl pzbb&lLi.ty a~cwrad almpgr mt-itab at rqeg of lD,M30322,000 ft. l3.05 m 

to 3.67 W). kr* rbe bnes dt t k 2 dks (A2 bklefhg dbg~am mlrt cdrrenpaud 

mar tlaeelp te the nigntluted 'M' dieplay. There W, huever, lisltt d@ of a sidw atfecc far tb 4 dla (6.4 h) krI.aZh3 wbhh W@ aut@i& ttFe m a ~ f b dmtif ~ i ~ad#~ rwe fur mr*lt t=g#tsr 

Th failure aE Ek &-am8 to bring about h w r m t Sn idantificatlton r- hawe baan dw, at 

leaet in part, to ths f hat that the briefhe -as ctiosem were ihmpriate hr the tmge~s ,rtudiad % 

thia ~erimut, The 4 dPe br3efia dis- W ~ at B LW afrort a P-, tb affwf targdt ar& dw3@#hr 

-Eh emrred on average at 'abut 5 dlea rmgej and tao k g tn hve much dhrk m ekiva fd.ntif i- 

e ~ t PS b the tqgnt. The 2 mile brii&kg dimam m y sf$~et%d perfomam Ear target9 muld aa8rwjba 

slat baire lam identified, or rphia wee Wtif2ed only at aazy lrhmt rmgts. Xt in paaeible that 

diagrann #&wing thm tkmar l&-& fwtutgs fraa '1-r rangee, ay, 3 dlao rrnd 6 &l&#, would h a 

bWQ alpre &f*&i* k p ~ f l ~ u rl d e ~ PE -&~SE~Y~OQ* E& t&S@ h t4f8 

a x p ~ ~ , 

Ibce the ii$S;gram W&& ,BrSyid muly Ecm tW inforpratibp #a the wpm, my &fa& ua pwh-a l~put 

ham be- dw to ths preaentatiaa of Wfa Sdamtia in am abLique kmq EacLlit~thg the urn* of bachgzorrad 

9ea-a duce to met p585th. fife ~ppl of pteeentatim appeslts CP. bdsn val.u&le h 

idm~if3Gadon ir E dghr w t a Sor wh4& idmtificatta pmhbilitjl W- vecg low (4 0. SQ) when df 

-p brief kmg wm pxddd. It Oe 1Pk;elg, thewfore, that far thews tar&&a the uaa 8f -&-l clrtor war 

m -=&ad f acbr 

- 

re&&& ra 1ecatf W & MeaEiFhtit~ the Wpt. Far W ram* 

aLgbt wsta perfa-* vaa telativdy gad under ail coditi~e, and the pzwishn of dZsgrw did acre 

aid i&nt&ficrrtion tla cotopaxd with the ~ ~ % e=p a~anditfono. p ~ ~ Bet 05 theea. target# ware raletitpely 

&m~euma, Jrrd pxmpiquont~y them neruld be law need the & o a f fo r&y m baekgromd CPU-, ud 

less ~ IUI h the us& af Bri%fh d u ~ c partimdarly ~ , 

ira tw pmvded verg little LnformaESon about Eh 

appe&anc& of the target itself. Xt is af htarejt to net& tb* them was no cv3Aemza that tha briefahgt~las 

Led to irrctame Sn errave emra, as could ham mecumwd If they had @raved to be d8laadhg. 

T b kupmriori, of sbLLqrre pbtampfta er 'brhfing metrrial, mdarly in bqawhg fdemtiSfc8tian 

m, waa claarly 5 WEr~ked in -&this awa%wat. Thfe supsrioritp can be merfbad ta tha de4lcd 

infommtian the phtagrapha pdde i~b appalerante ef the target LtzwlE, about: vagiattxcion patterm 

rrnd @Sag dfcetb , irtd m a l ekalw md rmwett df tba tawab, which $0- a c-L- baagroHad eo 

the Wpt. ttbti w s a t edaagt, Utrr dfactivmeen of rhp phoEava& wea rcerrirtd bp tba fact 

that wex* t a tha B- r b m thb Jne-film wed fit tb shul~tian. mua *bey amaapoadsd mry 

cloSelg to the a k f at& TV displw, mk EmLy altitude and 4imctbn ef app~d, but also in liwhg 

ditim m& claud which had B mksd effect on the agpssrance ,d the tmain. In additha, thc 

phWw~Pkl8 uu*d L the mamt crxperbut wkra of a B$gbar qaaliq cbd such pbtogr~rphu mdd mfllldLly h 

ad& 0p~6kiqd il~zldfthr. Ebr these 'e-onrr d~te ebt- in t+ awetZwat. MF well have e 

g8Zate.d K& nsfflaath-as Q& &d. pbt~grmlm, in rehria ta tba otbr fam af brimfins rwtad, ar toaparad 

with Eathat: mimy&le fa prwtic~~. 

m h Uh7fidb fb &&~=WS Uf the di- add be to waerh -8 GIUS~IJ~ rbt ~f 

&lie @l~~t;oawRb, Wuld Le by hcludfng Urmx5oa deziwQ from ld@-altitde vertical pkatagraphr 

the tazget und auetalmding are% and otber intell~ur Womtioa. WB Woold allow -re dotufied 

repmsaaratixa the target irsalf, prrd p$ oeg~etiun patrawtis and eES*eto, tfian rsrr h d**iva4 

roLairly PrrPm nr~pa. ln W P W tbe ~ 15mitmd ~ 

of detail a* m mapd in mt -1y edfleioat 

ta allow rsdhtia cthliqne v b ta ha w e d , additio-1 infumtian irom vhr rounrar wadd make 

tILb.ae, repreeeatatlbns m e gff.errive. 'In addition, ad dimuuW p~haaly, W l P g rqer 

Ba aim$& dth re^^ the cbre&e*l#ia OE 0:t bew~ ~yqtmm and tbd nature of C& taqge~s 

~anaesed. tblly it sbdd bw n~Eeb that if, ra -PS frm this eq~erht, Zafailurrt t~ eerrectlp 

d~wier the apwbpri&tr obli uo view fmm a map mnzxihram to t6e di$f$cultiea of *-at acquirith 

rash. rhol tbt~ g y It- tw~?cnrions mt only im fslitisn to b.riem isfo-th. but a1.0 ~LLW~ID~ 

d trabirrg pmblam&* 

(3) anStS, 6. d -68, F. G. Laboratay eeudlea in air-to-ground buget z~eogdtim. %X. thla 

sffatt of xeeoilna%s~mka/ intdIfsmwe iaf-th. Fe-116419111>. ha-, CaIifoEnfri 

ffPltW%~* (1%6). 

(51 JAWS, D- 8. IntafZigemc~ raguimammts for hpved viwwl targat a~quhition prfamt pmbl- 

def@i*ggrm .and pzulimiham teat results. CP@mk# hts HQ. Dl26-10156-1TB). Seattla. 

U-mgkgn; T b 8- 'Oppwy. 41969,

Wero the ha to plwqaphh brfafZag reddb ta t h f&ce Ehat ttrsoa phtm *re 

tab^ &C tb m t b a dm da42 irr pm dmIaeKm? If tlrey *S, the W d free- all 

~WabEEltw M II~, faziam, m d 

1 tab pour pint. 4s I &, atilfr ware tuW Era rb film itmu. Clad wff~ts irae 

m, didn't %*r M I W e WB tii be: WWF hmma. ?m*$ dua ta 

photew~icr brfW@ -a in expe~btlt~

3. - 

ga#paph%aa d m&p iBntl.Mam ham* ammd %e tw~t b aid &uftia - 

Eepe of aaquaui*oa ir not fi10wamQ b3f idm4tfSmim fiabrr. 

W U s d, -W *s~* MMebB with * inb-kimn @of otrrqpfas mm alww the prmm 

d WkLw pw#on* Of %h0 cbmmmr eikirm, wi* p&idaz -ia a tBO pmkllml 

-1-4 in 8- .8a*@n a m-d -d m -6d M a sI2pPZe -. Pox 8, 

pram&- m-& W-8 bow ibw pilo*% -W about .soh tnrspf in U rrrpn h-1 

8% m s e tkns, wdd -4 odd k d ~w'pped JD a tWb& fw. =M 

8ZirXn*d h *&0hu 8- h m wb, tmm1L0d h -W 

h d , 4 m d m- m#lg mbJe&%va of 9-C 

-h. Mhr mbmhioir, it w.9 mgm~staa mat lfdlbls WmpW Prid 9Wdw ab*f be arr Wquafe 

m t far Bhs pmpw -ffm-. 

mt &etmad to l& at m ~on-t and of Warn aonsmf v*, 

lrad prmi&~ a -mu uU& stat;isbiW -m& om bs made of tha rsl8tLtmUp B s M wna-h. 

It W M ipt.*tidly U d a* Lfle ~ aabts, iS tb PFtSeaj, 3)mmertbLZO W%@ "mainmm wrk-b W finan 

m med Il- vrrriatfm W W f d of ~ Bperhxy 'Rslat h berm 18 W- e-fdrsad thst 

#aa pm- d B 

br elm tlptit tmaftrl rap =a prclsaat hstigatfan. (&I 0dption ixr WMO?). 

EelLar W e d pa exbmfon b #M MO msthsd, tber Grid Ebm, in wUEb oar# tba oomtrwt bad baen 

eUdkd, esketl fo c-& eauh *L-t mtder wm or other of .Qbp polas. epn hs done 

fo~ed100~11hQ d t b ~ M ~ g r t & ~ ~ f n Q ~ W f o S I P * ~ t i h alrrng~eUbuAPhs 

% $ a d ~ n b 

rtmg &a ear. V-OUB m&fA09.tiam of the Grid h- been &-Q, bu* #a omrr 

0oaa-d to be amt tu*W fir W s i~lllfi~tlm s~se th BLftLlls kkd 3bm in Wab %M aubjwt d d lndr 

fm 0- on a re- of 1 7. ThSa m m 3- *I subdaot &lo#b la .lam 

aa 4 UWW B0 eb#mr WE, W e er* Wa msna m be- &h b -&*P ~ttu&ign be%ma W* 

.I-*.

''E b B L E 'L'

M* - 

-mahma 

mm?&&& 

- 

SW- - 

m*cm - 

rsrca +=&m* 

1.F.a (raatrri~~m 

~oipta)mw W - 

mw3 *wpk - 

memmaflw *m* 

-h Ilr nsar a hui1,- amplax - 

W&e ep Ir- 9s- - 

T w @ a . E f s ~ ~ ~ s o h I 

lWkkLp;a *#a* er 

'E-t hi a& mim rR% D* fb-* 

Bp41 - 

-S in a 1- faah 

- +=P* - 

%e -a is haably psw&aeXrh - -. 

mIr@@&oa a-ti6n M * e t r 

of -t efraab wYah a- - 

m a ~ a d b w 2 b g a o a t ~ - L ~ 

&Q- W, lprp 

~ t ~ m II ~ ~ t 

s a y m- wha,Qavsr #m m&Wer I 

Lad .hloul.* - 

e t t 

-

CB'

S147 

rslaaem~hfp d al-h, *, %.U. wU0h lw nem.9 W@W, oo~wlabP 

mm% e h 4 . h e*aplplw, 6am 9hbh C and D). 

mcLUBm;B 

tbxq$t %b 

Is mivmrWg rrW9atIosX. Pf- hBO pmWa@ad p m , w Wm was stul r af mbjar&vemm 

fn edeo*bg mrbd l*& m mmk* -C, -8 mra tentattvely atfrmptsd by r panaL aP m e , 

in &a inbrxtian P10 Bbsrdr +h in e a-d hwstig~te~, 

- 

W 4- prtth hi& lwsitivn arrd hfgh na&a*im Loadiw, aad %m mfpmBtv~ 

e ~ C a , W-B I, it nw -dBd the Wmhmte IaudBr- * wmpan%1ts warn Bddy oomartred 

wkth *gat h its m&&* -yid# W wW%m it sZaach9 out, s it wobsd in%a +W ba&gm~.&I 

'Wta war velikwd by lz- a4 +ar@a* U# pw~ftkva b&k%y nu U u sammwnQ, a d wlm by 

d&WbnMon of o6nsWata m d *a, af W uphem. The folLWng tLvrr ampmenb mm 

wmd in rr m, Blld ft W= m-sted fhat W wfia 1-1s for trre ffxrrt w e odmp~pwab beg- 

1. m *f?'F@a* h *sat e t * ba64pm&k&g!a+ k &mrbad h * baCWd 2. Islpflrl bllilbup eam*al &mmmt m& *&et *liGi.Pg. 

P** m d ive-+ aP M-WO# =W &*dud 

-%S, QPPfaulB prm m 4 

3, W&oP md m i&mttW*Ien faatupem umund W tw$eS %a aid ~ ~ i a a q of b s 

aaqnid%bn of $a@* L naf %mad W I.P*m a*. am hamu dme ara Bu;Pfieienf 

fb~ W-%*-, 

~ ~ c n i L t ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ k * L h % m ~ , f k m ~ , 

el-f+Lwt 

Pha* they mw bs *1.* taw *m**

Bp* iptsmiwum eli05kS BB& & major P*- tbfS -$m%, d m L% war 

p>b&U%w, to 'er:- E@@** of uem M a- %n *, Qn mjwt *a- of * elw3nC, 

& EmndaZl of CDBDOldlllD. tUt II. mwmhcl @mwa 

TMs%atE~*.troQ.hB&Wmsramnn 

a? inibjwbr- fw Xntsmbmr Ii*. 

h ~ W ~ Q ~ , d f e * b B * ~ ~ q p q & ~ ~ ~ W . 

FF$-4 W&w=a $&W&@ W ths W-x *At @ m)k Xn-rrer 

'B', & &IQ, && sn aIT -8 Cha &&*#C W-d' do lm umf* * &milar. Be&m mf mfarsaw for 

m rule whetis.

(2). Prom b&t gra~pa of 2, m tb - "W& 

m t 

ah@~Wt W- md; leabin fwhs"; a$ m eqwneat gohi W& 

-Wuocr - +mm1$ lesrlrh iM*ifh&am &ah&u!@; &M m -Q& ex- al Pb 

oppOdfs##m % ~ g ~ b t h l b ~ ~ . b e ~ ~ ~ t ( 3 ) 3%~- ~ ~ f 

&dad DBat b m y t 

S- *m* hua 

dqtm in W Uaf fba dll m&&b kfrr it 8mB i~fifioK8Son ~U6e wfLl not be 

m&&" 

~ f 

ash 09 @&m irt &a w d U* &e fplloning ac%wbbr at * puaitive a d of 

-t 3;- "fIwgei0 is magr * ha3pm -1eXp "tbs *@&at 5#4mwd 5r! wwl@'j "*W* has 

am%" m& '* eA l&b W %d&k$%eW LmI1l t& -fk *a#- Wdqh 

-t b-wi -ani *pt. a or ~tba to 0-e th. *et 

wtw'. m88 U-aB %U a@ WmmWb tm- ~rmtmt P b Z1 #Is% latu@* 32w +&a 

-m a0mpna.t h l*138a, n% -f in a helpiM, W* mac/ nM *@B 

h a&@#.

flu m #hp ir a -am 6f gdd WLth mid data, in orhr to &a a mm -1ata 

&l faf pmdbtL~tt of p-. AfwW m m lladb b U -ion, pgobofar 

-0- &bat- aud re~gnlUm UmxiIm1, fallosred bg a -a%, us- 

am-

me Z.F.T. f e errsentYaL4 a dis&min~tioB tak baaed on MS%Hnt~ work on peyoephal rrtrle, 

and would B- dtrclotly qplioable to the targ~t ga&aftim isifmtim. 

A brief outline af Nitkints work ia fnoluded, ardn~s full -8imt.tirn of *m hmt &penPldll on 

hd.ng ut~8mtsndiu QP the w e whil led 40 &a dB~10wrtC of W +est. Witkh {BP. l) p~lP4-d 

a seriw a% rxpexhmk+ B exmb the IsaPYter i~ WM.& WAvlduala pameived the osiantatian of s m& dWa 

diff~mnt lg. erfmtahd #urrp&ag Prams. Ha f d that hdLviduda, ot mo exham, perceived the rcrd as 

being upxi@% ~$pdla1cs of %ha nrimnf et* of th8 ~uxmuMing fr-, whilst at the oWr atreindidduals 

founU it mtleible tb align tge Md wf+h tha tPtrrtioal dua to the ~rient&f en of the swmunding 

f r . In s lahr s%k&crtaY *he prw~sm *f thd uprigfit when 309 pomitim and mom tflta&, Witkin 

fmd utmilar md.tsr in both mibtions some avidwda wem &la f 0 wexaom the in9 lmnm nf b 

EfeU (ildm &e kilb4 rwm ) slat of bra wem B b ~ g liafluenc~~d g 

by it. Latsr WtHa (Rat.2) 

&pbd *rat matarid -1-d hy &~t%%abLdt (i926) Sn o*m to ubC& soma rwmm of 'pepceptital stylet 

apaek frea tat& inwlwd in the pmmsp*i'ian of *he ugri&hL tsmrt ham aa ~eddud figt~1~~1 Test! 

in w e %h% wbjset'a task id to Looete a p*~vimus1y won afmle nhi& fa umW11a8, ad partidly 

oba-d b;y aolour and mnfigvfation, within E oompla fiw. Fhe memum of preepkal atyh is the total 

tima tdan bg W mbjeoC op ikm in &a t8e.t. 

8u13Jeottr rseg- ts %his k st arat horfb8 a3.q & pontimw nf *pemeptual stylei ranging from 

W& am Rbld Iadem&nt (profioient a* sepmathg the fi~ufs Psom itn mnbxtcf) k Wme wtm srca 

Field Ilapmd&t (find dirfipull;y in sepwaf in& W ffgurpa Prom ita unutert). ViWn found high 

mrrctlaCLm~ be*- subjeeh' pe~fommm an a tlpw orim%;tion tasta and tha Ibhadded Hpm !&ate. This 

led tn ~~~~tulatLon of & pmsdisad dgtiael Wt in wroepfirm WM.& wae rrrlated +Q m&ah 

pemonali* 

Two mmnt studhas ba~nrs fried ta mhta me proepa mQle af i-yiue to m m speciaised 

p ~ a c -@G% d oi lgewim. Baroett and Wrntorr, (8aferencre 3) fauna perrraghal style ai@~ifiprtntly 

relsrtad t o thq hilitg OR aubjesk % p ewhe a hwsn-llka Summ;T wUoh a#-8 h ths pa$h of a e d V r a g 

shula+Lon. fiorn-tan, Bamtt md We= (196868) f d si&f F-t correlatim QBfwmen gorrmptwd style, 

fndioafadw .kb WbBttcbd m %at an8 ubufty tu oomatl$r SbfitiFy in -rid phtombs.

hr&qkbih-? ammwaibr#k~~~eaar+rrp.@&, Ww-srtrptpblof 

ad ~j&t+d -* 

- 

SW mma-~.4:woh09mfi~-wd 

B*PrT* 

m mtW m $cm ush M the f~ ills PU1 P.F.T. tU WO-. -a- 

&R.% awmm Bad @ & Ig;g;tmg m W *W-* d-$&#m (&B W T5$ -1 

~ f m I d ~ ~ ~ f a 4 a ~ ~ a l r l r r s m r .

th Laok oP a%mipYemme um~ mkM1 Brrk ham umra i~ 

W &* WC& ks a0 amlmaum * wwluu* far w e rn&aap~ 

a twbad 

-ham. 

*a-

PmlT 

? 

-+* 

+ 

+ 

C 

6 - % 

*r 

t - 

" 

4 

3 

2 

1 

r 

0' 

a 2 

" 

4 

p t 

\ 

* 

+ * 4' C 

- +N 

- 

* 

1 . 0 

1.2 

1.4 

1.6 

d.8 

2.0 

Dlstributiarr Qf WiLin and BAC Scorns 

PrewnBcd against a normal dlstrlbutlen. 

1 1 t L I 1 I I 1 I 

2~ loo0 14W 2200 m m, 34CX) 3800 

TIME (Lu) 

I Wsf~ib~f'jlQl or Witki n and W h 

+h 

-5 prazjrr*d against a Rayltigh distrihtion. 

-l\ =,. 

4. 

\ 

- 1 4 

- * 

- 

- 

& 

1 

* 

* 

t 

+WC 

D 

WITKI N .. .

FIGURE 3 

a norms! distributibn. 

. FIGURE 4 tq Em kwes mnbd wimt 

a Ray Leigh distribution. 

B1 S-7

L wuld 

. 

like te m8U a -1: asl ,hs -1- twmt acqufoit- perbmmes by an 

wat~r Blrt hSB 1st~ PO& %U ,tl *I m gbh$ mm is a wt tfmm ~ l l tltwra m ~ 

tb sdrlfaet ia askad ta upt &soup of B pints ddxh a rw of pupa c-rising 3 or 5 ~~Snta. 

W L &tar af r@tit#* aerao. W* wt. -g a*=** with 4m 544 pmt apaLi$aata, arrd 

caqamd ecma ppId ~bl*m# U% fuilmm. %re is a detitloa; bat 5% &-era *aspplezel~ 

in a dber-t aruwflr wcmmt o6 ahat h fhlds. I wuld aay tatmt 

pemapW WM a p # ~ ~ l ~ pmwtm c a I &id em be aeawd b~ quite &a8i&ler W. b e 

detacr;fna fe rar an abflf~ CB wr2y di-m d ~ not: 8 pzedid latrx carmmr. 

W. 1 a at 2 a I r d d ad B d-tfc m r 'Pba fie- tsWqw raquim a 

w%cSn kW 0s eia&5l? ark%lL. Pnd m hut& itvs mia12p prabablg not UQ appkaprfsta, mm diap-k 

teakiqm -trims -ally me artSstis &%l1 at all, but Q teaWc~3: ski11 io plqtzhg 

owrrdhr*~ 

l&Wr wmdd 1-d itself -11 tp autop~kdc 

Ermm a pZlm dw grid ta a pmrsp~tila M a 

mertha&i .of #Xnfth$. Xa awbmntY W have fwdlB no Wfemte h bdefhg effad- befaeaa 

kimm m 1~thad8. 

Wepm hard a fair Pllgrmr of QPEa cEescrSbtd & alhat I wuld tern ~oowmmticrrrsl ~ ~ lfom i Wa l 

mRt beWd -a& daal of Wa pttumttid #S be~acfh hfla TIEI pihk I; W& l i qske* ~ /t3llm 

bg MI sn,&ior tl~keace, fa that drcm subjacw de not Uke to look fadirk fn plrblfc, a thhg 

rrhfa6 thw 4%- s& thmetwa Wag Sn t b w e alttxatdoa. Vs- ~ g ~ one e a aacicw dif~~reacea btwasxr 

subieeta not ia P pwcIml~&cal-co&tiw 8-a but $U wit d1L-s to gtw aa muffpr wlm 

thay am fmam Ca to ia.paaC thu uikrrstb, 

V*q, oftcrn 4 ablator t a b , 1- b&4 tb rlubject &mr 8n ~WT, h ia 8na -13 

pas mf &e togt fhld aL-Jr U ' s *re be beIiia- thm Earsee b. But ha wmqt e8y so. 

X8 a mate er la*sr q t ~f &uthtiaa m W 06- faetex dibth@%hfLB S*ja* 

mm thm TLB~~~L di*~eQ*tid OX wr91 p~yblugEcal Wxibukes do. Bftw 611, subf$ctr are 

x*lIy s-ad s* to d ~b, aad &fan, d- in partZotUaz, as ta prpblo&W Eharm~&r 

f- 

- 

bix- a- h thmm #B. ~dbpets m fdr27 bomgemmua Hatbn. Ia time M Lde4dq rPetb 

&is asrt d d@&l detrr*tiaa approach 

- 

h rsfdt. mota &W tbsn I1va =timed? 

- W kid of m~~deth ir mueh lht-d by fAr and 1 of no ar-a on my ~mmt pm- 

QP W1s X -& &h -W, Xt e d Ba biffidt m add a 8ni~slrla inmati~ba 

hto arr d m t k witbut u&i=k& The ZhXy pp.yo% ammu to ms to be jw tifigbla finaaciplly , 

m. 

X Irnara it's emubt to had%* r .8%@4b Pi*, a- a W %X, but I ham 

hpreosol3 mrwt r-aw w 1-r belhve ia a%la n-id tbzeabld~~ of that kind. fe it, ltw- 

&pax, B hilltskp O€ e- W that hpn thzae1Ulfd datu u t u U e d ~IL? Whm 1'- zrbd ke- 

*~*tiderca to E& rn is-t iq efwd daatticrm oslaulatious, their dbjacdow haw aot 

buaa the~retieal but af~ghkfanwrdly precti-L rrrrss. 

he &j~ctive of ~dallisg bna born EQ Tit tltxk8hOld data b @m~thn thao~. 

is a MLI1*PDt a&wim, Wmwr, OQ muha mputatfdnal W% 03 aukputu of mihl wbi& &W 

-BM md P ; r s p ~ ~ o f -mde=& u ~ But Z balk that e&juet -fidaaa, winwad at rtta mucd 

1.-l, .$B* -22 ba a af&-t.mt~e raio mffeet, &m digemnt daarvara d t for dU&mmw rstfas

E baEi*~e Prefeasoz Bow=& at Hatfngham Uniwrdg ha^ hsd aomP sweeoa in rh~nging rtudanr 

&sewer erittab bp Wehlly m 6 8 jantruet*s ac~ahi+id by som v~rbe) bull-, utsrepr with 

mm-, hmamf, pusraLlphmbart%r than the axparinrwtex whtitbr a -1 tarmt is pxaaeut ok not. 

d tbArir cFf2aria sbuld ba rnuch m& -39th W thia khd ~f eiqle me4 eerauf,t. 

we d*'t allw mr p%lcte a c&pIatb &oht'kutm from CB to 1W cmfidtaat. Thy had the ,clmice of 

Em, M, d, Z think, 75% amd 50X; certeinly oaly m values hahw tbe:gOX ooafi- leval. 

- 

I X malb repzewmt a we+ ~f aqdaitiou rpodkla rrr-r thaa a lePisloptr, agd 'L tzi-ed fa peer t~ 

shw $OW' a -1 be aaglkd, taking iao w?mw @#er iprw ewh aa draafs pmimmm~. *A&- 

,ing to ather usera, md t W a g about q p: WO&, r um s&rrpek by the &f of -iablas d mmiR 

*l&, hi& * $t m ~6t dfffkdt L&ots just e t form to PO* tbbl& kba 

rmduu variable ia *s4 c m £.ran we pi- of vork to ormather. G O ~ ~ C this ~ L B vatfAble ~ is 

aime raoge, aem-a t&m-iuIw, md thgm #W q ~&m. d upg~ar alptta fr ~fmn gls 

'' of titmala* a dd~1 ET- me fatm to u~lae P- trtr~~h fib thra prcb~en at U, 

fl X had to #-rise, I wouM have W plead &at our de1ib.tatlma at thle sgmpoafm had not 

eded a11 ttm target acquii~it.5,dn topfc, ad asart, tba~ eay s w wm fn my c ~ Wwuble. 

o 

I & iqrarrrred bp the pracieion uith *hieh the +rz&t physical prrmtpra ran be 

bfhud -4 Ebst is ths LigW path frm tar* tB epe, and W rgtfativa uinrmuhe~~ and 

uypmachWlity of bidlmgiwl, that: fa l&& hfa-tion ckb ffam e* via brain to -tax at. 

hla ~QJ* thdt tha @~aiesl pxoblm is -1- wd veq demanding af wtntaincd effort , the biological 

me has in tiarr to be eat &part net yet cwlmtalp awau&ble to aufficPaatiy elagaat mathcda. 

bdiddnal ~pmzBt,ax dtffef~~fw stand squarely at the top of ny ppxscriral acals f BZ ,+d.+porhatd 

mats*, iWW5llw and cwfuaion. They &all facets pfea&mt, to htm:&ca mt IlOlge FQm 

pradfetlw aaodel md to be tauet usdiL-l.p &metmflbblr? in public, Xim~~aae# of elm eparatur h -&l 

ad pa*irol%r ie met iicslp ta h a t the e=z applfatiw af a gi- auqdsltiwr -1. Phyriol 

mefaL1p faila prdkiaal #&a bmcsme OY bed mhaaurmaut; biTlow 11Wm W With Little htdligonr 

to aay* 

Impidd w&allSng $9 arttwted md pmwa weful gradaaJy Bespwe ~ S L L aderlyfng C 

factors 

defeat our dtmtandi~g b&fmm -as-t can gven Ba *teqttad. Pajchop~~issl d9ta ira darrassingLy 

*p~tcific to canaxt of tW%r me&&mt. To ~ v e idolatad e-le, mats coaclurimu oo pn 

obsawar'l col ow aim dlpand baafily. un vhd& teat p5-t~ or tat Ii&b are utilised, and the palm 

of aamal cnbur dsim Le SP a y came aprmen hz tha taqat acqdrition tabit. Pkpaicrl data aaleew 

siaalg auwuXnghkg such m th ed85ack a$ t b wlar nyetlnt, iaq whit& cmmpt bundrada of 

tbous&aC pf maeaew&ntu collapse a&tly+ BiaPtdm's @ady Z~fr~rrhiti-~ pethaps rid t b w~ld wf my mad 

to &arm

NATXQNAL PISTRIs.WQN CENTRES FQR ZFNCWS5lFIEP AGAW PU&XATiOHS 

fiflicbiffed AGAXO publidions are d istni to NATO Mmbw 

tM m&saiM MatMal BisMl33i& CtnM IW beby 

ITALY 

Amnautica witam 

del &MW WAGARO 

3, hnale Ada~alaer 

RmalEUR 

LUX&MEOW 

awsa tfaou BMW 

to m w 

Wan-I m hbmt:. hLk. 

-. 

P.0, &X I26 

blft 

NORWAY 

Norwbn DOE- R-& Egta- 

Ma$i Llbmy. 

P,Q, &ox 25 

N-2QD7 Xjdk 

mmCEAt 

Dim- do SmWm de MaWl 

da Eorca A m 

ihua de Eswh PoUa4mh 42 

ttgka 

Attn d AGARD Nrs-I w e 

TURKEY 

Turkieh Gem1 Staff CARGE) 

Anha 

mEB. mGmM 

Defence k c c h 1damW~n fhtm 

stirtion @we Has 

St. Mwy wy 

&pingtan, K m $RI W 

WED STATES 

3V~tional bemautiob and Administmtiorr WAS43 

LP- Fr&W 233658 

Attn: Repart BmhmoYl-hd Stotage unit 

* * * 

IQ m@W d th &gird frubbtion are not av&bSe at them tk foMw may be pumkd W: 

Mimfihe AdImJwl~ 

WtWW BSRQ/EW m 

--m) DowrnenWh Mi 

a 

~ $ W 5 ~md ==i*n 

V- Z%tSt, USA I 14, Amua Charlaw de mtly 

922~0, sltr m. 

a, 

Tb m&M fbr -e QT Woww of a MAg-B ,&men€ should ftichrds #b sH&l m@wt 

&ot--~r @torI a d pltMiatim data. hwsts to Wf% ghBUW bthk th N A wcemn ~ 

n d , 

F& u p h i d refmees ml abstracts d tb mwly W AGMD pubH- are @m in the folhiw 

&$&By aIWaet'S~1prn$k with h&w: 

Scim&c zwd T & W Amapace Repm {STAR]; Uftrted 3- Go%zmmeIn 

bymh #ptl&W8I~pmM 

S- trr%f&, Ikgmd BdAx (USGDRX), 1#1BhbM B$! 

S@mtiflu:and Tdmid TrifmmIh Facility, ~ 1 l ~ ~ t 5 r r ~ ~ ~ @ 

31j?:

Air to Ground Target Amition - Nato

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