STUDIE S OF THE DUTCH

ARCHJEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL KOUROTROPHOS

SOCIETY
Cults and Representationsof the Greek Nursing Deities
E OJTED BY

J .G.P. BES'f • A. B.BREEBAART

BY
M. F. JONG KEES- VOS

VOLU iV[E VJII

TH F.ODORA l·lADZISTELI O U PRICE TH EODORA HADZISTELIOU PRICE
KOU R.O'fR OPI-IO S

LEIDEN
LEIDEN E. J. BRILL
E. J. BRILL 1978
1978
 Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
J\bbreviations a nd Genera l Bibliography. • XI

Int roduct ion . . . . . . . • I

PART ONE

THE TYPES
I. Early Hand-modelled Typ es and their Direct Succes-
sors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
ll. Ea rly iVfoulded, Orientalizing (Babylonian-PJ1oenician
Prototypes) . . . . . . . . 24
II I. Archaic and Later Representations 26
IV. ?11onu111ental "fyp es . . . . . . . 59
V. iVIalel{ourotrophoi-I{o urophoroi . 70
VI. Dernons and Ani1nal-Nurses of Children 73
VI I. Nu rses , Paedagogu es, Dwarfs • 75
VIII. i\!Ionkey I{ourotrophos . . . . . . 77

PART TWO
LOC;\L CULTS AND REPRESENTATIONS
IX. Crete . 81
X. Cypr us • 90
XI. Attica . • IOI
XII. Boeotia 1 33
XIII. Euboea a nd Central Greece 137
XIV. Pel oponnese . . . . . . . · 138
x,r. 1'he Rest of the Islands. The Coast: t\s ia iVIinor,N. Africa,
S. Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
X\ TI. North Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XVII. Cent ral Italy, Etruria and Latium-Ca1npania .
XVIII. l\'lagna Graecia (Calabria -Apulia-Lucania -Sicily)

PAUT THREE
THE GODS
XIX. The Gods and Demons . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . r.89
 I

l'A lf l J•O l '-

f0:KC l,US 10l'\ S Prefa ce

'I h, Cult • Igg
l{cprr•,c·n la l ions •
The ai rn of th.is resea rch was to brin g toget her as n1uch as poss iblt- of
220
th C' rn a tc ria l no,v a vaila ble (larg ely sca tte red in ~luseun1s and stor<'-
Ind,,x,., roon1s all over th e _,vo rld ), an d st udy the vad ety of iconographi c ty pc5
<,cnc•ral Jnclcx . . . . . . . . . . . . . • and the loca l, colo nia l, or n1ore p a n-hellenic cults fron1 the l\lyce naean to
22 5
11. ~dt'cl Jncl.cx of Deposit s an d Grou p Fin ds . 232 J{on1a n ti1n es, ,vith son1e reference to iV linoan predecessors and H.oma n
111. r r11lcx of ~I useu n1s and Collect ions 234 successo rs . ?l'luch mat e rial h.:'1s co1ne to lig ht lately; sorne of it is publi shc,cJ
here for t he first ti me . I ts overal l stu dy clear s some p ersisting 111iscon-
l.i~l o r Il lustra tio ns . . . . ' . . . . • 238 ceptions, suc h as, tha t t he more intin1a te groupin g of n1oth cr and child is
l llu~lrali ons 1-52 a creat ion o f th e fo urth centur y B.C.; th a t th e l{our otr ophos ty pe is
ra re in Greece before th e Classical period; th a t the sucklin g typ e does no t
a ppea r th ere before la ter Class icis1n; a nd th a t th e Kour ot rophos ty pe
is no l very p opu la r or va ried in the Greek pe riod .
~·Iy thanks a re du e to the Schy l1iz1.i Found a tion in memory o r E leuth e-
I rios and :Hele na Ven izelos, which ena bled 1n e to pursue n1y study a l
Oxfo rd with a generous sch ola rship ; to the ~feye rstein Fund, Ox.ford ,
I wh ich t wice sup p ort ed my tra vel to Eur ope; to th e College Division of
U1e U nivers ity of Ch.icago fo r a grant for ph otograph s a nd preparati on
for pu b lica t ion ; to th e following for variou s informa tion or encourage-
ment : S. Alex iou . E . B ielefeld, .I. l3oar dn1a n, R. Green. R. ~Ioorey,
I<. P apapa vlou, P. P elaga tti, G. Quinn , C. iV J. Robertson, Ba ron G. B.
Scat ta ret ica, S. Settis, B . Shefton , C. Trun gpa. F or ph otogra phs a11cl
p enn ission to pu blish I a 1n grea tly ind eb ted to the following : St. Alexiou,
G. J3ecat ti, I~. Be rna bo-Br ea , H. \V. Cat ting, C. Dra go, G. F ot i, J. R.
Green, E. Har rison , D . l{a lfas, Ch. ~'laka ronas , P. Orlandini , P . Pela ga tti ,
B. Phili JJpaki, N. P laton , !'f. Thorn pson, t he Tru stees of th e British
:lluseun1, th e Classic a l Depa rtrn ent ol the L ouvr e, the Arch aeologica l
:lf useun1s of 1\ the ns, Acropolis, I{era rneikos, Th essa loniki , Berlin ,
Brussels, A1adri cl, th e Ar t ivlu seurns of .13oston , Cleveland , J-Tanover
(T{estne r ivluseurn) , Pots clan1 (Schloss Sans.souci), the Va tica n, th e
An1erican School in Corin th a nd the Collections of ViUa Albani in Ro1ne.
l am g rat eful to J) r. D. C. Long Pri ce ,vbo pati en tly corrected my
languag e.
I tr ied to use t he Greek na n1es o f a ncien t sites, tr ansliterat ed, rath er
th an the I ta lia u ones, espec iaUy when the la tter n1ay refer to the rnodern
town (so : Akr agas, in stead of Agrigent o); th e a nglicizcd fonns ha ve been
kept wh ere th ere is no cas e o ( con h rsion (Corinth , but h:eos to avo id
confusion ,vith Chios). To be consiste nt c)ne ought lo use the, Greek
na1nes for a ll sites, but this would ma ke the tex t sornewha t awkw ard .
"'"nd1n1<', a "h1Jh• linrl of l{uurotrop bc,i is listed under one nuniber ,
e.•1,~•·i.illv1f many are frag,nc·ntary an cl lhe exac l nun1beri s not known.* Abbreviat ions and Gen eral Bibliogr aphy
Hoth Kourotrophoi and Kou rophnroi were includ ed, div ine and mortal
,IA Archiiologisc/wr An,ciger . Beiblalt ,um Jahrbu ch des
,111ct t lw di~tinction i, not always easy ; besides, stat uett es of tnorta l deutschen archa.ologiscben lnstitu ts.
J("u rotrophoi ,vcre often votive offerings in sanc tua1·ies of nursing AAA Athens An,wls of Archaeology.
,Jli A rchaeologike Ephemeris.
clcitw~. Am erican j o11r·11a l of A rc/uieology.
·11,e only 111onographon the subj ect is a laconic dissertat ion, by Snijder, A JA
Alexiou S_t.Alex iou, KretChro11(1958) 189-299.
/) c J()r11u1 11rnfris c11111
i11/aulib11s .~c s (r 9:22); othenvise th ere are a
d c11t-i Allen and .Ha lliday, 1. ~V. Allen , 'IN. R. Ha lliday and E . E. Sikes, Homcrio
fc•warticles on isolated piece s or cults, and sca tt ered 1naterial. espec ially H &meri c Joiym.ns'! HY""';S'(Oxford 1936, repr. Amsterda m 1963).
A ill J\lttle1l1111gentks de11tsahe11nrc/uiologisclt~• I 11 stitrlfs
1n site reports and publ i.cations, a nd in i\lu seun1 Catalogues. T he most ,I tltc11ischcA btcil1<tig. '
frcqurn lly used of th ese ca n be fouJ1d in lhe list of a bbr eviations. Ot her- /l'llll[SI A,i,u,/i dell'l stitu/o, Rom«.
A n1111ari o A 1'1'i<«l"io dalla regil, Sc110/a;J rcheolog ica f taliruu, di ;J te11e .
wise, referC'nccs to gene ral st udies can be found in th e Introduction an d L' fl11tiquite Class·iq11e.
A >1f
C/
Part [\ ' . In genera l, bibliographical references can be fou nd regionally ,I1111, A 11/iksl( ·1<t~I.
in the noles of the va rious chapter s of Par t II, and iconograp hically Jlrc/1CL A rcheologia. Classica.
Aria.s-Shefton . HGV P P . E. Arias. Hirmer aod She/too, Hi.story of Greek Vas,
under \lie Yarious heaclings of Part I. Du e to this arra ngement of the Pain ting (London r963),
material , a separate bibliograph y did not seen1 necessary . ili'chRVt' l lrc/,iv f iir Rcligio,~wisse11scltaft.
AZ A i•chiiologi~che Zeit,.,,g,
• Thi~ study start ed as a docto ra l d issertation (Oxford 1966) and was inspired BCl·f B11/leHt1d,i Corrcsp1n1da,.ce Helle'llique.
by a find in a ncient Brauro n, Attic:., whe re t he a uth or work ed as a yo ung graduate. J3eailey. 11R I" J. D. Beaz ley, Attic Reil-figure Vase Pai111,,rs'(O,cford
1963).
Bcsques, C11
.t. S. l\1ollan 1-J3csques, Catalogue raiso1111edes fig1wi11es, 1
rcliefs, M,i.seed•1<Louvre (Paris 195.1-1963) i-ii.
Bn.1neau, Recherches P h. Bru neau, Rec!,ercl,essiir les culfes de Delos i, l' £,poq,u,
/,ellenistiq11eet a l'Epoq11ci11,periale(Paris 1970).
BSA A nn11alof t/,e British S chool Ill A tlte•~ -
/JSR Pa,pcrs of the 8Yit·isl, Sc!,ool al Rome.
l'llstClSt
B-111/ B11//etinof the ft~filttle of Cl«ssical St11dits.
Congr NUc. i Alti e Nfcmorie dcl z• Co11gressol,1/er·11azio1111le di i\1ice110-
togiti, Roma z967 (1968).
Cori11f/1 A. N. Stillwell, The Terraco//as (Corinl/,. Vol. XV, Part$
I-ll. Pri nceto n 1952).
CQ T he Classical Quar/ert,,.
Deltio11 Archaiologiko,, Deff;ion, Greek Archaeological_Senrice.
Dikaios, Guide Dik aios. Gt,ide lo the Cyprus M11.s""""' (N,cos,a 1961). .
Dittenbe rger, Syfloga W. Ditten berger , Sy/loge I11scriptfomtmGraecarum (Leip-
zig l 915·24), . . ,
CAA £1,ciclopa,fiti dell'A rle A nllca, C/ass,ca • Or,e·11talc,~oma.
Ete,ne·1r/$,orien/a11:< Eumetits orie11ta,ux dans la religion grecq,~ anc1eu11t. ,
Collogue de St rasbourg 22-2~ Mai_ ,_958 ~T~ ,,aux du
Centre d'Etudes Sup~rieures sptc ,ahsc d h1stoire des
religions de Strasbou;g, Paris ' ?60): ., . .
£ygo,1, To E ·rgon Jes Hellemkes ,lrcl1a·,olog1kes Het,...M,as (196.,-
1976). . _
Evans, Pflif A. Evans, TJ,a PalaCllof 1"1,11os , T-U_l (1_921-3~) - . . ,
FGT-1' F. Jacoby, Dit Frncm•t1/e der gr,ecl11sche11 H1storiker
(Leiden 1950).
 \Kf!RJ YJ.\"I IOX S AXll GE:S-ER. ll, Bllll , IOGRJ\i>HY 1\J313REVIATl0XS .\XO Gl~NhRAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
XIII

J rnt II ' ,tit I.. )<. Farnell. Th,· Culls ,,j flu· (;1,c/1 S/<1
/cs. i-iv (Oxfor<I ~ilsso n. il4 Nf I? ~I. P. )(ibso~, TJ,r ,ili11c>a71- ;\-Jyce11at1171 ll,ligio>1,md ii<
T ~9b-1900) . s;'"'.'~ "l s 111G,·,el, ]!eligio11(Lund , 950 ).
t ,t'r,tn l 1<(1\l"'~cau1...1'~ ;II r.~rard-Hons,c:n ,, Lr s mc11lio,t.Srdigic11ses dams /cs ,Vot5r . ,, oht>e clcglt. S~m•r tl, 1!11lici,ittl (Atti dell a Acad , .
,,,, nh <.msnl,g1ru~1 s lablelles 1111
•cb11t11'1t
S. (l 11etn10/111/"Gracca
,, 29, Rome , 968). :--Ja1.1o nale de, Lm cei). um1.1
<,, rl1anl. . '11IH1/d1, E Gerhard, .J 11/1/1e Eilrlwcl'iw (~Juni ch 1828).
()Jh j a/r,-esltef/e ties Ost£rreichiscl,~11A rci,a'ologisol,en J>1 slitul,
f ,•·rhanl, 11tcluml E. Gerhatd, rl1·c/tiio logiscltc1· Ap paratu s, handwr itten ,.,, 1¥ ·,e·u.
If>p11111111, ratnloguc a nd albu111o f various photograp hs in 1::.Berli n OpttscA//,e11 0 p11sc11/tt A tlteuie•11sia.
St:nall. Jllnscen zu Berlin (Pe rga mo n Museum ). · Ot to, Oionysos v\l. Otto. Oio11ysos, 11-/y llr a11dCult (Tra ns!. 1965, Cennan
c,iannc11i, Culh, }l/ilt G. Giannelli, Cu/Ii r mifi i11 /l•la g11
a Gtecia;! (P lorencc ed . 1933).
1963, Centr o di Stu cli pe r In i\1.G., II ). Penu,h01'a, i, ii H. Pa?'ne a nd ot he~s, Per11chor~,i, ii (Oxford 1940, 1962).
I lamdrn I. (;11ccl11 schr F. :-,J. Ha mdor f. Griacldscltc H11ltpcrso?1ifilu1tio11e11 der ]'ra/1ti/w p,,11k/·1kc.Its en Alkv11msArclttuologikes Helereias.
lwtio11e11N11·
pe,·so111fi
I( 111/ -ltdlc11islisclre'IIZcit (1•1a inz 196,~). Price, r T. Haclziste liou Pr ice, "To the Groves of Persephone,a,
I lcuzcy, Fi gur . /_mn re 1 L. A. He uzcy, C11t11/og111· des .fig 11rincs antiq11es d11 i\•h1s4e Some J\1edma Figurines " , A11tl(, 12 (1969) 51-55, pls.
tlu Lrunwe (Pa ris , 89 1). 29 -30 .
I~. A. J-1iggins, Cttlalog11c of the T en'flcofta. Sla/uell cs 111 Price, I L T. H. Price, "Double and iiultiple Representations in
//t e Bri tish Jllf11se 11111 , i. ii (Lo nd o n 19 54). Greek Art and Re ligious Thought", JHS, 91 (1971)
v I loor n, Clmt'S C. van Moo n, . C!toes and Anthcs tet·ia (Le iden 1951). 48 -69, pls. i-x.
lti / 11scriplio11-esGraectrn, l':dit io Minor, i-ix (Be rlin 19 24-68) . P,·ice, 11 l T. H. Price, "The Crouchjng Children and the Temple
.fill J11hrln1cltdes !/culsclwn arcltiiologisclren f11slit1tl.,. Boys " , BSA, 64 (1969) 95-u 1, pls. 20-23.
./ FIS J ow··,w / <>/ Hellenic S t11dies. Proceetlit1gs of tlte Second CrelologicalCongress at Cha11ia •
J<RJ/ i\l. Ohncf a lsc h-Richter, l<y/>ros. the Bible Mui H omer c, •efe, i-iii (Athens 1968).
(Bc l'lin 1896) . Pryce, B!WC, Sc11!,pt11re F. A. Pryce, B1'·itisl, M ·11s&11m Catalogue, Sc11fpture, i, ii
Knoblauch , Sl111/i e11 P. l., noblauc h, Studi eu z m· t1rch;iisch-&riechisclre'II To11bild- (London 1931).
11erei in J<,e ta.. Rhodes, A /1,en 11·11d Bocolie'II (Diss. Ha lle 1/il Reu11 -e /J ,·cltiologique.

t, rt•IC/11·011.
I .aagcr, Geln,,-/ 1111d
1938).
J( ,·al i /111 Cl11·oni lw .
J. L ,,a ger, Gebu,t , n u/ J,i, 111/tcildes Go/les i" tier griechisohcn
RD.-IC Revue ties A11tiq11iles

/11.111.S
Grecques.
Pauly -\.\lissowa, Reale11cyclopaed
wissenschafl (Stuttgart 1893).
·ie der classiscJ1e ·11Aller-

l( imlheil ,W>•ll1ologie (\Vint erth ur 1957). 11£, 1 Reu1te des Etudes A11cien,,es.
I.;-1.u monier, Tel'I'. .\'.fu$. A . r.a um on ie r, Ct1/11 /og·11c des /errcs cuilcs du Nb,sec REG Revue des Eludes G~ccq11es,with B11/lct·i11 E,pigro,phique
,Wadt. A ,·clu!olog·iquc de 1Wrufrid (Bordcau .x 192 r). pub lished in the sa me volume as SuP,pl. .
Levi, Trrl'. Figur. A. Levi, Terrccof/e jigura/e di ;1/fuseo Nazional e tli Napol-i 11,W ilif·itteil,1.11gen ties tleulsclre» <tl'chaolog1schenJ11st·il11ts,
(F lo rence r926). R(hnisthe Abttil,.,,g.
Linllos. i Chr. l31in.kcnberg, Li ·11d os, i. Les p,,tits objels (Berlin 193r). SC£ Swed-ish Cypr11s Expedition, vols. i.ff.
J/.-1 i\lfommte'l/ti Antic lt·i ,pubblicttli pe1· cura de/la Reale Acca.- SEC Swf>Plementu.111Epigra,pl>ic-im, Graec11 ,111. .
denl'ia :Ya2ionale tlci Li ,n r.ei. Snijdc,·, De Jonna 11rnfl'is Snijder , De Fo1•ma Malris C'I"" 1t,fat>l·1b1'.sSa1tNll·is ( 19 22>·
1'la rtha, Cat. J. Marth a, Cata/ague tlas f ig uri•nes en. ten·e ctd ls <ln JlfusCc Sokolowski, LSA NI Fr. Sokolowski, Las lois sacr4es de I' A sic J\llu1e11 re (Pans
tie la Sociit.e Archiologiquc li'/11/renes (Pa ris 1880). 1955). , , (P ·
~la rconi. Riflessi i\I. ~lar coni. Rifl essi 11/editerrane i 11tll11pi,, a11ticareligiu11e Sokolow~ki, LSCG Fr Sokolowski Les lois sacr4es des c,1l6sgrucquas ans
lazialc (1939). 1
962, Supplen1~nt. Ecole Fran~. d'At henes, Travaux et
J\lendcl. Cllt. G. 1\•lendel. Cn.talogHe ties Jigul'i·nes grecques de tcn·e cuife. i\<femoires,xi). . , (P · -
iVfusces T111pi,.it11u · Ou om.wns (Consta n t inople 1908) . Sokolowski 1 96 9 Fr. Soko lowski, Les lois sac,•4esdes cites g,·ecques ans
.lfJ b.t,· i\1ii11che11e,· T11h1·b11cl, tier biltlc11tle11J(11nsl.
,'1011/s/ iW0111111ie111;' Tnctlit; Pi,bblical-i dall'J sa1-ato ,N Corri- Tran tam Ti nh, Js,is
19691)- ta 01 Tillh Isis Lacta11s.Coypus ties mo11·11me11ls
V · ran (LCl·d en t 973) '
spoudenzo, A rcheolog-i .ca.. Laclams d'Isis ' alla-ila'IIIFia-rp~c~a_le
"YCC0-1'011t"i,,s
1Vfo1111m e'llls et m.bnoi,·es pnblii s pa.1' I' Acotlemic des Ufford L Q an Ufford Les tcrres cuUess1c1/remies(Assen 1941);
T11scl"iption s el Belles Lettres. Fo, ulaN011Pio!. Ventr is-Cha d wick 1:vi.
,;e:tris -J. Cb~dwick, Doc-,mu,11/s in /\,fyce11aea11 Gretk·
,1/11 s Halv. 1"111sc -11mHclvetic11> 11(Basel). Docmm.ents2 '
~- 97{~· Venn eule, G/itlci•ku/1 (Archacologica Homerica ,
11yres. H nt1dl,. J. L . ~lyre s. Hamdbook of tlte Ces11olt,Collcctiou (New Vermeu le, GOttel'k11/t
York 1914). 3 ;\r, Gottingen 1974). . , ii (Boston-New
;\lyres, Ct,1. J. L . i"1yres, A C/ltaloquc of the Cyprus J\,f1tse111n (OxJord \-Valdstei n, Heracum Ch. Waldstein, The Argwe Henu11m. '·
1899). York r905). ., l 1,rrttco//as ;.,. tit• D,part•
!v(. P. Nilsson, Geschiohtc dar gt'iecldschen Relig,iou,. i3 , if! \Valters, Cai. .• B. \.Valters, Catalogue 01 (" .1. sill tltt Brilish 1Vf11seum
1-1
(Nluni ch 1967 , 1955-61). ·ment of Greek a11dRoma,, Anhqlli re .
(Lond on 1903).
 't ( HII Is J \\ ,llctl,, C n l an Cul ts """ Fcs tiv<il s (Londo n 1
\\111• ll 96
\\ ,nt , •r I II F \\ ' 111\~r /)11 7 l'Pt 11 tier fiffii>'/ic l,r ,i T crrfth O//e 11 - •J:
! P,crl111-St' ullgc1r t I <•O.l)- ' 1. 11 Introduction
\\ mllt•tUllli ·r 1' \ \ '11illcu111ic r, T ,11·tn l r ( l'ari s 1939).
Z,t1H ,1( 11 p Zn11 co11i-~l untu nro and U. Za notti-Bianc<>. Hcrneu A. SO CIAL E NVlR ON ~{1"NTAND CULT
11Jltijocttfcl Sdr 1- 11 (l, omc 1951-5.1). '"
I' . Za 11l<cr , J>,r ll 'a 11dcl ties ll t n11esgcs/c,/f in den Allische n An irnportant as pect of Greek cultu re is the stro ng sense of the lies
I 'llstn -malcrr , ( Bonn 1065) or the indiv idual to the state, the phratry, the phyle . the genos, and
1nost of all to the ·fa1nily through direct blood-affinity. The Greek religion,
expressing the va lues and e1notional feelings of the Greeks, stresses not
only the stat e cults, but also the more privat e tribal and clan worship,
and the 111oreint i,nate household rit es. A social systen1 that generally
pun ished or held in conten1pt the celiba te and the child less as egoistic
and useless to the group, 1 which provided for "orphans' welfare" 2
and valued childr en as a way of clinging to eterni ty through perpetuation
of the fan1ily and guarding of the fan1ily graves, 3 had to be reflected in the
religion. Greek religion is rich in cults, rituals, and myths concerned with
the protection of all the phases of childhood, from the embryo to the
spiritual upbringing of the youtl1, so that he can achieve areteand become
a worthy fa111i ly member and citizen. F-Iera and someti.Jnes Athena
presided over marriage. The Eu1nenides, the ancestra l Pateres, and Zeus
Patr oos guarded the law-ful 1uarriage-becl; the 0sot oµ6yv,o, and
I'£•1t01
,,o, promised good offspring to those \Vho honoured the tie of
kinship and the whole fellowship of the deities of kinship.• Eileithyia
or Eileithyiae presided over the crucial tim e of labour; the most ancient
Greek hyn1nographer, Olen the Lycian, celebrated her in a hymn for
her Delian ,vorshippers. 6 The Genetyllides, Nymphai Genethlioi, the
Rivers, so1neti1nes Aphrodite or local l\1eteres, Ge, Demeter, and others
took up the physical and mental upbringing of the youth as l{ourotrophoi.

B . Wao IS THE I{OUROTROPHOS?

The tenn l(our otrophos cannot be grasped as easily as, for example,
Zeus the father of the Gods, or Athena, the virgin goddess of war and
wisdo111.Liddell and Scott translate kourotrophos: nursing mother, an
epithet used for Ge, and figuratively for Hellas and Ithaca {Philostr.
lf A 8.7; Od. 9.27; Eur ., Tr. 566}, an epithet for various female goddesses,

r. in s-pite o{ such isolated philosophers' remarks, Eur. Ale . 882.

2. P lato. T.t<ws, p. 926E.
3- Plato, T.t1ws, p. 773E; Isaeus, Peri 1011, 1-po/lod. l(ler. p. 66. Bekk, £11,. <,Pd.
Slobae11 s, Flo, .. iii, p. 7S .
,,. ·P lato, L(l,Ws, book 5 .
5- Paus. ix.27.2; Dc lphian poetess Boio apd . Paus. x.5.4; Ca llitn. D,1. 305;
Herod . iv.35.
, I l'/TRODUCT lON 3
.u,d ,,l_,, a 1101111,1,ourotrnpho ,. i11classical and post-classical inscript ions various nyn1phs and river-gods. As Jung would have said, these are all
and ht<•rat11 r,• (~1•Pbelo,1, !:':.rt 11). 1-ourot rophos is a n1anirestation of the different pictures of the archetypal nursing element as manifested
111 ,,1Jwr- "r nursing-principle, or hoth, and as such she enjoys special through the Greek 1nind in t heir religion. In spite of some Oriental
ru lts, nl <'s. and offr-rings. She is eith er a n1oth cr herself, as in the filial innuences, these Greek 1nanifestati 0ns have the ir own peculiarities, in
cnll ,,r l),.n,ct<·r. or she n11rt11rcs children as ( ~c. or is a virgin rearing conception, iconography, and ritua l pract ices, as known from archaeolog-
d1ildren or inspiring and educating youth s, as Athena. I(our otrophos, ical finds, art, inscriptions, and literary texts. The unifying element in
1lwrefore. is a muHi-faccd deity, with the prcclon1inant elen1ent of this study is this nursing aspect, found under clif:ferentnames in cults of
11ur~ing-11pbr inging. One 11 1ay reflect that even Zeus is a COITIJJos ite most Greek cities, parti cularly in Atti ca and Crete.
c·ntily, c-01npri sing such diverse clcn1enls as lhe Oly1npian Zeus, fath er In spit e of t he diversity of names and places these cults have certain
of Dike. and the·chLhonic Zeus 111cilicl1ios of rural cults. Such si1nultaneous com1non ele1nents . Their significance varies from place to place; to
diversity and unity is the result ol the Greek n1ind, which is ana lyt ic as assess the significance and extent of the cults , one has t0 rely on the
wc·ll as synth etic. evidence available at present ; undoubt edly many more cult-places and
Parallel~ to th is phenon1enon are not lacking in anc ient religions. inscriptions lie buried under the earth . The epit het I(ourotrophos is
The 1nolhcr-principle has se,·cral aspects in Budd hisn1: tb e fe1nale oft en found alone, with the noun omitted, in the same way as Heros
A ,·alokitcshvara is manifested in China a nd J apan as Ku anyin or l(ann on, alone is conunon in Greek inscriptions; the name is omitt ed either
:i. motherly aspect of lhe 1 nale-fe111alcBodh isa ttv a of co1npassion, and in because it is i.Inplied fro1n the context or because every one is expected
Tibet as fc1nalc Chenrezig ; in the Tibetan Tantri c tradit ion Vajra to know who the local I<ourotrop hos or Heros is, or because it is indicated
Yogini is the energy-fertility-g rowth prin ciple who gave birth to the in the shrine in which such inscriptions are erected (see pp . xoxff.).
whole world , and Prajna Para111ita the transcendental saving wisdo1n, The I<ourotrophos cult is not identical with the fertility cults and rites
who gave birth to all th e Buddhas. Th e Egypt ians had n1any different such as those of sorne Orient al goddesses ,vhich do not stress the nursing,
1ninor deiLies of eithe r sex, of chth onic cha ract er, who ,vere assigned to child-rear ing element either in ritual or iconography , but have a general
specific tasks connected with childbirth and nur ture: Taueret or Apet, reproductiv e charact er, connected with the fertility of the fields. Some-
ti1nes, but not always, a fertility cult is combined with the I(ourotrophos
represented as a pregnant hipp opota1nu s, for childbirth and n1ate rnit y ;
cult , as in the shr ine of the i\!Ialophoros at Selinus, Sicily. Elsewhere,
:lleshkent with the twiu pahn-shoots, for delivery ; Shai, the Hathor s
the l(ou rotrophos aspect is combined with a mystic or funerary cult,
(seven or nine of then1, son1ethi.ng like the jv[oirai), ll enenet for sucld ing;
as that of Persephone in Locri. So one could say that the Kourotrophos
Rcupct for youth, the 1nale Ptai or the foetus Bes for 1narriage and
can be an aspect of a fertility goddess, but on the other hand almost
st rength; also the goddess Isis, agricultur al n1other of all t\1ings and
every single Greek goddess has a fertility aspect of one kind or another,
magic begetter of child-1-lorus thr ough the dead Osiris, later identified
the virgin goddesses Arte.mis and Athena not excepted. Greek religion
with Hatho r-Aphroclite, the co,v-nur se of th e young Ph araohs.6 Signifi-
is such a con1plicated phenomenon 0f interchange of monism and plurality
cantly, the Greeks identif ied Isis ,1rith De1ne ter, [-£era, Leto, Hestia ,
that it is al1nost impossible co1npletely to solidify or grasp any of its
Selene, and Aphrodite (the last perhap s o,ving to her fusion v.•ith Hathor), deities, which are n1ultifaceted and often have many contradictory
thus recognizing t he 111 aternal-nurt uring aspects oi Isis in all th e above elements, resulting from the mixtur e of local pre-Greek, Oriental, and
Greek deities. Therefore, thi s stud y is concerned not \vith the niany Ind o-Eu ropean cults. The best one can hope for is to try t0 understand a
aspects or n1anifesta tions of one single deity but with one particula r particular aspect of the1n.
aspect, tl1at of nursing and child-rearing, which is a manifestat ion of Another difficulty in the study of a "dead" religion like that of ancient
several different deities of the Greek panth eon such as Ge, Athena , Greece is the barrier of language and symbolis1n. One has to decipher the
Arte1nis, Demeter, Perscphone, T-Iera, Aphrodit e, or the pre-Greek syn1bols of iconography, ritual, and \Vords without the aid of the people
Eileithyia, and of so1ne heroines or de1nons such as Iphigeneia and who used them. Also one has to int erpret archaeological finds; these
are usually like partly surviving jig-sa,v puzzles which 1nust be carefully
•l. Tran Tam Tinh, Isis Lactan s. 1-29 , where bibl.
I
 l!sTROPI lf"T ION
INTRODUCTCON 5
, ,,u,plt 1,·<Iwith (lie aid of con1parativc n1aterin.l and irnaginat ion;
,n,,n·nY•-r, tlH ma(eriaJ wliicli sun· ivcs depends on chanc e. Therefore connected with nurtu ring and fer tility in the Rig-Veda: the raincloud
,al"ol11te r1•rtaintr is inco1npatible with any kind of research on an is spo ken of as a cow, or the heavenly waters as rnothers of the aerial
an, j 1,n l cu Iturc. .H
nwe,·e r, I'' ·en 111
nden1 anthropolog ists con1plain that fire. Sarasvati, a rive r-goddess or heroine, is a purifier and "grantS
inten ·i,·ws arc by no 1nc·1111s a sa tisfactory 1ncthod for draw ing inferences vital ity" (10.30), "bestows vital ity and offspring" (2.41) and is associated
aiJ011t cnlt and belief, and that lh ey invariab ly rece ive cont radictory with deities who assist procreation (10.184). She is n,other of Divoclasa;
answ<•r~lo thtir questions frorn peop le in the sa rne locality and ti n1e.' ' 'her unfai ling br eas t yields riches of every kind" (r.164), she bestows
Tl1e cull of a ;\Jothcr Goddess is pres ent in rnost ancient and n1odern wealth and nou rishrnent . She also helps th e t win phys ician-heroes Asvins.
Jn the Brahmanas she is also a goddess of wisdo1n and cclucation (cf.
rrligions, idth ough il s prom inence ,·a ries sign.ilicantly. i\!Iode rn African
th e Greek rive r-gods , invo ked for upbrioging, th e l1eroine lphigeneia,
t rilic·swho believe in a suprcn1e God son1et i1nes call it "Jl·I ot her" and the
"give r of good offspring"-Sar asvatl is called so in RV 2.,µu-and
FC"nof Dah.o n1ey spea k of Goel, ~Jawu, as the 1noon, n1other, kindly and
At hena , goddess of wisclon,. kour otrop hos, and helper of heroes). In the
wisc.8 The great Earth J\Iothcr of the Iba was propit iated annuall y at an
Vcdic religion there is also a cult of "Th e i\fothers" (i\iataras; cf . the
incrc,L~ecercn1011y,and Yorub,t cu.ll figur es are represented ,vith doub le-
Greek iVIetercs in Sicily and Dan1ate res in Rhodes), 16 sometimes reach ing
axe on lhc head and big pendulous br easts suckling a child. 0 Th e univ er- sixteen in nu1nber in th e early scriptu res.u They are cht hon.ic spirits,
sality and appea l of th is kind of cult n1akes the invest iga ti on of the way natura l forces, or "femal e ancestors", rath er than goddesses. Kourot rophos
the Greeks approached it eve n 111. orc int eresting. Cert ain sin1ilari ti es in ("bestowers of notu-ishtnent", RV 8,21 17, Sarasvatt), Ge (P rth ivi) and
ideas or beliefs wilh other cullu res arc si111pl y due to ind epend ent parallel J\1eteres (l\fftta ras) must hav e come to Greece along with the Achaeans,
dc\·elopmcnl , unless the re is good evidence for diffu sion, as is the case together ,vith father· Zeus and the warri or society. In spite of local and
with Egypt and Ph oen icia .• AJthough Orient al influ ences on the Greek exter nal influences from JVIi noans, Egyptians, and H itt ito-Phoenicians ,
1nothcr -cult s arc genera lly rc.,,dily accep ted, the re is sca rcely eve r th e origin o-f their worship by t he Greeks shou ld not be sought outs ide
ack11owlcdge1nenl of the L1do-Eu ropea n elen1cnts (as kno\vn lroin the th e Jnd o-E uropcan Achaea n world in Oriental Astarte -Aphr odites and
l<ig-Vcda), which the Achaeans rnust have carr ied along together with Is is. On the oth er hand , the inhabita nt s of anc ient Greece, possessing
their language. Ge as l\'Iot her (Prth ivi I\Hitar). th e n1other of all Gods neither dogrnatic scriptures nor heresy, were open to influ ences and
and Kourolrop hos ("giver of nourishrne nt"), is praised alone in a hyn1n sync rctisn1. Sophocles, Philoct. 391ff., invoke s Ga as goddess of the
o[ the Rig-Veda (5.S+). and in a long hyn111in the Avesta (12.1). She 111ountain s, lady of t he lions, Rhea mother of Zeus and I(ybele ofSarcles.12
is spoken of as " kindly l\1other Earth" (cf. Od. 9.27) and \Vhen n1entionecl Ph.rygian altars were ded icated to "i'.Iatar I(ubile" and the na1ne in
with Dyaus (Zeus) she freq uently receives the name l\iata r. The concep - different forn1s appears already in the sixth cent ury B.C. in Ionian
tion of Earth as a :\{othe r, cornrnon to Veclic and Greek religion, appears literatu re (Hipponax of Eph esos) and later in Hero clotos and Pindar. 13
lo elate from rc1note antiquity (Rig-Veda I .89'1) . Th e \vaters are also Therefore, the appeara nce and non1enclatur e of the Greek I<.ourotropho i
in different places and ti n1es is an ever-sh ifting kaleidoscopic ph enom-
7. Sec e.g. R. Brai n-A. Pollock, Ba11gwt1Fu'llerctry Sc,il,pt,we (Toro nt o 1972) 111cnon , stat ic only in its basic essence and rituals. The plurity and
for lhc diHicu.lties they encou ntered iu tryin g to elu cidate the symbolism of unity o:f th e Greek religion is also connected with the political plurality
lhe masks ol the N ight Society : ''The blown -out c heeks a re a good exam.pie. of th e eity-sta tes, with local cults and beliefs on the one hand and a
J\los1.Ba ngwa.. say they are ca rved in thfa wa)• to frirrbtcn
a wom en a nd childre• n:
I
ot 1crs, to make a poor ma n la.ugh . Others point out that fa t cheeks are a s,gn co1nn100 Dodekath eon, Zeus Panhellenios, panhell en.ic sanct uaries and
ol wealth a nd power". ga111cson th e ot her. The in1portance and expans ion of the cults of Ge
8. E. G. Parrindcr, Historic• Religiomm ,, ij (Leiden I<J71) 558.
9. E . C . l'arrinder, Afr1ca11Nfy thology ('Londoc, 196 7) 35. See also figurines us ~d
for lhc same pu rpose in t he Ame rica n cont inents: F. Ga,·cia Cisneros, Ma tcnHl'Y To. P rice II, esp. 50, 61.
A ,·t (Cisneros Gallery, New York r970) p«s~it1t,a nd Arc /l/le-
in P, ·c-Co'11111/;ia,i 1,. \N . Caland, Ober 1"otcirvs,·o/u,m g h,i ci11igc11 (l.,, T1ulo-Gor111a1t iscl,,,.,, VI/Iller
?'°gy,Jan. r972, 73. Tamas Geszte ly i, "Th e Cult of Terra Jl,later in the Dan nb - (Amsterdam r 888) 36«.
,a~ E r.sin Land s", Acla, Classfoa Dcbrcc·ini, 7 (19 71) Ss-90 and bibl. for cults 12. H. GraiUot, Le cttlle de Cybele ,l ,fi!r o ties Dic·1<x(Par is L9r2) 2!1.
of ferra ) later. 13. fuicl ., 16, 17.
 G INTRODUCTION

l NTRODUCTION
7
Met1•r,;\!other o! the Gods, and the various oth er J{ourotro phoi points
also to the social significance and acceptance of the female role. in her dLfferent aspects as goddess of physical love and fertility and as
Over half a century ago Farnell H posed the question ,vhether th J{ourot rophos, l1as Jong been considered as a descendant of lshlar-
pron1incnce of the Goddess arnong the early Hellenes is an Aryan-He!~ Astarte.21 fiowever, the etyn1ology of the name is disputed and others
Jcnic t raditi on or an alien trait borrowed fro1n the East or from their consider her as coming from the Aegean-Minoan Goddess, who was
;\iinoan predecessors in the 1\eg ean; he noted that in the evidence of the ,vorshipped early also in Cyprus, and that the syncretisrn with Astarte
' ' edas and old-Gero1anic and Phrygo-Thracian religions the worship occurr ed later, ,vhen the Phoenicians settled in Cyprus. Until the Minoan
of "~1other Earth" was prevalent in Europe. The \1•orship of Ge i\ieter script is deciphered the above cannot be argued decisively.
"Greatest M:other of tl1e Olympian Gods, black Earth" 15 seems to b~ The Inda-Eur opean Hittites, who came early in contact with the
an Ind o-European phenomenon. Ge is the n1ain I{ourotrophos in Att ica Semites, see1n to have n1aintained a prominent cult of a Mother Goddess,
where ther e is considerable evidence for her state cult and the privat~ according to so1n e a form of an aboriginal Aegean-Anatolian goddess,
cults by the ye•rqa nd families. worshipped also as l{ourotrophos. 22 The representations of her standi ng,
The Sumerian I<i (Earth) appea rs in the n1ythology as a counterpart suckling a gro,vn-up boy, 23 recall the Semitic Ish tar. The later cults of
The Great l\1other of Asia Minor have been considered by some as a
of heaven, in the cosmogony, 10 but apparently the 1vorship of Mother
disguised form of the \Vorship of Ishtar, 24 ,vhile others connect them
Earth as such was not con11non; the prominent goddesses Ishtar and
1vith l{ybele. In Asia l\llinor the cult of the Mother Goddess (but not of
Ninharsag ("the lady or the Great i\1:ountain") are different fertility
Earth Mother) was flourislling around l{ybele of Phrygia, Ma. of Karia
aspects, not identical ,vith Earth . Ninharsag, ,vbo bore children to
and l{appadocia, Hipta of Lydia and Lada of the matrilinia l Lycians; 25
Enl~, is also a childbirth goddess under the name Nintud. 17 The ,vorship
these are akin to the aborigina l Aegeo-Anatolia n goddess, with ,vhom
of Earth as i\1other 1vas not known to the ear ly Egyptians , and was
some connect also the i\1inoan Goddess. The Achaeans borro1ved certain
hard) y known to the Semi tic people. 18 On the 1vhole an1ong Semitic traits fron1 the local pre-Hellenic religion; they adopted the cult of
people the n1ale deity is dominant. Ho\vever , the ,vorship of Ishtar, Eileithyia, sung as "more ancient than I<ronos", "spinning" (like a
tu1111ated and war-like goddess of fertility, "directing all births", was Moir a), and "mother of Eros" (Olen), thus connected in some way with
very popular until late periods. In a cuneiform text 1s 1vhich describes Aphrodite. 28 She \vas also conceived in the plural, Eileit hyai, daughte rs
the way gods should be represente d she is said to be ''lvith exposed of Hera (Hesiod. Theog. 922; It. L 270), or as an aspect of the Argive
breasts, carrying a child on her left ann, sucking her breast". Votive Hera, or of Artemis . The pre-Greek childbirth Goddess is nearer to the
figurines were given to her by 1vo1nen asking her aid in childbirth. Aegeo-Anatolian i\fother Goddesses, an,d is conceived differently from
According to a hyrnn she suckled the king Ashurbanipa1.20 This recalls the Aryan Ge Jllleter,the "a ll-nourishing" l{ourotrophos. Othe r influences
the Egyptian Isis as nurse of the young Pharaoh. The Greek Aphrodite, entered at different times, such as those of Jllfother Dindymene and
Kybele. The latter was commonly referred to in At tic speech as "i\iothe r",
T4.. L_.R .. Farnell, G,·eece and Ba .b)•lon (Edinburgh 1911) 94if. "Great i\fother of the Gods and men", or "i\1other of the Gods" (Pind .
1
5, h . Ziegler, " Jseue Bcitrlige zu Salons Gedichten", 1'\ll-isce
llanea. di St1<diAles- Dith. 7gb; Arist., Birds 876), thus being identified with Rhea (It. o,r87;
sand,·ini in /lllem. di Augusto llostag11i(Torino 1963) 647-653. Hesiod. Theog. 453, 625, 634; l\lleter Theon, without othe r specific
l6. J · P. Asmussen-J. Laessc,c, 1-Jandbuc/i de, Rel ·ig-io11sgesclti&htc, I (Gottingen
1971) 452ff . name in Hoin . Hy11tn xiv; but the mention of krotala, tympana, and
1
7• E. Bricm, "]Hutter Erde bei den Se,niten ?", Arci,Rr;v, 24 (1926) 177-195, esp.
191, 187 . 21. Farnell, C.·sece lllJtdBabylon, 97Cf.
1
8. Ibid., 19r, 195; Asmussen-Laess<,e, Ha11db11
clt.. In later times Isis was assimi - 22. Ibid ., 87, 92 and bibl.; E. Akurga l, The A,t ofG,ccce . Tls Origit,s ;,.11,, J;fedi-
lated to Ermonthis Goddess of the fertility o( Earth, the self-same Earth ol tu1at1ean a,ul Near East (New York 1966) pl. 35, neo-Hittite.
Egypt (Piut . De I side, 32, 33, 38) apparently due to t he syncretis m with 23. Akurgal, A ,,t of G•sece.
Demete r and the Greek Ge I<ourot rophos. 24 , Jastrow, Rsligio1ts BeUef, and bibl.
,9 . !I[. Jastrow, Jr . A spects of Religio1ts Belief rontl P·ractic~ io, Babylonia tv11d 25, L. U . Farnell, The Higher Asp ects ofG,•eek Rel-igion (London 1912) 9f.; Farnell ,
ilssyri a (New York 1911) 136f. Ct</1s,iii, 298-302.
20. Ibid ., 137. 26. L. Prelle r, Griechische M,•thologie•, I (Berlin 1894) 51rf.
 !NTRODL ;C rl ON
I NTRODU CTION Q

Jir,ns n•callo; l, yhdc) . J..J.

Qwc,·e r, in the seve nth century B .C. (or earl ,
in the stu dy of the iconography, not only because they oltcn rc-flccl
,ixlh) Ge is invoked br Solon as ";If oth er of Gods" a nd "Great l\Iot ller.?,
n1onnmental diviJ1e types, such a.5 the sculptures of the Kourotrophoi
apparently there was a sy ncretis 1nbehveen Ge a nd .Rhea . '
in the pedi.tnents o-f the Parthenon and the frieze of th e Er cchlh cion,
Th e Greek worship of the l\Jother Goddess is a ntixtur e of at least
bu t also because there ate several cases, such as th e South Ita lian "lno-
three 1nai11tradit ions : th e pr e-lfcllenic Minoa n with Eileithyia; t he Lc ukot hea" Albani and the Att ic ste le from Anabyssos, where it is
fncJo-Eur opean-Ac haean with Ge i\feter and J{ourotrop hos ; and soiuc disputed whet her the 111onuments ar e sepu lchral or votive .
Eastern influenc es such as those of th e cult s of I{ybc le iii her var iou In all, the evidence ha s many gaps and uncertainties but remains
forms, Asta 1te and Isis . The latter's cult was even ado pted by son1e Ionian! sign ificant enough to provide so1ne understanding of an important
already jn th e archai c period, accordi ng to epigraphi c e,·idence .27 1nanilestation of the Greek religious nund and its expression in art.
·n1e earliest appea'.·ance o-f the epith et_kour otr ophos is in the Odyssey,
C. THE L ITERARY SOURCES
9.27, where I thaca is called inetap honca lly agathe 1?. onrotrophos, good
ntu·sing-1nother (appa rently personi[ied as a Ge) . Ge's cult a.<;Kouro - I n this st udy t he insc riptions are perhaps the n1ost rndisputabl e
trophos is ,videsprea cl in classica l t i1ncs. 2s evidence ·for the cults, lJut even in thes e there are often problems of
In the Tfon1eric H yn,n to "Ge, i\ioth er of A ll", she is fert ility goddess int erpretati on (see pp. 101ff.). 'fhe ancient epics and the trag edians
are not very helpful, ,vith th e excep tion of the abov e-men tioned passage
as ,veil as kourotrophos, al though th e function s of the latter are denoted
fron1 the Theogony and one or two others. 'fhe Classical ancl Hellenistic
wit~, different words; she is co1nlJinin g elen1ents of Rhea, I-Iera, Apb-
Atthid ograp hers are more useful. 30 It has been noted that "the mythical
roclite, De1netcr, and Persephon e. H esiod. l'heog. 479, tells us that she
fac ts are n1odifiecl [by th e Atthidographers] for the definite purpose of
received and nurs ed Zeus in Crete and Eur. Phoen. 68r f., calls her nu rse
proving the rights of Athen s. Th is is a proceeding beginning much
of all.
earlier than literar y Atthidography; th e latte r cloes harclly more than
The earliest survivin g lit erary refere nce to a I{ourotrophos Goddess
fix in writing the early antagonism.<;reflected in the myths" .31 Hov,ever,
goes ?ack_ to th e sevent h century ]3.C. (Hesiocl, 1'hcog. 450, for I-Iekate, even if th e informat ion is not always objective, the slant of belief is very
who 1s akin to Ge as a chthon ic non-Olyn1pian). In At hens, Ge ,vas the significant for the interp retation of local a ttitudes. For the cult and
pr in1ary I{~urot rophos (see p. 101ff .). ll{oreover, according to theAtt hidog- rites one m ust rely n1ain1y on epigraphic and archaeological evidence .
rapher Ph1lochoros, Ge Paidotrophos had a unique place in that she Unfortun ately, \Vhat ren1ains fro1n th e numero us Classical and }Iellenistic
~ways received the f irst offerings in any sacrifice to th e gods .2° Often t reatis es about sacrifices and offerings is usually mere titles, \vhich are
Kourotrophos, the nu rse par excellence, is an aspect of an i.tnportant no help except to remind us that the ancient Greeks ,vere a\vare ancl
~ocal deity, such a.s Ge or Ath ena in Athens, D emete r or Persephone int erested about the different kinds of cul ts, pract ices, sh.ri.t1esand
1nl\1agna Graecia, and Athena in Linclos. offerings.32 Other historians have some occasional references, but none
Oth~r 1nythological figures such as Deianeira or Aliadne appear of great significance. Parodi es of th e cult in the Con1edy (Aristophanes,
S01netin1es on vases ,vith th eir heroic ch.ilclren, H yllos son of I-Iera kles, Plato Conlicus) ai·e express ive and useful.
Stap hylos, and Oinopion. In th ese cases the re n1ay not be any evidenee
30. 1'.·J~~oby, A t/1,;s. Tile Local C/i,011iclcsof A,i ci, nt A th• ns (Oxford
1949) passim;
for a cult o~ these heroines as kourotrophoi - although th ere is no a.r- FGH -, II1B (Leiden 1950) r63 , 1\0. 330F, Attltis by Ainelesagoras, 300 B.C.;
gu1n~nt agai.n~t the existence of such cults either, and therefore they ,b,d .. Ph1lochoros, 183, etc.
31. Jacoby , Atthi s. 12~{.
are lllclude_d 111 the stud y of th e iconography. The ton1bsto11es with 32. F rom t~1e.1th cent. B.C.: F_GR• , !IIB, Peri T hys ion, 327, 2 De mon; 324,F70-71,
representations of 1nothers with children or nurses hav e been include d Andr otio n; _328 F ro, Ph, lochoros or Athens; 357 F I. Dionysios: a lso Philo -
choros : EP"?"'"Jes Dio -11ysio11Pragmnl •i as Pori Hiert;,11(Suda, $. v . Philo -
27· C. C. Edgar, "An Io".i;m Dedication lo Isis", Jl ·I S, 2, ( , 90 ) 33 7 : "Pyth ernios,
chol'Os), p.,, Haor/(i,i, Ptl'i H~11•r1J 11, Peri 1-Jior/hi Peri J(al/U1n11611P~ri
1 4 iWys teriO'.' Uin All11mcsi; 359, 1-labron of Athe ns, ea. 2nd cent. B.C. Pari ,;,orliJn
~s son of itconeto~ dcchcatedthi s statue to Is is ", ea. 500 13.C. · ka, t/1ys1()n; 360 , Anclron . not before 3rd cent . B .C. TiJ11 pros Pflilij>po11
; · Allen and l·l~ll•day , 11omeric Hy"""' s 9 , xxx . thysiih, ;. 361. Ammonios Lrunptrcus from Athe ns, 2.-rst B .C. : p.,.; biJmon
-9- ~j ~re~, Di F~agme11/e de,· griechische11J{u/t sc/wifts l,:1/•r (G:iessen 1914) 7 rf., kai tll,,si611;362, I(ratcs of Athens : Peri Ion At!,~1es 11i,,s-io11.
"oc oros ·r. 1721'-I, Ox . Cramer Anccd. JI 44 8,19; Et. Jl,J.457.32.
 I r, INTROD1.lCTION
INTROD UCTION II
-.urh lat er sources as lhc Suda and llte Ety 111 ologikon have not be
. . d en sta nding" . In similar way in one of the survtv 1ng ancient religions,
"J<•clPd, as lhey so1nel 11nes <Juotc I.11eir sources, an ,vhen earlier in.
t,,nnation is a,·ai lable are often . proved reliab le (e.g. the quotation Buddh_ism,wl1ichhas an extreme ly rich iconography o[ different personi•
m(•nlioncd al,ove by the Ety n1olog1J-on, of Ph 1lochoros' statement about (ications or ernanations, a n1an in the street \vould admit to many
the prolhy sia lo G<' Paidotropbos . which has b een prov ed correct b Buddhas , and other minor deities, a learned man to only five Buddhas
Allie inscript i,Jns). Lat er sources iu1d scholiasts can be usefu l whe;, whose c,nanations are all the Bodhisattvas, and a highly advanced
treated wit h sorne disc1i1ninatio n. Pausa nias rnay not always be reliable Lama to only One, the Mind, of ,vhich all the rest are nan1es and emana-
lnrl since excavations have shown that he ha s a good core of truth and tions. Thus, the pursuit of a final solution to the problem of the one and
n1any !{ourotrophoi is futile. One can only examine the different beliefs
an earlie_rpe ricget is lacking, his l( o111andat e descriptions have not been
and appr oaches in diiferent periods. One must admit, bo,vever, that the
excluded, especially as the sites of shrin es rarely changed through the
sy nthetic tendency is comrnoner than ene usually thinks. Also, the
centuries; a detailed stud y of his histo ry of Arcadia points to the fact
analyt ic approach is not necessarily early, nor the synthetic one a late
lhal he used Iie llenistic sources, as well as la ter ones.3 3
syncretisn1. According to a 4th century decree, sacrifices were of1ered to
D. J\{ONISM AND PLURALITY
Athena Polias and Athena Nike as separate deities, ,vhile a similar
decree from the 2nd cent ury B.C. 1nentions sacrifice to one Athena
This pr oble,n, aki n to the Greek polyth eis111, coul.d best be sununed up Polias Nika. 38 Similarly in Pergamon Athena \Vas sometimes called
by the verses of the At tic tragedians. Aesch. P1'011i.209-10, (seep. after Nikephoros, others Polias kai Nikephoros. 39
titl e page}, Etu·. Bacch. 275: "Godd ess Derneter; she is Ge; but you The local 111ilieuis important for the nature and conception of the
call her ,vith whichever of the two narnes you ,vant " . Also Empedo- cult of the Kourotrophos. In Crete, for instanee , where some religious
s (FGI12, iiiBr 85 Philodein.) calls Ge and De1neter the
Jdes in the lf y11111 continuity from the l\finoan era is attested, the pre-Greek goddess
san1e as I-festia, and in the sa ,ne ,vay Sophocles says that Ge is the Eileithyia is the main I(ourotrophos. 40 In Athens she is mainly the
rnother of the Gods in Inacltos, while in T1·iptolenios he says it is Hestia . non-Olympian Ge, and the city patroness Athena, rearer of royal chil-
Of course these are 5th centur y reflections of great rninds; th ings may dren,41 heiress of the l\fycenaean Goddess ,vith th e sacred tree. For the
h~vc been different in ea rlier per iods, and even in the 5th century in South Ita lian Orphics she is chthonic Persephone, ,vbich seems to be
nunds of lesser n1en. Kourotrophos in Ath ens is Ge, "th e one forn1 with just another name for Ge. "The deified forces of nature constitute an
many nan1cs" of the poet. Th e same universa l characte r of Ge is expressed intermediate st ratum between the old realistic faith, in partieular
by the Hon1eric Hym n and by Solon's poem .34 divine personages and the stage ,vhen the Divine is complete ly dis•
Ge as the i\1other was often identifi ed by th e Greeks with Rhea, the solved in the AU. They still bear personal names. In this regard they
Asiatic l{ybele and Deinete r.35 Aeschy lus' view of Ge as the Mother with still represent the deeply rooted pluralism of Greek religion".4Z This
n1any different na111 es, and bis fa1nous early frag1ne11tabout Zeus, 36 seem plura lit y, or polarity, is interpreted by Aigrisse 43 as the need of the
~o be Orphi_c ; similar views are expressed in the Orphic papyrus from Greek for constant distinction bet\veen the elements during his process
fh essalon1k1. da ted ea. nrid-fourth century from th e content of the of understanding. In Greek religion, as in philosophy, the One and the
toinb.37
38. Dittenberger, Sy/loge I", 27r, r.r9!£ . (335-4 B.C.); ibid., Ill•, 1028, 1.rff. (159-
!h e writer of this Orphic co1111nentary points out, ho,vever, that such 133 B.C.).
things arc not known t o the "p olloi" but to the "ones with right under· 39. Dittenbergcr , Sy/loge, 1'1, r82, n. z; 629, r .6.
40. B. C. Dietrich, "Some Evidence of Religious Conti nuity in the Greek Dark
33· J. Hejni:, Pausania.s /1,e Pcrieget a11 .d lhe Archai c Hi.s/01•)• of Arcadia (1961) 63!. Age", Bullhu;tClSt, 17 (1970) r6-26, esp . 21f.; idem. The Origit1s of Greek
34• \V, J . \\ooodhouse, S olon. Th e L iberator (New York 1965) Ch. xiii . 11eligiou (1974) eh. iv.
35. Alie~ and Hallida y , J·l omeric H) •m,,s• . So, 394. · 41. E. \VI. Hooker , "The Goddess of the Colden Image", Greece a11d Rome, ro
3G. A. Na uc~-B. Snell, Tragico,·,., ,, Graccorw 11Frrwm c11/" (H ildes heim 1964) 24. (r963) Suppl . 17-22; also i'1tfn,, rorff.
0 2
4 · Jaeger, Theology, 72. cf. Aesch. Clwcf. vs. r27-8 (kommos) invocation of
A(esch. l-rgm . 70; \V. J aege r, The Th eology of the Early Greel<Philosophers E lectra to Gaia, "that generates a.JI beings, and hav ing nurtured them, re -
0 xlo rd 1947), 52ff. esp. ,.
7 ceives their increase t'lgain".
37· S. C. J<apsome nos, "O Orpl1ikos Papyros tes Thessalonikes", Dell'ion 1964, 24f.
 12 I NTROD UCTION
INTR ODUCT ION lJ
.\lany ,lr" son1chow lwo aspects of th? sa n1e ,l.hing.H E~eithyia, the
rrelan Kourolroph os, has man y form s 111 th e l\i'inoan penod, but they more usua 11Y, by a' ])articular
· ' p rovince
. ., . ' city-s
. ta te or smaller group
. . eld
ln
sceni to be aspects of one godcless rath er than sepa rat e god desses.4&Ge s ite of so,ne "a narch ic con!us1on in their n1y~hs. the Greeks h
lhP :llother o! Gods, of th e 7th -5t h cent . B.C., eventually becomes on~ p · Iy t o tlie 1-1·tua ls, which und erwent very littl e change although
tenacious
with J\.vbele.'16Apart fron1 th e ph ilosophers Xe nophan es and Empedoktes suffering the occasional politica l twist.
th e OrjJhics, the Elcusinians, Aeschylos and Pindar express monisti~
views.◄ 1 Analytic as well as sync ret istic app roache s are also conimon in
late anliguily .'18
A universal int erpretation of the J(our otro ph os, eve n in one area or
period of the Greek world , is ther efore not possib le. Th e Greek mind
re111ainedbasically diverse and "po lyth eistic " in its exp ression. 49
\.Yith such a large pantheo n, of ten with duplicatio n of function, and
,l'ith their genuine open ness and curiosit y, it ,vas not difficult for the
Greeks to adopt ne,v deit ies, an d oriental influ ences fron1 many areas
were felt strongly in different ti1ues. On the other hand the Greek religion
was not a " n1edley of religions" .•0 Th e Greek mind assimilat ed and more
or less reshaped all foreign ele1n ents, includi ng th e oriental goddesses.
l11spite of the often not ed contradi ction, n1uch freedo1n in the variations
of myths and local differentiat ion, there are unifying concepts in the
apparent "lac k of order" of the Greek religion. Th ese expre ss on different
levels certai n values and hopes con1n1only cher ished by all Greeks, or,

43. G. Aigrisse, Ps,1cha11alysa de'" G1'ccc('11tig11c (Paris 1960) 64((. , l 7-25 .

4+· Jaeg er, Theotog,,. J\,i. C. Stokes , The One a,id the 1l1a,i,, in Pr e-socratic P/1ilos-
op/ly (\.Vasltington 197r ).
45. B. Rutkows ki. "i\iinoa n Cults and Hist o1,,", Hi storia, xx (r971) 1-19 and
bibliography.
46. K. Ziegler, "Mater i\1agna" oder "iV[agna i\fate r", Ho111111ag es M . .Re11a,•d
Lmomus. 102 (1969) 845-855; i\fagna Mater in Roman times was ideotili~d
with I<ybelc and Bellona: i\f. F loriani Squarciapino, I C,llti Ori e11lali ad Ostra
(Leiden 1962) 8ff. .
47. 11[.Untcrs teiner, "Senso trag ico e religione in Eschi lo ", Scr-ilt-i1'!-i11ori(Brescia
1971) 226-233; 'iV. l{. C. Guth rie, O,·J,!le11s ,,.,ul G1'eek Rel-ig·ion (London r935);
m-Thomso n, Tlte O,·esteia of Aescl,,,/os (Cambridge 1938); supra,
1-fca.dl::i.
ns. 36-37; Pindar F,•. 140° Snell: "w hat is God? eve rything". C. M. BowTa,
Gods, Heroes and Men (Oxford r964) 86.
48. Paus. i.43.1 that Hesiod in his Catalogue of T¥ome11 m ade Iph igenefa, not to
die in ibe sacrifice bu t, according to the will of Arte m is. to become Hekate;
this is appare nt ly a lat e v iew attributed to Hesiod.
4.9. Price, II , esp. under Type II.4.b and Conclusion s. .,
50. J. R . Cowell, "Fo re ign Ioilueoce on Greek Re ligion (to th e end of 5th century) •
Pegasus (1971) (Univ. of Exeter Class ical Society ll{agazine) 25. Fo r . the
importance of tl1e cultural milieu in the sl-udy of religion and the var,ou_s
tre nds see A. Brelich, "Si tuaz ione Attua le degli Studi di St oria delle Reh ·
gioni" , Acta Classica Univ. Scienl . Debl'tce11, 3 (_r967)3-11.
 Chapter One

Early I-Iand-1nodelled Types and Their

Direct Successors
A. S TA NTI ING

r. "PresentaJ:io1iof the Child"

Prob ably Goddess. iWinoansurvival
Th e gap of evidence in the early Geometric period is probably for-
tuit ous. See V. J<arageorghis, "Relat ions of Cyprus and Crete", Proc-
C·retCougr2, i, rSoff.. pls. 22 and 23.

a) 1vfi1toan
Livf III terracotta fro1n the Mavrospelio cemetery, J. Forsdyke,
BSA, 28 (1926-7) 263, 29of., pl. xxi; Evans, P11tl,iii, 469; Herakleion.

b) C·retan
[r) Late 8th cent. B.C. relief plaque, J. Boardman, The Creta1iCollec-
tion at Oxford (1961) no. 493, pl. 39; archaic, ibid. , no. 504, pl. 4r.

c) Cypriot
[2) i'v!Cvase with attached groups of five ,vomen washing, at the left
sta nding ,von1an with child frontally, at the right woman holding vase,
E . Potti er, BC}l, 24 (1900) 51off., 514, fig. r. [3) Subgeometric fron1
J<ition, Cesnola Atlas, ii (1894) pl. xxii, 181. (4) Archaic from I{amelarga,
] liS, 17 (1897) 164f., and Myres, Cat., 154, under no. 5520; Oxford
1896-1908. C3rS.

2.Nakl¾lCypro-Phoenician, beak-headedwith 111odelled legs

Goddess; prototype: Ishtar
[5) l(BH, pl. 37, 6; LC III. [5") Identical: Nicholson Museum, Sydney.
[6] Oxford 1953.244 fro1n a looted LC II tomb at Dhenia-l{afkalla,
apparently suckling. (7-10) Four variations: \1/alters, Cat. nos. Aro,
A12-Ar5 . (11) An unpublished example with traces of the missing child
in the University of Chicago. For the type and its oriental predecessors:
Myres, Handb ., 544, no. 2013.
 T HE TY PE S
18
E ARL Y HAND-:Vl ODE f.LE D TYPES
3. Pre-archaic S nc!lling
Sy ria n influ ence. Hu rn a n 1n oth ers ? (F igs . r- 2) neacl of the g,·oup ; s he is of large r size, wi t !\ rnoulded head a nd s uckles a
child (Type I.A. 4). At th e oth er end o.f t he g roup , nea r the oven, stan ds
a) ft1ycc11aca11 th e worshippe r for whose benefit the o[feri.ngs a re made; she is s upervising
[i 2] LH J JI fig urin e in Brussels _(Fig. ~); th e h ead o f_th e child has iust holdi ng a c hild and a sti ck, a nd follcnved by a dog. F or the typ e and dat e
rnisscd t he nipple owing to son1e nu sta k c 111th e cal cula ti on of the dista nce sec infra, Typ e I. C.1.d. ii fro1n R itsona, a nd Pa rt IV, Ch. XX, D. [19)
for the added child. E l. F rench, BSA , 66 (197 r ), r 44. Larg e , ,vheel made. Sin1ilar, mo re deve loped cxa 1nple in t he L ouvr e (unpubli shed); right
a rm miss ing, it was app ar ent ly ext ended; flat body \Vith long chit on.
b) Cypriot
[13] Su bgcornelTic, balanci ng jar on her head, 1vith Sy rian influenee, iv . Classical S11ccessors
fro1n Idalion: f(Bli, pl. 37, 9 ; H euzey, Fig11i·. Loitvre, pl. ix , 2 . [20J Like Winte r, i, 33, 8 : }Ian over, T{estn er i\of.[21) Si.Jnilar in E. Berlin,
rus . (Perga n1on i\1
Staat l. i\o 1.) 8832, has a third fig ure : a young girl in a
c) Cretan
long dr ess wal ks in fron t of the 1nother h oldin g on her h ead a tray with
[14) Subg eon1etric fro1u the ca ve of Eil eitl1yia, at Tsoutsouros at ca kes; 2nd q uarte r, 5th cent . B .C. (22] v\lith child en1bracing her, vVinter,
(Inatos) Crete (F igs . 2a-b ), h: 18. 5 c111.. Th e body tapers do,vn in a way i, pL 33 .8. [23] Sligh tly earlier, B esqu cs, Cat., i, pl. x v, B1 12 (dat ed too
sinul ar to th a t of the J1iycenaean exa n1ple, but in the front there is early); P ott ier, BCii, 24 (1900) 51of., pl. X, no. 2; D. Heubaoh, Das
a slight cav ity ,vhich 1nay indi cat e th a t feet emerged fro1n the broken J{ind 1:n.der griechistheii ] ( 11,nst (Wiesbad en 1903) 60.
pa rt. I t is also proba ble tha t legs s tr et ch ed o n the floor ,vere indicated,
as appa rentl y in some cont e1npora ry , but iconogr a phically different b) Peloponmesian
exan1ples of the same fi nd. Earl y 7th centur y B.C.; cf. ear lier figu rines
i. Beak-headed
fro1n Gor tys, Ann11ario, 1955-56, 241, fig. 38 .
[24] Se vera l La te iV [yce naea n fig urin es of th e typ es Proto-Phi, Phi,
4 . Archaic S11c/1l·i11g Psi, a nd Tra nsitio nal, fro1n th e P eloponn ese and Aegina. list ed with
[15] Godd ess ( ?) in front o f ta ble ,vith ca kes, brough t by baking b ibl. by E l. Fr ench , " Th e Devel. o f the ivfyc. Figurines ", BSA, 66 (r971),
,vornen; terra cot ta group in Ath ens, for ,vhich see ·infra, Typ e I.A.5.a.iii. 142-44, pl. 23a; Zervos, L' Art en Grece (1946) fig. 32. A. Tan1vak i, BSA 68
(1973) 213, nos. 16-r 9, Pl. 49e. [25) Dika ios, Gnide, 17r; OpuscA the·n, 5
5. Holding child to left (Fig s . 3-5) (1965) 47.f., p l. i found in Cyp rus . [26] Spartan, ear ly 7th cent. B .C., ,vith
a) Archaic Boeot·ian, F!u.1na1i or div·ine tw o childr en ( ?), R . i\L Da wk ins, Ortlt-ia (1929) 5of., fig . 29. [27] Two
fig LLrin es fro1n Tegea , Ag hios Sost is (Fig. 3); ;\Iar tha, Cat., 10, nos. 543,
!If. I( rog ulska, "La te ll1ycenaean Tradi tion in Boeotian Archaic 544. [28) Shni la r: \~1aldste in, 11erac11111 ., ii, 19, no. 37, pl. 42, II and
Terr acottas ", Congr. },,f ie ., i, 228-3 1.
110. 38. [29] Fo un d in Tocra (Teucheira) , Lib ya, J. Boardn1an-J. Hayes,
i. Beak-headed Excav. at 1·ocra, i (1966) pl. 96, 6, P eloponn esian i1nport.

[16] Balt i.Jnore ,Bult. VValtersArtGa.U., r , 7 (1949). ii. f! eatl J1J/.ou

lded
ii. Head NI.odelled [30] Oxford r9 13.48, 110 pr ovena nce, on e of th e finest daedilic exan1-
[r7] F igurin e in Victori a Univ . of \.Vellington, Ne,v Zealand (Fig. 4). ples (Fig. 5) ; unu sual rend ering of hai r with s rnaU bead-like curls. P robably
n1a de in S. It a ly a fter Spa rta n ( ?) prototyp es; cf ~ ' int er, i, 103. (31]
iii. Ii ead lvl.oulded La le Dae clalic, from 1'a ras, fa-01n P eloponn esian n1ould, J. Diirig , "Lysippe
uncl Ipluana ssa", A ft([, 77 (1962) 72-91, esp . 84, pl. 22.5. \Vinter i, pl.
[ 1~] Fron1 group in Ath ens, snp·ra, Typ e I.A. 4 , and AE, 1896, 2ooff.
nd 103.1. v\lu.ille u111i
cr, 396, pl. 27.5.
a ills. P repara ti on of cak es offered to a Godd ess ( ?) standing at the
:z,, rllE TYPE S
E ARJ, Y HA ND -MODELLED TYT'E S .!l

c) (yjiriol
:.1:1]Lnu, ,rc rio (Fig. 6), 1_1:
1 2 crn. F irst. ha lf, _6th cent. B .C. ( pl. r8. [47•4 s) Un kno,,'11prove nance : E . von l\> [ercklin, Fiihrer dr,rcli das
331 ff anibu.rg . fVIus.fii ,r K11.nst 11.nd
Gewerbe(1930) 78, n~s. 320-21, h ere fi g. 8.
,\r charc frorn the cave of l, our otropho s at L ap ith os, Walter:s, Cat.,
at tr ibu ted to Taras. Cltilcl trying to lift its~lf holdJng on to the _ros~ttes
no. AJ32, hokli11
g girl in cap.
of the 111o th er's chit on. T he lack of front alrty and th e drapery 1nchcate
cl) Allie cnrprc-c!11ssh'a
f T'ases a11dPfaqnes an aclvanccd Classical dat e.
[34•35) Arias-Sbcfto n, 1-IGVJJ, 390 ; J. Boa rd1nan, BSA , 50 (1955) c. S EATED. H UMAN OJt DIVINE
5r, pl. r, no. 3.
I.Va·riou,s 111edia
.
u. Carr;•i11g child 011her back [ 4g] Unique Mycenaea n ivory tripl e group, Fr ench, op. cit., 144;
a) One ckilil Pric e, II, 49, 62, T ype III.1.c( 1) II.
[36] "Ti rynthi an" Argivc, from ~Iyce nae, S. N ikolao u , OpuscAthen, 5 2. Terracotta, P,ro,pped(Figs . 9-12)
, ii, 19, n o. 39, fig. 18.
(1965) 4S; \Vaklstei n, l{erae11-111
a) Cypriot
b) l l'i lh second child £11fr oul
A pred ecessor of thi s type is an EC figurine in '' Red Polis_hed" ware
[37] Heuzcy, Fi gur . Louvre, pl. iv, 4. [38] \~'a lters, Cat., no. A.133, late fron1 ?IIargi, V. l{arageo rghis, BCH, 95 (1971) 344f., 349, fig. 2 0. [5o]
Dacdalic fron1 the cave of l(o urotr ophos, Lap ithos, Cyp ru s. [39-40) Two Appar ent.ly fro1n Ida lion: Louvre A022856 (54) from t~~ ol~ Col~.
L/1 Ill figurin es ,vith urnbr ella, Fr ench, 13SA, 66 (1971) 143 and bibL Gui,net, "fo und in Cypru s, in th e n1ins of a Greek church , _vV1nter, 1,
r6, r , ,vhere Louvre 120 is n1enti oned as of similar type, ,vhile it IS of the
7. l¥itl1 T,11
i11s
sta nding Typ e, infra , I.A .5 ; Ph oenician influence in the mould ed face;
[41] Six LH III Tau-shap ed figtLrincs, Fre nch, op. c£t., 143. Ccsnota Atlas, ii, pl. \I II. 47, late 7th cent. B.C.
8. J'i•iple grouf>s(one ch.£/,d
)
b) Pcwponnesia.n
[42--13) Two i\Iycenaean Phi figurin es of two ,von1en ,vith child perched
on th eir shoulders, Fr ench, op. cil,., 144. i. Bea/1-headed
[5r ) v\laldst ein, }Ieraenn1., ii, 2T, no. 57, pl. xliii, 4 (both heads mis-
B. SE ATED \VITH LEGS ST l<ETCHED ON TH E FLOOR (F igs . 7-8). rlU1'lAN sing, b□ t general tr aits sirnilar to other figurin es of beak-hea~ed type).
I. Face of inother 1no11
.lded [52-54] Si1nila r "do uble kourotr op hoi", ibid., nos. 59-61 and Pnce, II, 61,
Typ e II.4.a. ·rh e " lump of clay" on thei r laps is nothing but a ve1!
[-14) Naked, ,vhite slip, red and lJlack colour s well preserved, Oxford
sun11narily rendered swadd led child. (55) Price, II, 62, Type III.r.c.i:
1926.45, no prov enance (Fig. 7). Early archaic, proba bly fron1 Sicily;
two 1nothers, ,vith one child on the shoulders (ivlycenaean).
cf. AJ A, 69 (1965) 4, JJL 89, fig . II, and E. D. van B ur en, Archaic Fictile
Revetmentsin S·icity and 1'1! . Graec£a, pl. xiv , figs. 55, 60. A hand mod elled ii. Jiead modelled
g_ro~p of 1nonkey ,vitb bab y in Ath ens, is iJ1 th e same postu re. Perhaps [56] 1.>eracliora, i, 246, no. 250, pl. rro; C.C"t
. mid 6t h cent .? Argive
geom:tr ic frag mentar y , Lindos, i, 459, pl. So, no. 1864 (legs
s11'.11l_ar: import.
111
'. ss1~g_; descnb ed as seated) ; i\1.end el, Cat., no. r o (2893), description
1nsuffic1cnt. iii. f-feftd 1no11ld
etl
Whole front nioulded
2. [57] Corwrt/1, XV, ii, 72f. pl. xii, no. viii, 34 of Early Corinfhi~ n sty le:
traces of child ( ?) preserved. Early 6th cent ury type, but found 111~ !ale
[45) From .'\kra gas, of Ionia n ty pe, \.I/inter i, 146, 2 , first quarter.
6th 5th cent . deposit! [58) or the same type is th e figurine in Boston (Fig. 9)
cent. B.C. [46] Late 6th. cent. B .C. ; Binnin ghani 1Yl1~eit1nand Art fron1 Selinus of Cor:inthian fabri c. She holds an infant, as does the
Galkry: Ancient Lif e in 111inial1irc,Exhib., Oct.-Nov. :r:968,26, no. 85, '
 l'Hf> 1"Vl'ES

, x,trnJ,k from the Lucanian J{eraion, for \l'h ich see i11fra(from th e sa
EARLY HAND-~IODELLED TYPES ZJ
rn,111t,I;); for trpe cf. Criri11llt,XV, ii t'.ndc: no. vjji, 34 an d no. viii,;~ Dennecl1, Cartha ge : A rclur.e ologia Viva (1969) 69, no. 10, ills. in p. 73,
l big ~tatu ctt e~ of Early Corinthian date, mostly frag~ 1entary,
r59 <.;t'\'<'rri ar chaic with n1ottldecl faces; sq uare stool ; si.milar to the above. Publi shed
\l'C'ff' found in the Hera ,011 al the n1outh or Sele, a nd at Selmus: P. as Phocnician, but must be of Ionian origin.
Zancani-~lonl11nro and Zanotti -Bia nco, l-Jeraeu1natta Foce det Sele, ii
iRi, zzo, 329, figs. 5-6 (h : 48 cn1.-the re are even bigger fr~g,nentar; d. Bocotia.11.
examples), fig. So. second rro,n the left, 330, note 1. lliano Napoli i. Beak-heade,l.Mid 6th centory B.C. \.Yit h one or two children.
Guida de/ 1\i11sco di Paest111n (n.d.) 15, where ill. Th e pro p consists of tw~ [70) At Oxford, fro1n Thebes , her arn1s raised to the sides, while one
sepa rate legs instea d of a plaque. 'fhe Goddess ho lds a pomegranate in child sits on each knee, also with open ann s. J.Chitt enden and C. Seltman ,
the righi and a kouros in the left hand. L ate 7 th cent. , of Cor inthian Greek Art (1947), pl. 25. Several exampl es of this typ e, with one child,
clay. Pieces or similar cxa ,np les co1ne rro11 1 Selinous (llf. of Pale rmo). are kno,vn: [71] \oVinter , i, 5, I and Snijder, De Fonna Nfatris 7. [72] An
(60] Athens, 14215, one of th e finest Argive exa,npl es of the second ahnost cornplete examp le is in Berlin, 'fc. 8361.
quart er of th e 6t h centt1ry fro111th e Argiv e H eraion, \vhere the child is a
ii J\ioulded Head. Second half 6th cent. B.C.
~irl wilh long hair and a big brooch on th e breast. [6r] 'vValdstei n, Jie,ra.eu111,
ii, 25, no. 85, fig. 37: upp er pa rt. [62] ibid., 25, no. 86, pl. xliv, 3: head [73-74) A group of I(otu-otrophoi accurately dated by context: P. N.
1nissing, trac es only of infant in her lap . [63] Ibid., no. 79, pl. xliv, 2 Ure , Arybatlo£ and Figurines froin Rh.itsona in Boeotia (1934), 60, Nos.
holds on her knees what seen1s to be an a1norph ous p iece of clay, com- 31.368 and 31.368a, pl. xiv. [75] Winter, i, pl. 29, 6 (Berlin, Staatl.
wluseen). [76) Near the Rhits ona examples : an almost complete figurine
parab le to that held by a (igurine [64] fro111Syracus e, Syracuse 1082,
fron1 Thebes, Oxford 1896, 1908, G.3 (Fig. 12). (77) Binninghani i\lI1-
ise1i11t
here (Fig. ro). In the latter exa1np le it is clea rly a S\vaddl ed baby, very
and Art Gallery: Ancient Life i-n iJ!Ii111:abure. Exhibibion. of Classical
sun11narily rende red. This Sicilian piece, of Pelopo nn esian type, elates
Terracottas fro1n P·rivate Collections, Oct-Nov. r968 , 23, no. 68, pl. 30,
already in the 5th centu ry, since th e previously a.ln1ost a1no11>hOltS lower
late 6th cent. B.C. CJ.Type I.A.5 .a.iii, Louvr e of the equivalent standing
front has no\v tak en a realistic curv e and the shape of the skirt, with type. A figurine fro1n Thebes, Oxford 1893.88, of the standing type wears
the ends or th e feet is well indicated. Also the sleeved arn1s are well an elaborate polos and carri es two sacrificial objects or offerings ( ?)
n1oclelled. The face is bad ly worn , but see1ns to hav e be en mou lded. probably connected with th e sa1ne fema le cult, since such an object is
[65] A propped figurin e with good n1ould ed heads, attr ibut ed to Tegea: carried by a later Boeot ian kourotropho s (infra, Typ e III.B.2.c) .
J(11,11stwerke der Ant·ike, A1tJ1t io-n xxii (1961), Basel, no. 34. [66] Several
propped figurines found in ldali on, Cypru s, have been cons idered as 3. Sitccessors
Peloponnesian in1ports: Per rot -Cltipiez, Hist. ArtAnc., iii, 554, p. 378; [78] In the late archaic figurine fron1 and in Athens, vVinter, i, 139, 2
Doell, Die Sain111t 11m
.g Cesnola., 1VIetrop. 1\tft,s., 1, pl. vi; H euzey thought t he swaddled child is still hancl-1nade, showing Peloponnesian influence
t!1at the clay can1e rron1 Larnaca: H euzey, Fignr. Lou,vre, 17of. pl. IX, in the plastic decoration of the necklace, but the whole front part of the
hg. 7. Perhaps the moulds were i1nporte d. \\'Oman is n1oulded. After the intenuecliate Type l.C.r.c ,vhere the prop
has become a round stoo l but the legs and the general scheme is that of
iv. Ot/1er th e propped type, the forn1er represents the seated type pr0per of the
[67) ?l'iycenaean ivory group, t wo ,vomen \vith child standing near kourotrophos, which will flourish in part icular from late arcl1a.icti1nes to
the1n : Price II , 62, 1'ype II.1.c.ii. Venneule, Got.terk11
.lt 53ff. Roman.

c) Tonian-Sicilian
[68] Froi~ lllonte B ubbonia, Syracus e 24909 (Fig. 11), h: 9.5 c1u.,
comes a delightful example of the second half of the 6th century ,vith the
prop already lransfonued to a round stool. (69] From tbe ce~1etery of
 OlllE NTALIZIN C BABVL O:-l!A:-l• PH OE N rClA N PROT OT \ ' PES
Cl1ap ler ] \ vu
Cretcsi," The step patt ern that decorat es the side of the peplos app ears
Early 1 Iou lclecl, O rie11talizi11g on Cretan va.scs of the Orientalizing period, near 650 B.C.: Brock,
BABYLONli\K-P JJOEN IClAN P RO'f 0 1' YPE S l "orte/,Sa,no. 936, tomb 11, Pith os 2 and Asyballos no. 1186. Th e statu ette
should th erefore elate near 650. [So) Similar, very fragmentary, fron1
ST.\ ); l)J NC (f,ig. 13) Lato : P . De1nargne, BCIi, 53 (1929) 396ff., fig. 12. [Sr] Probab ly similar
type frorn I{ato Anavl ochos, J{ako Plagi : Dernargn e, ibid., 528; (de-
J. Ci-clt111
-l) aedalic Su ckli ng scribed but not .illustra ted).
r. %i<'gk·r, J)ic Tcrrri/10/lc11 von Tfltll'la1 (Berlin 1962) 77ff. pls. I?ff.
2.Cypriot-Phoewician
(1sl half of tile 1st 111illenitu11B.C.); \~7ooJJcy att ribut ed si111ilartypes to
t11,• Nro-Babylonian period (6th cent. B.C.) or ea rlier : Ur Excavat£011s, L~, Co111par e with Pal estinian exa111ples: J. B. Pritchard, P11lesti11ia1i
pl. 27; Ileuzcy , Fig111 ·. L ouvre, pl. 2, no. 3. The situ a tion in the 8th-7th J•ig1trines•i n Relatio11,
to certain Goddessesl(nown throughliterautre (1943),
ccnln ries is not very clear, since t hese figures do not app ear in western 22f., nos. 183-188. fig. 18: 7th cent. naked, holding child to the left.
Iraq on the sites o( lhe Great Assy rian pa laces ,vh.ich hav e received 1nost a) Chi/.dwith raised anns
att ention fro111the archaeologists. 'fh e dressed ly pe, lto,vever goes back
[82) \•Valters, Cat., 22£., no. A.134, from the cave of l{ourotrophos, in
lo the very early second 1niJleniu111B. C. in bak ed clay, earlier on seals;
Lapithos [83) Similar: Hanover , J(estner Jv[use·1111nErwerb1inge11x95_ 2-5~,
J\l arie-Thcrcse Barrclet, Fig11i- ines et Relief s en T erre Cu,ite de ta J.tfesopo- fig. 9. [84) Sitnilar, complete, in Athens . The posture of the child 1s
lamie An tique, i (Paris 1968), 292-3. Th e general t)']Je is of Babylonian intr iguing , its upper part turn ,ed frontally to the spectato r " 'ith arms
inspiration: see S. Langdon, Oxf ord Ed it-ions of Cnneifonn Texts, I raised in the posture of epiphany. Goddess with clivine child?
(1923) front ispiece, no. 4,; also Oxford r 93r.4 62 fron1 Ur. [79) One of the
finest Daeda lic kotu-otroph oi is the stand i ng fra gmentary t erracotta b) Child, often with pea/1ed ca:j>,held to the tejt, "Plzoen·ician wig-hair"
figurine fro1n the hith ert o un published find of l ' sout sour os : Herakleion [85] Hanover 1952.63, fron1 the Collection Tischendorf. [86] Similar:
13196; pres. h: 12.5 c11 1. (Fig. 13 al te111p ted reconstructio n by the J(BH, pl. 37.2, from l{ition, Artem is Paralia Sanct uary . [87) Winter,
author). The general type is very close to t he Ba bylonian examp les at i, pL 16, 5: exa□1plcs fron1 Cyprus, Rhodes, s01ne ,vith tympanum,
Oxiorcl, more so to the later Cypro-Pb oenician figurin e froni Lapithos [88-91) Ces-nolaAtlas, ii, 1, pl. iv, nos. 23, 25, 26. No. 24 is n1ore hel-
(infr a, Type II.A. 2.a) . Th e anato my of t he child as \1•ell as that of the lenized; its whereabout s are no,v unknown. (92-100) Nine examples
upper pa rt of the rnother are indica ted in fine detail. 'fh e receding waist were found in the Sanctuary of Aphroclite-Astart e-llfikal, in IGtion,
denotes lhe belt, al,o indicat ed by a dark str·ip of colour. She is clad i11au described as "papa des" or."ptocho i" by the excavators ("cheap offerings")
en1broiderecl peplos, ha s the hair in a shoulder-length da edalic " wig" J(Bli, 315; representing the Goddess Aphrodite-Astarte? [101) One
(ends preserved) and pr obabl y bore a polos of th e kind coinmon in exa1nple froin Tarsus: A] A, 4r (1937) 275-76, fig. 28. The standing
Crete, cf. BCl-1, 1928-29, 397, fig. 13 : types of po loi fron, Lato. She n1ouldecl type ,vith stronger Egyptian influence, appears suckling
holds with both han ds th e naked child ,vhich sucks her left bre.1.st and in the I-IeUenist ic period: infra, Type III. D.3.iii.
extends the left ann to her neck. Detail of en1broidery denoted by paint:
~crtical reserved cabl e in th e 111iclclle of skirt, front and back , with boles
111
th_ecent'.es, probably filled originally by 1netal stud s, or other inlay.
11
~ either side of front cable : verti cal parallel Jjnes, spiral design at her
ngh t, ~d " step -patt ern" at her left. Compa re th e elaborate betted
peplos with that worn by the limesto ne statu e see G. Rizza "Le terre·
cott e di Axos", An111,ai •io, 29-30 (1967-68) ; Ir-301, esp. '230 , fig. 9,
no. 73b, and 292, fig. 60 ; also 293fL, "~" os e le oHicine periferiche
 ,\Ji CHAI.C AND LATJ:.R 1Hi l'RES£N TATl ONS
Chapte r Three
iii. Calabria.
Arcliaic and Lat er Repr ese11tations [120] A unique (to 1ny kno,vledge} type fron1 Lokroi. Oxford 1930.299
(Fig. 14), early second qua rter, 5th cent. B.C., is of a sty le reminiscent
i\. Sb A'n ; o . CHA ll ( \\ ' ITI I CH<\l'J'r11 ou T S 1DE- v'ilrNGS of the P inakes: Zanotti-Bianc o, G1·ossgrie
cheuland, pl. 144.

iv. Jtaly-Gtutl. Classicat-lieUe·ll!,;stic.Veit overher head

J. IVilli cliitd fro 11talty on her lap
(r} Single
Ionian with Pho enic ian inOuencc (F ig. 14) [r21) From Liguria, in Ventin1iglia l\tfuseun1 (Coll. BorcEghere), recalls
the Ionian typ e from Asia j\tinor; Classical. [121"] An1erican Acade1ny in
l{o1nc, 89 ita lo-classical, with the lower part of the cbiton pleated.
a) Child i11Ilic ill iddlc [121b) Similar: Louvre, B86o, intact. [12r 0J Later, cruder style: Louvre,
i. Asia ,ll i11or S2214 Ro,na no-Gauhsh ( ?) : Clithonia, 5-6 (1965) 73f.: "Deesse-mere
de Pessoles", 694f: "Deux Hypogees Ineclits"; the representation of
Neighbouring Phocn icia produ ced s tat u ett es lik e the frontally seated 1nother, with child fronta lly on her knees (no photograph published)
n1~ther with ch'.ld, of faience, iJ1 the iV Iuse u1n of R ethyn1non, Crete entionecl as a local ,vork, not datable from the context, since the
is 111
(lutherto unpublished), which had s0111 e inOuence on the Greek Ionian pagan cult continued uninterrupted to the l\iiddle Ages ,vith l\tlary
~ype. A 111ixt11 re of Phoenician and (,n ore) Ionian style can be observed substituted for the goddess.
111a frontal_kourotrophos depicte d on a n l::tTusca n bucch ero thynliaterion
111 \ V. Berlin. Th e sa1ne type in pure Ioni an s tyl e appears in figurines
(z} I-Viti,.J'\!
lale fig1ire also next to her
from :llynn a, fron1 the early 5th centur y B .C.: [109-110) \ ~'inter, i, [122]BerliJ1Tc . 7646, Italo-hcllenistic. [123] Almost identical: American
pl. 1 42 , 6; B<'sque~. Cat., i, pl. xxxvi , B341. [111) Lindos, i, no. 2226 Academy in Ro,n e, 90. [124] Examples of this type, unpublished: l\tfuseum
(n_~kedchild). [112-14) An Aeolic var iant of th e Ioni an type, (3 exa 1nplcs): of \Tilla Giulia, Room 32, Case r, fron1 Satricum, Temple of Mater ~fatuta.
Bohlau-Schefolcl,Larisa ant l1.er111 os (1942), iii, 31, pl. vi, 5-4, nos. 40-42, [125-127) Fro1n the Sanctuary of Diana Lucina Nemorensis, whose cult
ea. soo B.C. (115) Egypto-hc llenistic, rat her unu sual: Isis seated with statue was believed to have been brought by Orestes from Tauri, through
Rhegion: Roscher, i, 1008; l-Iarry \.\Tallis, Cat. of Class. Antiq. jro11i
legs apart; between thc111sits a naked boy \vith th e left leg clrawn up;
Nenz-iin Art NI. Nott·i·ngha:m ., no. 66, p. 15, where photograph; Rossbach,
she puts her hands on its forehead: 1·a.rs11s, i, pi. 233, No . 213.
B1illet.dell'Tnst. i/;i Corr. (1885) 153; two examples in Villa Giulia, the
one, no. 52263 in the Roo1n of Apollo. [128) Son1e exan1ples from the
ii. Sicily, 3rd quart er 5th cent. B.C.
Sanctuar y of iVIinerva Meclica, in the Capitoline: Persephone-Plouton -
f [ 116] F ron1 Selinous : Besqucs, Cat., i, 80, B560, pl. lii. [117) Gela 8477, Iakchos , or !Vlinerva-Vu .lca11
-Ericht honios? See Price, II, Types III.1.a.ii-
roin a sanctuary on the Acropolis, for ,vhich see '/',lotSc, n.s. r6 (rg6z) 1v.
343L
. and P. Griffo, Gela · , aest:,1110d,i· iuu,. c•1·,tta• d, .· s•1·c1.b1a,
• • 125. [rr8] w·lJ1ter• (3) With female jig,11
,re next lo her
1 16
' pl. 4 , 8. Daeda Li c and archaic Rhodi an imp orts \vere found on the
Acropolis ' and the f'irs t C.I eto-~,hod1an [129] Gazette des Beanx Ai·ts (1880) 1, 219. J. Roulez, "L'eclucation
n •
set tle1nent 1nay go back to t h6
late Slh century B c d' · d'Iac chus", A ·w11lst (1865) 77, note 5. Gerhard, Ant B1:tdw,46, pl. iii, 1,
68 B · . · accor ing to the excava tors (traditional date 15 fron1 Pra eneste, Arten1is-Lcto-Apollo? (Gerhard explained it as Demeter-
9 ~-C.} Ath ena Lind ia was worshipped on the Acropolis as well as
D e.me,er-Ror e and I<ore-Iakchos). Price, II , 56, 6zf.; Typ es I.4.b and III.1.c.ii.
. '
(TI)UC. \'1,4 3} I t 1
.5
an
·
. o·f the ancient
a,ca .
to\vn ,vas
'
called L1n °
· di' ·1
t L . d .· · natu ral therefo re that the typ e is Rhodian, close (4) Double ko11rotrophoswith frontal clti:td
0 in OS l pi lO? nos 2226 I .
Pal ' ' · -, · , 2227. (119) Siruilar fragn1eutary exainP e, [130) \1/allis, ibid., r7, no. 133; Price, II, Type III.1. c.iv.
crmo 3563.
 ARC HAIC A,"IU l, ,\Tl::R REl? llli SJ; :,; l'ATIONS .!1)
I, r l11/,Ijrr,11/
ally 011011c!.·nr.-
13 1 Bl's'Jue, . Cal.. i, B357, lal c nrc haic, lin y c hild wrappe d 111 . b) Boeo/ia, /1/tica
hinrnt1on. · 13 2_ Jrk11lit:al in Hannver ,\luseu ,11, \\/in ter, i,· pl. her [r +b) Bcsques, Cat., i, pl. x.i, B89, fro1n T hebes. T he child hcl'c is a
39 1 girl , wearing her hair in a krobylos. It has bee n da ted too early in th e
"an iuin •,I in .\!h ens" . now losl. (133) Crude r a nd mor e mass ive e ~ ,
"fr•nn:.Jcg~ :a" ( ?)in Ath en~. \\lin lrr, i, pl._ 139, 3. [134 ) Lat e;,a::le beginnin g of the 5th centu ry. [r 47) Si.tni lar , but witl1 th e head of th e
,\. ;llrnor: \·\,1nlcr, 1, pl. I..J:l , 3. [135] l-Ielle n1strc J\'.[yrina type : E. B _Ill n1ol her Jnore advanced : Ath ens 12639 (old no. 403). [ro1u lhc Coll.
Sarnml. ,·or1 Gans, i'O. 30219. [136) Bliin1e l, A ·11ti/1e J(uns twerk erlin, Papaclerua; h: 2r.3 c1n., int act, rnicld le or third qua rt er of lh e 5th
nr. 14, in J3erlin, Coll. Rliirnel, interpreted as "girl \vitll -do ll"· Te,
20
•
cenlury . [148) Id enti cal to the last , Win te r, i, pl. 139, 5 Iro1n Er e lria .
2nd half 4lh cent. B.C. • anagra
c) 1llag11r,Graecia
[ (49-52] Th e chair t1sually has a back, a nd so1ne tin1es side-wings.
2. Veiled type with Child draped in /.ong Cloak
Th ree arc haic sta tue ttes , found toge th er ,vith th eir mould at the West of
Th e child ntosUy held in p rofi le (F ig. 15) the Sanct uar y of the Chth oni c Deities, Akra gas . ~Ia rconi-B ovico, NotSc., 8
(1930) 84, fi g. 17; P. ;\'larconi, Ag rigento Ai·caica (1929) 503, 178; ea.
This type appea rs witl1 son1e va 1iati o ns in Bocot ia, Cyp ru s Ath
500 B .C. [153) F ron1 ~:faloplloros, Selinous, Pa lermo 1471, wearing the
and
. Magna
. . Graccia. Alt houg h the ea rliest surv iv ing exa ~nst,
• inp le ·1s'C ypoo sla nting Io nian h.irua tion ; seco nd quart er 5th cent . B.C. [154] Similar,
1ls ?ngin sec,ns to be in Ionia. It apparently travel led togeth e r with th~ child front al : Gela 9213, fro,n VassaUagi, Gro tta (Fig. 15), is one of the
l ?01an influence of the second h,Llf of lhe 6th cen tur y and was locall finest kour ot ropho i of t he archaic period; clove ( ?) h eld i□ her right
differcnt 1aletl. y
h;111cl : h : 20.3 en,. ea . 530 B. C. E. L anglotz-l\11.Hirin er, Die J(umst der
l1Veslgrieclten i n S·izi/Jie
n 1rmd Unteritalien (r,Iunich 1963) pl. 21. [155)
a) Cyprns Capua : 'vVin ter, i, 147, 2. [156] Id ent ical: Fro elu1er, Cat. Terrac. 1vf,usede
i.~ [136") Cesnota Atl.as, ·i, 1,J• xxxv . . . iu,
... n o. 25 1, fro111l da h.on, enthroned. 11/a,rseitle (1897) no. 1176 ; h: 41 cn1. re1uiniscent of th e Bo eotian type,
.
[ 131-+o] l btd., no 246 · a rcha ic f lII. A.7.c.
. · · •, rorn t,' tl11·en ou · n os. 247 251 252
f ron1 Golgo1 stone [r "] lb 1'd .. ' ' ' ' 3 . TIcited, child raises ·its hand to her breast (Fig. 16)
T. T F .' ' · 4° ·, pl. lvu, 394-400 Cro1 11Golgoi stone. [E4I]
r1euzey, "-ignr . Lo'ltvre 1~7 6. \' I' . ,
hinx-1
5P · egs on the thr one. D rvine, [
' ?· _
1 ' 11 12 , '' inter, 1, pl. 141, 9. H ig h back and
) vv·1 t . . .
[r 57] Classical: Lin dos, i, pl. 136, no. 2946. [158) From wfalophoro s.
a rcha ic. [ 143] Near this t · 142 11 er, 1, p l. 139, 7 s1m1lar, Selino us : JVJA,xxxii (1927) 273, p l. lix, 8, now in the Comrnunal Collection,
0 1 Castelvet ran o, 542; h: 15 c111.,second quart er, 5th centur y B .C. [159]
in the Royal O11t .· i\•f· y pe '. e could classify the lim eston e statuette
(1966) au o r 'd useu111·· The LocA~ Coltect·i•on of Cypr,,ot . A 11tiq11-ities,
. .. Fro11 1 l\Ialoph oros, Pal er1110 r425, h: 8 cn1. [160-62) Classical from
51' 110· 1 66 • 1111 5t h cen t B C Al
figure de l\Iere a l'c f t . · · · so : [ r44] Z, . Kap era , "U ne Ka rna rina, i n l\'1useu1n Biscari , I{atania 000437/5440, 000438/5441 and
.
Etudes et Trava,1, • · n an . . cyp n ote du l\(usee . cIe l' U 111. vers1te
. GageIIone" , 000447/5450 ; L ibertini, Jlli11s eo Biscar·i. 2 18ft. fig. 942. [r6 3J From Ran -
.x, i.i( 1 1 avauxd u C t l' dazzo, Pa!e rn10 Ra nd ozzo-400 (Fig . 16 le ft), ea. n1id 5th century. [164)
l'Acacleniie Pol - d ·. en rec Archeologiel\ rfedit erraneennede
ona1se cs Sciences 1·0111 6 V . . I n slightly la ter style; fron1 l:lilnera, in Palern10 (Fig. 16, right). [165-72]
1 -'.?, lin1estonc - BC . . ' e , arsoVIe 1968) 121-7, figs.
30 Eig ht exa 1np les fron1 the Arte111i sion of Eph esus, first half of th e +th
1\[useen" Fito,', :it · · , ule,n, " l(yp n sche Alte rtiim er in polnischen
. ' . 1a ,a, 191 (196-) -6 1 . ) . . . . cent. B .C.: Higgins, Cat., i, pl. 73, nos. 551-57, 559. [173) Hogarth,
One11talis,11 ( ) _ ::i 54 4 ( 11I olish), a nd Bibhotheca Ctassica
Iiold1ng . swadclled 1969 • 44-4::i [144a) R li f Excav. at Ephesos, The Ar chaic Ai·te11 1isia (r 908) 314, fig. 91, sinular, re-
eh 'Id f · ~e e · pl aq ues " •ith v eiled n1other
•2 6 8 l ' ro1u Chyt ro1 · .· ]lrf yr es, . Cat., nos. 5217-47; nos. versed. [173°) l\•[end el, Cat., Nos. 1927-28. [173b] From I{alyn1nos: 'vVi□ter,
:, 7 - 1.
i, pl. 142, 7; H iggins, Gree/11'errac. (London 1967) pl. 27c. [r73cJ From
Cyrcnaica; Nfartha, Cat., nos. 685-88. [174) From Crete, Anavlochos:
ii. lVith second child at her knee P . D emargne, BCli, 55 (1931) 404, p l. xiv, 3. [r74aJ Fro1n a to1nb in
[r45] CesnolaA ttas i pi 1 . . Verroia : BCH, 89 (1965), 794, fig. 3 .
• ' . XVI, 110
· 436, fro,u Golgo1,
. Classical.
 T IIE TYPE S
JO ARCJiAIC AND LATER REPRESENTATIONS 31
hcr with child held 1111dcr
4 . ;1,f_ot her veil (Fig. 17)
000445/5448, and 000444/5447 Libertini, ibid ., 218f., fig. 946. [211]
Thi~ is a Rhodi ,111t)7)e ~il fusecl and di~ crentia ted in Sicily and S
Tara nto, 50379, fron1 "Persephone-Iakchos-Plouton" group, Evans,
lt aly, as well as elsewhere. G. llizz a , Boll. d Arte (1960) 256, and Ufford.
"Tar ent. Terracottas", JHS (1886) 10 ff.; v\iuilleumier, 502ft.; Gazelle
4~cr ..71rr. • Ar chaeol. (r881-2) 16off.; Ufford, 402, the woman seated next to Lhc
a) Child held against her shoulder recun1bent 1nan appears in the 4th century holcling the child. [212)
v\iinter, i, pl. 204. (213) E. Paribeni, "Eroi Tarentini e Dioscuri", Fest-
i. Child licld low schrif t fii.r E1tge11v. Nlerckli11i(v\/alclsassen/Bayern, 1964) 112-115, and
[175J \Vinter , i, r-12,4: ~ sia iVTinor. [176] Lind~s, i, nos_.2227-30, pl. 136, pl. 48. Antiken a:us deni All-ad. J(wnsb/11 .1tsei11n,Bon1~(Nr. 19, Diisseldorf
no. 29~.9. [177] An unpu blished exanip le of Rho clian type1 n Isra el Museum 1969) 58 ff. on the "Giovinazzi" Find; int erpreted as funeral votive
J erusalen11 64-1596/31 has no prov enience. [178-179] Clara Rhodos' offerings. [214] Sin1ilar, but ,vith the child held higher and more upright:
viii, 19r, figs. 183 and 179, 3rd ro,v. [1798) Hi ggins, Cat., 131, no. 46o' Tarant o 3164. [215] Similar to the above but with altar in the background:
pl. 6+ [180) Fin e figurine fro111the la te 6th century: Excavalions Jroi,; Taranto 2096 (Fig . 17).
the Athenian Agora,_Pi cture Book no. 3: D. Th.01npson, j\finia/J/tre Sc11tp.
lure fr om the Atl1e111a n Agora, no. 20; A} A, 40 (1936) 200, fig. 19. [I8I] iii. Child held straight iip 11
,nder her veil
S01nc Iragn1enta ry kourotropho i in the Agora ~Iuseum are still unpub- Rh odian type, appea 1iog in areas of the Rhod.ian sphere of influence.
lished. [182-83) Syracuse, 1084 and 1085, from !l'legara Hyblaea, 5th Jl oweve r, rhe native Rhodian type bears the child higher, seated on the
cent. B.C. [184] v\iioter, i, 146, I fro1n Kan1ar ina. [185) \~' inter, i, 146,7 shoulder (cf. Type III.A-4.b); othenvise the mother is standing (i11,fra,
iron1 Taras . [186] v\/int er, i , 141, 2, fro111 Corinth. [r87] \~linter, i, 141, 4 Typ e III.D.1-2). [216-217) Higgins, Cat., i, pl. 39, nos. 229-230, from
of later type, holding egg, frorn Cypru s cf. Type III.A. 8. [187"] M:endel, Rhod es. [218] l\'liinzen uud i\!Iedaillen A.G. (Basel/Schweiz) Nov.[Dec.
Cat., nos. 2630-5 (~lyrina), 3412 (Lind os). [187 1J] L-indos, i, nos. 2125, 1972, List e 340, no. 86, first quarter 5th cent. B.C. L. Frey "Erwerbungen
2145. [187t] Near th is ty pe, ,vith swad cUecl child: Scheuxleer Coll., Allard desi\'Iuseu1nsfiir l{unst und Ge\verbe Hamburg", ArchAnz (1974)74, no.40,
Pierson :II., A.111 sterd an1, no. 205. Abb. 31, ea. 500 B.C. [219) Fron1 Mega.ta Hyblaea, Syracuse 11513, second]
quarter 5th cent . B.C. [220] Similar but lat er , from Gela, Gela 8250. [221]
ii. Child's body ai a.nangle, nppei· part tu,rned to the 1·iglit Fr o1n Gela , ,vith pl eated garment: Reggie, exhibit ed. [222] Late 5th-
. [1~8) ~i1'.dos,i, pl. 103, no. 2242, second quart er, 5th cent. B.C. [189] early 4th cent. B.C., from l\falophoros, Selinus, in Palermo 2395. [223)
Sunilar : 1 b1d., pl. 102, no. 2226. [190-91] Id entical to the last, if n0t from \.Vuilleumier, 414, no. 9; Winter, ii, 125_, 7, fron1 Taras. [224-225) Besques,
t he same 1nould, is th e con1plcte exa n1ple fro1n Olous iVluseum of Ayios Cat., i, pl. C, C577 and C578 from Paestum. [226) ~!any exan1ples, 11n-
Nikolaos
· • Ea st C1·e t e, 734, ancl an uncatalogued frag1nentary ' exa1npJe publishecl, in Paesturn, some exhibited in Cases 3 and 6, from the Italic
te1uple. [227) Panofka, Terrakotten vonBerlin (1842) pl. 54, from Paestum,
(~p~er part). [192] Lindos, i, pl. 103, no. 2243, and (193-95] l\f. Ayios
holding egg, late 5th cen t. [228) \,\/inter, i, pl. 146, 6 holding phiale ( ?),
N~ olaos, 1257, 1255, 1254, from Olous, hold the child slight ly higher;
early 4th cent. B.C. [228a] i\'lendel, Ctu., nos. 382-5, 3365, 3458 (Lindos).
mid ~th cent. B.C. [196-98] Clara Rhodos, viii, Sep. 78, no. 22; Higgins,
Cat., 1• no!. 229, 230, ,vherc further bibl . dated rro111to111b groups 460-44o b) Child sitting on her sho11lder
B .~. (r9_8 ) '.lfendel, Cat., nos. 1703, 1704, pl. III.10 from Kos. [199]
\Vinter - from Ery tl1rae, sl10,vs111.Ll'ror This type is n1orc co1nn1on in stan ding examples. [229) l\'lid 5th cent.
TI ' 1' 14"-, :,'. · opp 0site ' posture. (200-202) Rhoclian, found in Cyprus: J(BFI, pl. ccv, 9. [229n] Fron1 Cyrenaica:
,reeexan iples 111Ath ens, i-rartha , Cat., 701, nos. 68--88 of "a rchaic style
and negligent workm I. " f ::, • .. ~1artha, Cat., no. 701.
' "· B. . . ans up ; ron1 Cyrenaica . [203) I{atania Libert.tnr,
,., useo 1 scar,. 48 fig . (2 • ,
. ·t • . • ·
T err. S ic, . 19 fig 39) a d S Ii 94°, 04-205) the type appears in Akragas (Kekulc, 5. Sncld·ing (Prototype: Isis) (Figs. 18-27)
.
fr I{ . ' · • n e nous, (Gabric i, 1\tIA lxxx ii). The figurines The suckling type is known already from tJIIycenaean, Subgeometric
om atan 1a come from tb ·t G . ' ..
8 · ["o6 ] l{
4 • ~ •2 10 ata n1a ~:[ B . . · CS ! e ram111 1cbele for,vhichseeMA, lvu,43· ancl Orientalizing exa 1nples of the standing type. The seated suckling
·
' · · iscan 00439/5442, 00045/5448, 000440/5443,
 TH E T Y PE'-
ARCHAIC ANO LATER R EP RESENTAT tONS
.\.l
~ ,,,
11
i, not known to Tlh' i11 11rc-_archa.it_r xamp lcs. Th e i1n port ed bron
a"d fait·ncc figun·~ ul seaicrl l s1s sLJ ckhng l~loru s 1nust have had ~ J-Iyb laea, in Sy rac use,_] d I, _68~69 (1953-54) 535f., fig. 38; NotSc, 1954, 99;
. h·l· r d. sorne Bernabo -Brea, NJ1,se1 d,. S icilia, 29, of local limestone; sec i nfra, Type
111nu,•nr!', as such rcpresen'.Httons a, c , cen ou 1: 1n seve ral sanctuaries
1V.B .2.a . i\fid 6th cent . B.C. Th e head with veil over it should be recon-
111 <.,rc<:ce: a miniatur e la1cnce 1n th e ca,'.c. of f souts~u ros, Crete (S<:t
supra, T vpe 11.1 and cl1. Crete), a Phoen1c 1an bo ,vl \VJlh suckling Isis st ructed as sin1ilar to F ig. r 7, but in archaic st yle. There are some late
in Olr rnpia : J-loga1th, Excav. al Ephesos, 3i9 , a bronze fron1 Crete in exan1ples of this type, such as th e I{oruano-Gaulish terracott as from
Rcth yrnnon ~luseun1; a bronze b·o1n A111 atl1us, Cyp r us: Cesnota Atlas Franc e, Toulon-sur Allier, Tl'inqu eta ille, Aries, and Gennan y, Salzburg :
Fr oehner, Cal. Terrac. ivl.. de Nlarscille (1897) 233, 237, nos. 1268, 1270,
iii, 1 pl. lxv. 2; a miniature glazed terracotta Irom the Temple of He~
1282, 1231. \ V. Christ , F-iihrer d1trc]1. das f(. Antiqu,1r-i1
t11t
, (~liinchen 1901)
al Perachora: 1,crac/1ora,ii, 512, D766, pl. 193. T he Egypto- Ph ocnician
24, no. 6r4f.
type of seal ed l sis with I-Jorus ,vas cop ied qu ite fa ithi ully i.11archaic
Cyp111 s, and i11East Greece. as the exan,p les fro1n l\iersin a ki and Nau. c) l-Ier ·right ha11.
d on her breast. Late archaic to lat e antiqu e, in "Suckling
kratis show; also in archaic I ta ly (Sat ricu111 ) . The ty p e \Vas hellenizcd Isis" attit ude.
and ,·arious ly cliffcrcntialcd in Ionia, B oeo lia, Att ica, Cyprus . See The Egypto -Ph oenician export s of Isis-Horus and th e local archaic
J-I. \\ '. iruller, " Isis 1nit dc 1n 1-Iorn s J(ind e",: 11.J bf(, iii , r4 (1963) 7-38. reprod ucti ons of th e tY}Je, had a continuing effect in most part s of
Greece where th e cult of l(o w·otr ophos was practised, especially in
a) Archaic "I sis Type" Ionia and t he sphere of its arti stic influence, Attica and its art istic
[230) Fro1n the ten1plc of Aphrodite, in Nauk ratis, stone plaque: periphery and l\'Iagna Graecia. 1-lo wcver, th e new typ es are wholly
P ryce, Bi11C,Scu!:pturc , i, r97, fig. 238; J(BFJ., pl. 214, no. 8; Snijder, Greek, with local stylistic variations, and the Eastern inspirat ion can
De Fon11n,liatris 8, above . (231] Stone plaqu e fro n, l\i ersinaki, Cyprus; be traced only in th e beginning. The Classical artist was 1nost probably
Gjerstad, SC£, iii, 375, 388, no . ro 29, pl. cxlviii. i <.Bfl, pl. 2r4, no. 9: not conscious of th e fact that th e type he was creating or adapting
suckling ? I do not lu1ow any i111itation s of the Egypt ian type, common originally ste1nn1ecl fr o.m barb arian prototyp es. Besides, the whole
in later and Pt olemaic peri ods, ,vith th e cl1ild in profile fa cing forward att itud e, expr ession and 1nove111 ent are completely transformed from
while she offers hin1her lJreast: (-infra,'l'ypc I II .A.5.c) th e rigid conceptual I sis scheme, to the graceful Ionian, and the com-
pletely hun1anized At tic ty pe. The Egypto-Phoenician exports are Ttearer
b) Local variations: one or two childrenheld wi:thbot!, arn1s iconographically to th e Greek exampl es, than th e Egyptian ones. For the
i. Attic-Bocotian Isis type see Tran Tam Tinl1; Isis Lactans-his assertion that the suckling
[232) l•igurine, Athens, 4530, \ ~'int er, i, pl. r39 , 4 , and l\fartha, Cal., type is, oth erwise, very rare and lat e is incorrect.
47, no. 2 38 fro1n Ta nagra, ripe archa ic. Th e high polos, stocky figure i. I onian
and crude hancl-moclc llecl child remind one of th e exa 111pl c fro111l\'legara,
5 [240) Fro111 t he Templ e of Mater Matuta , Satricum (Latium Vetus},
' '.·Pra, . Typ e I IT.A.r.b. [233-37) JJal e arc haic-ea rly Class ical I<.our~- co1nc several kourotrophoi n1ostly of Greek style and 1noulds, ranging
hopho i froin Olynthos, var iat ions on one Attic type : Ol:ynth11s,vu,
6~f., no_s. 2 49, 250, 252, 253, P ls. 31-32 ; Otynth ns, xiv, 130, no. 134, from the archaic to th e hellenistic period; the representations of l'viater
iWatu ta in an Isis attitud e, in Ionian styl e "preserve even in the III-II
P s. so-~r (no. 2 49: here Fig. rS). T he child is separate ly n1odelled and centur y an archaic style ... ": M. i\1oretti, Jlt[11,Seodi Vitta Giulia, 240,
th en ad1usted, that is why in so1ue of the exa11 1ples the lips ar e not as
near th e n1p1)lcas in n o. 249,. 1· t 1·s a gu-1.
· ·1clent.ical
• to th e mother (ha1·r· 246, 254. (241) A large terracotta statu ett e in Villa Giulia, in exhibition
. . ' in Room 32, Case I , fro1n Satricun1, from the 1st half of the 5th century
SL-yle); an 1nterp rctat·1011 D .
as einet er has been suggeste d. (unpublished), bears a big boy, and is near to the Phoenician faience of
ii• I onfon-Sicili11n Isis-}loru s from Tsoutsouros, as well as th e Rhoclian and Geloan ter-
racotta s (infra) [2 42) Lindos, i, pl. 136, no. 2944 ea. ~1id 5th c~nt. B .C.
·th[238) Frain Gela, Bit ale1nL, Syracuse " I400 veiled . third quarter [243] F ron1 Gela, Gela 8444 (Fig. 19), fron1 the votive depoSJt of the
;i cent . BC [.,39] T . - · '
· · - wo c1uldre n suckled t o1n b n1.ontun ent fro111Megara
 T li E TYPES
ll ARCHAIC AND I. ATER REPRESENTATIO!>S
JS
~ma ll Sanc 1uarr of Lhe Acropo lis, ea. n1id 5lh ce nt. B. C. (244] Of Rhodi
Lfl'"• from Cre te, ll crakleion i\luseun1, 1·an1a la kis Collec tion, 7 8: upp:~ and t~e ann brought _c~tiastica lly across the chest exactly as in the
part, fonnin g :La atlac brnent or ha ncll_cof a vase, as the cav ity at the Athenritn ter racot tas, F ig . 2_2, th e various adaptations, and the late
back indica Le~ (l~ig. 20), or fron1 lhc n n1 of a k ern os, or a "claktylios" Antiqu e stele frorn Fayurn, Fig. 26. F. Brommer, Die Giebeldes Part/rcuon
which were used in fcn1ale cult s; see cxan1p les ,vith " the Godd es.,;with (lVIainz 1959) II, figs. 2~f. Th e or ig inal sta tu e most probably stood in the
e rim : Alc;~ion, 20 7f. (24,+0 ] ;\Ien d c l, Cat., nos . ro 33•40_
raiscu ar n1s" on L11 area of th e I{ourotrophio n , near the Propylaia . Th e fact that Pausanias
does not 1nention it could be due to relocation, destruction or Jack of
ii. Paestan int erest on his part. Such a monumental work ha$ in fact st~vived in a
Ro1nan copy, F ig. 27. The old Eastern group, now recreated in the best
[2..Js-2,+9] Fig urines fron1 th e T~alic Tcn1ple : AA . (1956) 442f . fig. 155;
Classica l sty le, eventu ally found it s way back to Egypt and finally
Pa cstum ,+035, J., h: 25 cn1. Anas -She fton, l{Gl 7 P, 389. S in1ilar un- ent ered th e ea rly Christian iconography. The only sign that the engraved
pub lished exarnp les in Pa est u ,n, 4031, I ; 4032 , I; 4035, I; 4037 , I; the 1natron fron1 Fayu ,n is not l(ollrotrophos, Isis, Dea Nutrix or Bona Dea,
sarne typ e app ears in a cha ir with Sphinx es on the side-,vin gs, holding are the t,vo Byzantine crosses on eithe r side of the head. Tran tarn Tinh,
a pon1egranate (?); ea . rs t half 4th cent. B .C. reca lling Boeotian proto- Isi s L11ct11i.s45, fig . 202, argu es that the Coptic Virgins are mortals;
typ es such as Besques, Cat., i, pl. lxv, no. C58, but with a n Io nian flavour. a lso (appar ent ly unaware of the Attic type a nd its rnonum ental and
For the unpu blished frag111e nt ary te rr aco t ta st atu e ,vith swa ddled child n1iniatu re Greco-Ron1an adaptations) that th ere is no historical con•
see i11/ra,Type I V.B.r. f. tinui ty bet ween th e i1nages o f Isis and the Coptic mothers. vVhetber the
Copt ic stele in Be rlin represents Mary or not, the iconography of Isis
ii_i,Craeco-ltalic Lactans h as entered the Chris tian art indir ectly, by the intermediate
[250) Uniqu e exarnpl e : te rracot ta stat ue tte, ,vith naked bust on popula r type of the Attic Suckl ing l{ourotrophos .
chair with high back, and on eith er sid e of her on e snak e reaching to her
1'nees where th_e na ked boy is being suckled: Gerh ard , JlntBildw., pl. (r) Clzilil sitting on her left hnee
111, 3 (bad drawin g), (here F ig . 21). [251] Fro1n the Propylaia, Fi g. 22 ; Winter, i, 140.5; D. Brooke,
" Terr e. Acrop . iV!us.", Tlie Catal. of the Acrop. 1l1-1ts., ii (192r) 394, no.
iv . A lli c Classical and its adaptations 1443: BCfl, 2 (1879) 580-1. [252] ''Fro m Greece", Berlin 30904, (Fig. 23).
T~1e earl; _4th c~nt ury exa 111pl es in the Acropolis t11useum ,vere f~und [253) Locris, vVinter, i 140.4. [254) Capua, Naples 20298. [255) I-Iellenistic
nea, th e I ropyla1a , th e ar ea of th e l(o u rotr opluon (see Ch. Attica). var ia tions of the type: \,Vi.nter, i, 148, 4. [256) Crete, Kato -Anavlochos,
~foulds and /or sta tuettes ,vere a pp arentl y e xported abroad and the De111argne,BCfl, 55 (1931) pl. xiv, fig. 3, there dated in the early 5th
typ e becarne so popular that surviving exarnpl es frorn Italy are n1ore cent. 13.C., a elate around 400 is more likely. [257) F ratte (Salerno).
n_un,e ro~s than those fro1n oth er pa rt s of Greece. Th ere is some clifferen· Severa l exa n1ples in local clay "cop ies of in1ported statuettes, as incli•
t~ahon 111t his ,vi~lespreacl ty pe : a ,vreat h of ivy -lea ves, suggesti ng a cated by the clay of statuettes of the sa111etype produced by moulds",
~ iph nu rsing D1onysos ; a naked baby, or a s,vaddled on e, or a ,vjnged acco rding to th e excavator, who, however, docs not indicate from what
c cl-pe rhaps_lac chos, th e genius of the Niyste 1;es, "t he an nua l pledge locality this oth er clay co1nes; NotSc (195.z-53) 87, 123, fig. 35a, 1 2 -1; he
f~r th e new Birth fron1 the sleep of V-1in tcr, a nd the sleep of Death ." suggests th a t t he originals should have come fron1 Magna Graecia.
Four exam1)les wear a ·ste pl1ane or• a po Ios. "Ih ese st atu ett es were found Th e dist ribution of th e type (see. infra) sho,vs that most probably
.
111graves so perhap s tl 1 · Attic exports were reproduced in Apulia, especially Taras, from which
. ' e w1nged child • appears in th e sa n1e con notation as
they reac hed several sites of Can,pania :unon g which Frattc, either
. ' c ina " frgunn
111 the " ~'[el · es ('i·nfra, Type III.A.ii ). The ,vid e diffusion of the
1.ype 111works of min 1. t dir ectly or thr ough Capua. (258] Cuma, in Naples (uncatalogued ) [259)
:e~ . tal . . . · ~ ar s suggests the existe nce of a celebrated raonu·
t ~n ginal, Slnltlar to th e "Carp ent er' s figur e" and the " Moira"
0
:.ea· roinl th e we5 t and east pcdin1ents of th e Parthenon the latter
R agusa, Sicily : Mou ld, Ragusa 420, tron1 th e excavation of Scon1ava~he,
for wh ich see A. di Vita, Boll. tl'Artc (1959) [260) Rome, American
app " nn g a most Acaderny, Ronie, 1. [ 26 1_2] Froiu the Esquiline: vVinter, i, 1-19,2
conip I.e t e ·111Carr eys's drawings ,1•ith the head' turned 9
3
 T IT£ TYl' RS

ARCHAIC AND I.ATER REPRE SE NTATIONS

anrl 5_ ilJJJ Akrag;L", .\ grige nt o, un catalogued, Lragrnent a ry . ( ,) 37
263
Ltn,ria (~). };icholsm1 i\Iuse urn , Sydn ey , uppe r part only , h : S,gclll she offers the r igh t breas t to a na ked boy on her right knee. (295] Canosa,
E. H.-e,·.., r·at.• \'ic/iols_o11.1111 .~c11111.
Un. of Syd11ey (1870) no. 5 . [ Ber lin Tc .. f996 ; Ger ha rd , Altad. Abliand, pl. 82, 2 swaddled child ,
79 26
Tau rir Clwrsonesc: \\ int er, 1, J ..j.O, 3. [26~~66] Egy J)t : V. Schmidi) Hellenist ic. (296] Lev i, Terr. Fignr., no. 240. (297•·•] Similar but with
li-. l cg. T cl'l'C. 1\1:y-Cadsbrrg Ci:ypt., pl. 11, figs. ~-5. 'fhe old Egypt'.
!) ,. Crac< different (or broken?) headd ress, \.Vinter, i, 149, 6. (298) No prov ena nce :
i,in mot if return etl ho111 e hclleruzedl (207] Pa.gasa.i, Th essaly : lfcl- \ Vin t('T, i, r 49, 3 t l ellenistic.
lcnistic, uppe r part , fron1 the Sa nctuary of P as ,krat a : A. S. Arvanito.
poulos, Grapt11i Siclai (~~hens ! 928) -14·47,_ fig . 55, left belo,v . [2 6s.
(6) L"ler, with tegs wide apt,r/.
761 (299] R begion, R eggio 854, from the ;,,one Taraschi Bari lla . the sacred
Oly nth os : Oly 11l1111 s, xn , pl. .:,2, nos. 13.:,-38 a nd 110 . 171 ; Oly ntlms
h·, no. 378 and Oly11 /lt11svii, nos . 246 , 249, dat ed too ea rly . Simila/ area of a ncient Rh egion. (300) A la te fragme nta ry examp le was found in
late r, with the hc.;.1dlurn ed lo lh e ch ild, _ela te? too ea r ly , in niid Sth 1mer 1963 by th e a uthor while excavati ng under Dr. Nlakaronas in
s u11
cent.: Oly11th11s, v11, pl. 32, no. 254 . [277] Ver ro1a, Mace don ia: BCH, 8g Ancient Pella , Section I.4 in a 1na ssive find of figurines.
(1965) 79-1,Jig. 3; fron1 lornb in which were aJso fou nd fig ur ines of Eros, (7) Flcllenistic, with.her ·right ar111
. coveredby leer hitnalion
group of "Ero s-Psych e", and nude "do lls". [2 78] Of si1nila r ty pe, but
(301] Crete, Berlin 8237, F ig. 28, Nyn 1ph nursing Dionysos, sea ted on
forn1ing a group wil h a ma n s itt ing ne x t to h e r : l( arl s ruh e, no. 519,
rock. [302•·11
) Asia i\1inor , Ber lin, von Gans 8025 ; \¥ inter, i, 42 , 8. [302°]
E. Gerhard, "Mu scograp ltishcs ~Iuse u111z u l(a rls ruh e. I. Stat. Thon-
Genre suckl ing fro1n Sa la mis, Ohnefa lsch-Richt er, ANI (1883) 135.
figurcn", ; JZ 9, No. 2S (1851) 27.
(8) vVith right.hand on her cheek
lo Jeerbreast
(2) Child cli11gi11g
[303] Akr agas , \Vint er, i, 146, 3.
[2i9] Tara s, Ta ran to 52068, with t ubul a r s te ph a ne, ~ ' uille umier.
414, n. S; Quagliat i, f af1igia (193I) 19f., fig. 11. (9) H1ith attribute in. one hand
(304] Ta ras , Ta rant o, Guida, 15 where ill . ; Classical, with polos. and
(3) Very s-im
,itar, but with the child w£nged
po 111
egra na tc (? ) in the right ha nd . [305] Satric um , Rome, ·v illa Giu lia,
[280] Ta ras, Ta ra nto 20088 with po los (F.ig . 24) . [281 -82] Two un- Roo,n 8, Case 4, lower sh elf: holding a cup in th e ra ised right han d.
ca talogued exa mples, one with tubu lar step ha ne , a nd a second , bare- Sea ted on thr one; plastic vas e, 4t h-3rd cent. B.C. [306] Sclinous, Ger-
h~~dec1,~xhibited in Case96, Ta ranto . [283] Ca pua , Bon n, Akad . Museum, nt. Bild w., 48 ab ove, and no. 19.
hard , ..-1
\,\ int er , 1, pl. 148, 5, hea d not belonging. (284) Canos a, Levi, Terr.F1:
g11r.,
57, no. 2 -fO. (285] Cun1a, Lev i, Terr.Fi,g1w., no. 500 . [286-88) Rough ( I o) ·witlt second child slnnd i·ng by lter
It alian works : Pr yce, B!l!IC, Scui,ptu·re, ii, nos . 245-247. 1all sanctua ry on the Acropol is, Gcla 84'.'3•.second
[307) F ro,n Gela, s 11
half 5th cent. B.C., (308) Fr om Syr ia. in Ath ens . of Helle nistic da te.
(4) Child suckling the right brea.st
28 (rr ) 1Va/ied Woman
.( 9] Tanag r~, \.\/inte r, i, 140 , 2. (290] Capu a, W int er , i, 148, I . (29i]
(309] Corinth, xv , jj , pl. 35, no. 387. [309n) Anto ni1'.e marb le s.tatuettc,
M • • • · -ev 1, err.F'1g1w. ·121, n o . 545, fig. 98 . [292)
l taJy, \\/int er 1 149 4 I · 7'
. ,· Renar d, . j\t~ela.ngcs Bayet (1964) pl. xxx v, 9 Apu lia n Jekyt hos, remin iscent of ~•Iyri na figur ines : I{erameikos, H . Rieman n, Die Sk 11l:P-
"h ere th e clu Id is a winged E ros. · ture11von 5. J ahr. bis i11 Rom. Zeil (1940) no. r6r, pl. 37, appa rently
origina lly sea ted on de tachab le seat .
(5) Ny mph Suckling Dionysos (?)
(12) rlelle11
·ist,:cTsis anll Ro11u,
·11cl/pies
l orint.h, Plast ic vase, \~' in ter, i 140 I . R ena r d Meia1igts
[29t3] C
13aye • J>• xxx 11 f' , - (h · ' ' ' • asel [3ro] Pt olemaic gold pend ant: F. Bro1nmc r, t111ti:ktl<lei11
k1u1s/ in
Auktion
34 6
)f , g. J ere F ig. 2 5) [2 94] iWiinzen u ncl i\1edai llen , B ' Sc hloss F" sn1teric, A doiphscck (r.fa rburg/La hn 1955) f3r1] A. Furt -
· · ay 961 , no. 67 : Att ic plast ic L eky tho s, 350-325 B.C.;
1
 TIii! T\'l'E:;
ARCliJ\ JC ANO J, ATER REPRE SEN TATIONS
.. ,Jr i, pl. 3.1.J ; ii , 166. H. 2.Iohius, Alexa1id.
l llli//eGt'IIIIIICJI (11JfH>)
".111g r , . I \\ I' Pl . . ria cl) S,ucliling to1, older Child or iv[a11standing or silli11g11c11,
her
111111Ron, (~lunich i yh-J, I3a.yl'r. A:knc . · ,ss.,,. 111os ._-h.i_stor., sg) ,
• J{,11nan 37
sla. R. E. \~ ill, l s,.s 111. the c,.0 """'o
pI. x..:>, , n"rm , Isi~ c,n th e c1 .
.,
.. Of Egyp tian origin, the sy mbolic nursing o[ the Pharaoh b1· llathnr
/(QI/Ian 11',irfd (New York 1971) J,gs. 55-57, Greek f111p e nal coins or ~1ut or Isis or Anunkhit, influenced the Greek religious iconography
01
Alt•xandria. cf. JI. \\ '. Miillcr, " ]sis n1it drn1 F-Toruskin de", 1ltf]bl(, iii, and thought (c/. the idea of the divine nursing of heroes such as 1-lerakles
4 (i'lfJJ) 7. 3s. )I nst of the figu,in cs conn ected by Tr~1n tan Tinh, Isis and Tri ptolemos). Seti Ist was nursed by i-rut, according to the inscription
l.ticlun~. with a hypoth etica l 3rd cenl. B.C. Alexan dnan Atticiiing cult 0 11 a relief depicti ng him in thi s position: Deonna, "L'allaitemcnt Syn1-

statu e ui Isis are in fact inspired by th e Class ical Att ic I(ourotrop hos, bolique", La/0111 .ns (1954) 140-ff., pl. iv, fig. 11: "rvly dear child, it' s me
snpra, Type lJJ. A.5.c.i1·, Figs . 22-25, 27-28, cop ies a nd adaptations of you r n1oth er, tha t has crea~~-~your beauty, and that has n11rsed you
wlLirh h:1Yc been found all ()1·i:-r t ile Greek \l'Orld and its colonies (the with n1y n1ilk". El sewhere : I he venerab le 1-Iathor of Denclcrah 1s your
nurse" . Th.is idea \l'as ta ken over by the Assyrians (or was independently
earliest ones are Classical Att ic found near the I(ourotropb.ion on the
crea ted by the1n ?) as Lugalzaggisi calls hi1nseH"son of Nidaba, nursling
Acrnpoli~, and so is th e sly le). Such an origi11al in rest rained Attic
o[ N inkha rsag and pupil of Ninabuhhaclu," and in the Hymn Nabu
Classic:ll style can not be ju st ified art-hi sto rically in tltird centu ry B.C.
reininds Ashurban ipal of the ti:Jne when he lay upon the lap o{ the
Alrxand ria: see M. B ieber, The Sculpv11reof the Hellenistic Age 2 (1960)
Goddess and was nourish ed at her breasts. E. D. van B11ren,Clay Fig-
89f. and bibl. The rosellcs, noted as the 1nost frequ ent deco ration of the 11.rines of Babylcn-ia and Assyria (1930) p. Ltf. It is not impr obable that the
sides of the throne in the R o111ancop ies (op. c-it. 31f.), are also found in idea reached Greece through Assyria; see lV L Jastrow, Jr. Aspects of
the Classical Attic Kourot rophos, su,prci, no. [293) (Fig . 25). However, Rebigious Bebief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria (N.Y. 1911) 137lf_..
lhis inay be only a decorativ e accent added by the corop lasts. The and E. Akw·gal, The Ai·t of Greece, Its. Origil/lS(N.Y. 1966) pl. 35. Hera 1s
l'arious Creek copies and ada ptat ions are so111 eti111es diff erentiated represented on Apulian vases and Etruscan 1nin·ors nursing Herakles as_a
as Ny1nph (add ing an ivy wreath or a rock, Fi gs . 25, 28) or Persephone boy, or a beard ed man standing by her! }!era l1aclsuckled riera~es 111
( ?), add ing wings to the chi.lei {Fig. 24) etc . Th e large Neo -attic ter- Thebes, according to th e tradition (Patts. IX, 25). For her statue see 111/ra,
racott a by Pausanias, infra, no. [(>97), 1vas eith er 111 acle locally from an no. [692]. Accordin g to Diodoros (iv. 3~.2) she acte_~ a pretended
Allie mould, or by an Ath enian colonist copyi ng dir ectly or indirectly birth of him: C. Sit tie, Die Gebiirdeder Gnechen 1111d Ro-111er
(1890) I34,
the Alt ic l{ourotrophos {sec such iinported 111 oulds in Fratte, no. 257, not e I.
and compare the Neo-At tic 1vork with ou r Fi gs . 24, 27 , \Vith sin1ilar
11crf1 s-uc/1ti11-g}Jerakles
cro\\'n, throne, altitud e, etc.), and was appar ent ly adapted as an Isis.
Several of the representa tions listed by T rani tan l ' inh as copies of the [314] Etruscan Ivlirrors : E . Gerhard, Etr. Spiegel (Berlin 1843-97)
Alexandrian original are in fact of a quit e differ ent type (his no. A.26, pl. 126. Kltig,nant -Korte, in Gerhard's Etr. Spi.egel (Vol._5)_ pl. 59•
e.g.). Also against his th eory is the fact th at the figur ines are not of the Bear,le y, JliS (1949} 14, fig. 19. Deonna, op. ci'.t., pls. v-Vl, ftgs. 7:9·
same ty~e as th e representation s of Isis in her ten1ple on In1pe1i al Alexan- (315] S. Ital ian and Etruscan Vases: Apulian Le~os , Deonna, ,op.ci-t:,
Cig.6. Arias-Shefton, J:iGJIP, 389 , fig. 22. Can1pan1an Ivater, i'lloretb,
drian coins (op. cit. , 37, types 8-9 ; \•Vit t, I sis). It is poss ible, on the other
hand'. th at ~ later 1nonu1ncnt al copy , si1nilar to Fig . 27, adapted the
iVI1iseo di 17?'.tla
Gi1tbia., r29, fig. 111, err oneously called Hermes. Etruscan
Classical Attic Kourot,-ophos as Isis. kalyx krater : Renard, "Hercule aUaite par Junon", lv~ela'llgesBflyet
(1964) 61xJf. For the iconography in both vases _and 1rurrors see also
(13) On TIases Schauenburg, "Herakles unter Gottern", Gy111'11as11u ,,n, 7° (1 963) 128ff.
2 [316] Terr acotta figw·ines: NotSc S. VIII, 6 (1952) 125, ftgs. 37a-b,
[3i ) Demeter ( ?) l(ourotrophos on red figure Apu lian aryba llos,
Irani Fratte (Salerno) found together with other kourotropho1 of :YPe
JE.Ro~ile~: "L'cducat ion cl'J acchus", Annlst {i88 ) note • Gerhard,
;/-e11s,s JJ "4" ?'>Of 1'd ·I J 5 77' 4, 111.A.5.c.iv.i). See also Deonna, oP. 01,•t., I.c. ancl pls· i-iii
. • Pero
• and
. l\likon,
. ' ':i -, - - · e,n, ,. re 1•• A ppai·atus Rotne iii 63 5 207 · thyrsos . 11er o Id father • I•ev1·· 1 err.F1g11r .. I94,
111 the hackgro nd ls ' ' · ' ' ] n1ythological daughter sue I] c.111g
E . 11 1 ~ niay a O denote a Ny n1ph, cf. infra no. (42r]. (31 3 fig. 144.
s
trip Y e uckhng Alkmcon in the presence of A1nphiai:aos on Attic red
igure vase, ?.f Dc:: lcou 1·t O t · •
· · , res,c et A t/uneon (Paris 1959) 45, fig. :,•
 I"
,\R CM,\I C A;o;O LATER REl'RESENTAT IQNS
, Nm>mllrtnd /11!,·1S11r1
111wl,,
l·rom tlw .\lht·11ia11Agora, apparenlly ,·olivr oHc rin gs, fron 1 a PopuJ a) Ionian typ e
r,-mali· ,nit: . J1;11r(I,vi, 9ff. pl. 3 . no~. JJ-72_. a nd furth e r bib!. (rnost~r (3 19] Arch a ic, no p rove nance, (S. Ital y?): vVinter, i, r46, 4 . [Jzo]
lsi,-typt·). S{'\'eral t·~ampks u11publ.r~h~d 111 tl~c. :l\.c ropo lis Museu: i\fed n1a, R.egg io 1049, late archaic; 1(. Schefold, L11risa a11i fiermos, ii, 3g ,
.\th ,•1ts, from rxp rop rr:i.tcd plot~ of la nd 111the v1c 1n1ty . Severa l Roma~ note 2 ; 1\TotSc, 1913, 511 ,ppl., r oo, fig. rr4 the li □est exa mple or the
~latrnn: 1t• fron1 the 3rr.l-.ft h cc n l. A. O.'. fron1 _tltc ,v~rk shops of post. type ; th ere is □1ore unpubl is hed m a terial in Reggio. For other ~ledn1a
Jlcr 11lian timc·s in l11e area of l ltc Pon1p1c1on. l, cran1c1kos : ex hibited• typ es, see infra, 'fype I II. A.9-11.
C:1~e39, Kcrameikos ;\lu scun, . The type s urYi vcd 0 11Class icizing rnon:~
b) Cypriot
ml'nts, such as tbe Ron1an A.n ton ine Sa rco ph ag i (.zncl ce nt. A.D.) with
n•pn•,entat ions of the in fan cy o f Dio 11ys us : in th ese apa rt from the N un1crous exa rnp.les on stone and ten·acotta plaqu es dating fron1 the
6th cent. B .C. to late liellenistic tunes, with little change in th e icono-
suc kling, the birth a nd was hin g of tb c Chil d ar e a lso de pict ed: R. Turcan
graphic typ e. This type in a n1ost sty lized forn1 is known in Cyp rus
Ll's Sa,·copl,r ,!e~ : ?0111
(li11es ,i repre~e11/(lt io11s l) ionysi:agues (Paris 1 66):
9 a lready from th e Bro nze Age: l(B/1, pl. xx.xvii, 7; J. Thimm e, A 11tik e
pl. 1+, Sare. in h oine, Villa Alb a n 1. Late Ro 111anJ\fa trona e in this type
Terrall otte11 (Bikl erh efte l\'lus. I{ar Jsruh c, 1960), pl. 1; hand mod elled
are ;1bundanl : D. Th on1pson, 1lfi11iat11r e Sc·ulpt,trefr ou, the A ll1cnia-nA<>o~a
..
no. 70, 4th cen t. A.D. 111the 5th-6th 1;e11turi es A.D. lh ere a re st ill st rong'
with swaddled child. Fr o1n Vouni: Dikai os, Syria , xiii (1932) 344£.
p ls. lxx -lxxi ii , 1-3 .
Graeco-Ro1n an re1n i11i~ccnces in Egy pt (Fi g. 26). T er racotta sta tuettes of
the "Dea Nul 1ix", as s he is nan1cd in th e in scriptions, \Vere found in the i. Iioldi11gone swadd/.edchild.
Sanctua ry of Sat urnus in Bir-Bu-H .ekb a, Africa; Jdl, 25 (r910) 269, pl. 9, [321-27) Cesnola Atlas, i, p l. lvi i, nos. 394-400 froin Golgoi. [32S) A
fig. 9 (3rd centur y) . On Pahn y ran gr a ve- reliefs : Ingho lt, S/Judiesover fine Archaic sto ne exa mpl e, holdin g a child in pointed cap : Oxford
Pat111 y rc11s/1 Slndpt-nr, pls. xi i, x iv, x vi. L. J3uclcle -R. N icholls Fitzwil- 1938.360 [329-34) Six sin1ilar exan 1ples, from th e second half of the
l~am ,li us., Ca11:br£d gc, Cat. Grec/1 aud Ro111cn1 S c11tpt,u.re (196~). pl. 46. 6th centu ry B.C.: E. Hoff111ann, "Z yprisc h e Archaologica from the
l·ron1 Fra nce, (,al lo-R.oman ~Juseun1 of Ly on: a find of a Coroplast's Sam 1nlung Ohnefalsc h-Richt er", Das Alterfu .111 , 18 (1972) 69-85, esp.
workshop with 1noulds ancl figurines o f won1a n with two children . For 84, fig. 24. [335) Ea rlyexamp le : l\'farion-Arsinoe, l(BH, pl. xxxvi i., S. [336)
th: _c~ t in Fr a nce ~ce Rcinach , la uonvellc Deesse d'A.tesirt, 4, note 2, and l(BH, pl. 214, 9, child' s body forming an S. [337] I<BH,pl. xxxvii, r from
1
~>- 1. h encl, Les ret,g,ons de /.aGa.nle, 275. Th e cult of Isis as J( our otrophos ldalion? [338] l\'Iyres, Cat., nos. 5217-52, stone; ·ibid., 109, from Amathos,
15
al~o att ested in Pomp ei: Tran la m Tinh, Essai stt.1'le 01dte d'Jsis 11 and Achna. [339] Ibi:d., nos. 5276-52S1, lat er e..'\'.a
mpl es in terracotta. [340]
Pompei (Paris 1964) r 6r. . s t a tu e tt c of [s rs . s ucklin g Harpokrates; 111 • Oxford (1896- 1908) C276 from Achna? stone. [341) Hanover 1935.
Grcco-ro1nan Egv 1>t G1·ce
Ta 111 .. . - • ' ce an
d tl 1c " ' I101e ~Iedit· err a nean ba sin:
· Tran 200.996, sto ne, h: 21.7 c1n. ; fine exarnp le of ea. fif'St half 5th century
1111
_ ~, I s1-s Lactans (Leid en 1973); F.Dunand, LecHtted'Isisda .11sle B.C. (con1parab le Pryce, Btl!JC,Sc·ie!tptiwe,ii, no . C4rS, there described
bnss1.11on entatd e la,l1Mit errr111ee ,
I-I ll (I_e1·cten 1973 ). as Coptic!). (342) Su1n:n1ary later exa1nplc, th e University of Chicago
(unca ta logued). [343) SCE, iii, pl. lxiv, 62 fron1 Vowti (headless}.
6. Child lu'ssing the mother (Fig. 29 )
ii. 11ellenist·ic, with seco11
d chil<lsta111l:i11g
7
!
ea~f;. 0 l~nt~o(~·Oty nthus, vi i, p l. 3I, no . 251, Iron1 th e East Cen1etery,
1
hea~ 0 ~~yi·car lere Fig. 29)._[3rS ) Cypr us, J(B11, pl. cciv, 9, with girl,
(I/ her knee
[344) l(BH, pl. xxxvii, 4 fron1 I{ition. [345] Hellenistic from Paphos,
Ohnefalsch-Ri chter Griech. Sitten ·1P11d Gebrii.uche (lttf Cyprtts, pl. rS, 2:
, rom th e Arte1n1s ( ' ) T J? : • half ·th
cent. 13.C cf th N . · en1cnos, ut1on, second , :, Ny Carlsberg Glyp~othek, Cat(ll., L, no. 7. [346) Tru:ee Hcllcnisti<: li1ne-
· · e I ur se type, 111/ra, VILA. J . stone stelai depicting votaries with a baby and a ~hild, or two ,ch1ldr~11:
Myres, Cat., nos. 6311 , 631 3, 6315; Ohnefalsch-Richter, Top~grapltical
7. li otdi11
g S w"d(lled Chil<l(F igs . 30 -31) Sbudies, Idation (r888), pl. v.5 ; l(BH, pl. 37.4. For th e Cyp_no~ kouro-
Pr edecessors • A ·
· · · rgive, su,Pra· nos. [51-55), and later [78). troph oi see Pryce, B,1tfC,Scut,pture,ii, 132ft.; the chrono logy 1sdisputed.
The HeUenisti c typ e \vith a second child represents the votary.
 flll, fYl'E.,
1\ RCl{AIC ANO l,.\.TE:R REPRESE:'<'T.\TIO:<:S
4J
l/tir 11,111 ,au/ otltfr of /he (;rrcl; 111a
i11l
f111d
,. Les figurines de deesses-n1eres en tcrre cuite du musce Ii~ Anliquiti§
1~ J·ini· rnirl 5th r('nl urr enthron ed Godde ss ,vilh polos: Higgin de Rouen", R evlf.e des soc. sav. de ffa11te-Norma11dic, XXX, Prehi~loir,·
ra/,[. ,., s..icr, pl. 1 I J . 3-10] Lat er a nd cruder , fron1 Anthedon, Boeoti:·
11 Arcl11iolog1:e(r963) 33-58, 5 pls., I I figurines with one or two childrl'n:
Atlwn~ l .!'Jx1 (Fig. 10). l, .JJJ] I•rnn1 "An1pclia" Pharsa la: Deltio11, 18
(1<J'rl}r hronika . pl. 17-1. bc]o\\·, second fron1 right. [350) The Nymph 8. f{olding Child, w11dVarious Attributes
J ,-ro( ') wilh hc•r twin~, \\'int er, i , I.J O, 8: Jo,ver part, bclo\v ,vaist, recon- Egg: Con1n1on Cypriot type: (370-71) l (BH, pl. cc,·, nos. 7 and S,
stnir li:d : n1n~l proba bly originally seated and n ot a bust [350a) Tyro Classical (Louvre 1V INB139). [372] Winter i, 141, 8. Sec also supra, no.
~,-at~d on rock, looking at the b1~ns, left b clo,v : v\li11tcr, i, 140, 6 from [227] . fron1Paestt1m.
·1a nagra. i t: s ,upra, no. [59), exa mples fro1n the Heraion near Silaris with
Fr-u.
po111eg ranat e, a nd no. [304). [373) Olyuthies, xiv, I32, in Boston. [374-81)
S. I talia11,Graeco-Etnrscan, with one to twelve swaddled
d) C"mpa11ia11. Eight J onian-Rh odian unpublished examples in Constantinople: i\l[endcl,
children Cat. nos. 1033, 1040. [382) Hellenistic stat uettes, (3rd cent. B.C.), one
holding apple : Li:ndos, i , pl. 136. [383] Fr orn Capua, Levi, Terr.Figur.,
[351] Capua, Capua 1\Iusew11, exhibited : Classica l ( ?) terraco tta, ea.
1 20, nos. 542f., child hokling pomegranate. Co1n1nonin the standing
1/3 natura l size. [.352] Crude figurine from 111a.lop horos, Selinous, Palem10 Type III.D.2.a. and b.
228 1. [.3 53-58) \,\'inter, i, 147, r, 3-5, 7-8. [359-62] Crude, Italic-Hel- JJh,iale:s1vpra,no. [305] (suckling), iitfra, nos. [393],[680).
lenistic fron1 Capua: Naples 21120. J_cvi, 1'err.Fig1{,r ., 117, nos. 514-15, Lions: infra, no. [679).
[ig. 96. 1b£d., nos. 519, 520. [363] :V [any exan1ples fro1n Archaic t o Hel- B-ird: [384] Classical, from Sicily : Selected E:diibition of Beazley Gifts,
lcnislic Lirnes in the i\Iuseu,n of Capua: A. Adrian i, Jltfnseo Cain,pano, Aslnnolean l'llluseu,1n (1967) no. 627, pl. 79.
Scuipt11re·iu T1rfo(R.ome 1939), ,Passini, pl. II: exainple of Greek type and
adaptatio n or it to the local art istic te n1pera1u ent. [364] S1uall stone 9. H old·ing a very largefi g1we(Fig. 32)
!n
stat ue the court of the \filJa Giulia A'[useu1n, 22.675, I-Iellen.istic. ,~lith Representations on Babylonian and Assyrian reliefs and cylinder
two clulcl.ren:[365) I<.. Schcfold, Die Griechen und Jln·e N achbar•1i (Berlin seals of a won1an holding on her knee a very large child, his head t~Jrned
r967), [ig. -t25, J'[ellenistic. [366] Pryc e, BJ11C , Sculpb1t.1
·e, ii, pl. xii: to the spect ator, have been interpreted as the Godd~s sy1nbolically
v~ry rough work_(fro1n Capua?). [367) 'i\'inter, i, 147 , 6. [368) Several nursing the l{ing or the donor: Van Buren, Clay Fig11 ,r~1es P· Lff.
e~an,plcs 1n J3erlin, the n1ost interest ing of which is the larg e tufa statue nos. 248, 2 49. A siniilar synibolic meaning, not necessarily throug_h
1
"' th ten swa?dlecl babies, knees very ,~•iclc apa rt. (369) V,l inter, i, 149, 7 Assyrian influence, is ill<ely in several cases for the Greek figurines of thi s
late ll ellenisb c fron1l1 01npei, seated cross legged. CJ.th e Classica l cinerary type.
urn-statues, van ously int erpretecl, infra, Type 1,, .B.2.c.
a) Argive
c) Roman and Later S1r,r11£vals [386] Waldstein, Herae•l/fnt,ii, 25 no. 87, fig. 38.
Figurines o( Ro t . b) l\ieclrna .
. inan 111a,ronae ,v, th s,vaddled children are co1n1non
111Greece· Berlin 3 6
· . ·
· .
II o, acquu-ed 111Athens, Fio-. r · h: o.155 in. Some [386] Very large terra cotta: P nee, 1, P1· 30' r ' and interpretation.
.
~ t alf
0 3
were
. . .found 111 the a• ll • ·
' rea o 1e ,-,th en1an Agora and in 'Jlrivate land 1· 11th c
f (387] Mould, Taranto I.G . 6047 (here Fig. 32); Deineter-Kore · IS 11
v1c1n1tv s11pra T . III A 4th century B.C. See further, vnjra, p. ooof.
c,r eek· ·world
' ' ype · · .5.e; very nu1uerous on the perip hery of the
Fro1n i'lot · s·1 ·1 · ·u
F.101 .1 . · · ya, c1Y, Archaeology (1956-57) 13 4 , where I s.
n taly Gerhard • A 1'CJia.o •· l A • IO .Holding W1:11ged F-igure .
,. ,,pprrratus V2 in Cortona lV11 s eo Publ.ico.
1st-2nd cent C011l· I-I .. ' 1o ', _,. • I . , the.rs Persephone, as symbolic
• ., • · ugues \ I ertet Les statuettes de terre cuite gallo- n certain instances Aphrodite, 111 0 h M cln a figurines
roma1nes'Rev ue ii111 Io .... ( 6 . ll Urseof th e soul ; see s1,pra, Type III -A.5.c.iv.
· J)· For t e ' e 1
supra, Type llJ ~: uvre, xu, 19 3) _129-136, ,vith ills. Later examples.
· -:,.c. Ro11u, .11,-Ga1i.lishNorinandy : Louis I-iarmand, see Price, I, passi1n.
 A RCH 1\f C A N D LATEH REPRE SENTAT I ONS
15
a) .\Jcdma: / •igurc ltcld by her right hnud
b) ~Vit/1. wi11
ged 1nnla fi gnre i'll f11Uview
,<;.S l~eggio ~l8J. [J~9) Seve ra l s in1ila r fra gn1en ta ry exan1ples in the
3 [4 r2-15) Reggio 3320 , 3488, 3493, 3491 fron1 ~ledma.
,; 1mc ~I useu111.
c) Hli/h wi11
gwss 111
ale fi gttre in s1&
ppt-ication
b) .l!cdmn: Figure held against her left sho11ldcr
[416] Pr ice, I, pl. 30, 3, fro111Selinous.
lJ 9o] From ~Jcdn1a , Reggio 3122, P ri ce , I, P l. 30 , 2. [391) Similar
c:--amplefrom Locri. cl) Hli/h winged Je111al
e Jig11
,re (417)

c) Figure seated u11her shoulder e) J,V·ilh wingless Je111alc

Jignre (418]
i. 011e fi gure 011{1cr s11011/der 12. Varia,
(392) Levi, Terr.Figur., 24. no. 86. fig. 26, 4th cent. B .C. fron1 Locri. a) Child sta1ul·ing 011. her llnees bei11
,g lifted or broughttc her
L193) Holding phiale; fro1n I taly? \~1int er , i, 133, t . [394) Fro1n Ragusa
Represen ta ti ons of morta l n1others on grave 1uo11uments; of 1nortal or
(Scorna vache) l\ agusa llluscun1. Sn1all winged fig uTe, c raw ling on her
divine nur ses o n vases .
left shoulder: Hellenis tic, upp er pa rt only . [395) Olynth ·1ts, vi i, pl. 30,
no. 248 fron1 a hotLSe, 4 th cent. B. C. i. Child standi ng on her knees
ii. H' ith two 10ii1ged fi gui•es, one 011 either shoulder [419) Levi, T err.F·igur., r24, no. 560, fig. 99, fro,u Cap~a: Aphro~te
with Er os. [420] Ars Antigua, AG (Auktion V) No. 86, child embracing
[396-97) Locri, Hi ggins, Cat., i, pl. 169, nos. 1228 , 122 9. [398) lliedma, her · fro1n B oeotia , 5th cent. B.C. [421] G. I(orte, "Antike Skulpturen aus
Reggio 3724. [399-402] \.Vint er, ii , 199, 2 ; 200, 4-5, 9. [4037 A fev, examples Bo;o ti en" , ; J.~1. 22 (1879) 268ff., pl. xv, 4th cent. B.C., child receiving
in crouching position fro1n i\•lecl111a: Zanotti-Bianco, Magna Grecia a bird fro1n th e n1ale standing (igure. [422) Nilsson, Dionys. 1vfystenes
(New York 1962) 68 ill. [404-406) vVinter, ii, 202.4 -6 : Aphrodite with (Lund 1957) 1 rz: silver alabastron from Thessaly, A NI, 37 (r9r2) 66!f.,
Hi 111eros and Er os. cf. inscribed 6th cent. bla ck figure votive plaque, pls . ii, iii , Nyi11ph sea ted on rock \vith baby and another nymph stretching
from the Acropolis of A.thens, infra, Typ e fll.D.7 .l. [407) Gerhard, her han<lou t to ward s him; thyrsos and tyinpanon.
A11serlese11eGriecl1.Vasenbilder, pls . Iv, lvi, in b lack figure.
ii. Child being /lifted
iii. Bu.st wit/1one or two wi11
geil fi gwres [423) Lebes Gamikos by the \oVashing Painter, I{erameikos (Fig._33),
[408] Tarenti ne Terracot ta ante fi:--: a crou chi ng boy is d epicted on her Beazley, .1RV 2 , 1126, no. 3 ; AiVl, 7r (1956) B e ii· ~I S·· L ebes . Gam1kos
ti ~
~eft shoulder holdin g a do lp hin; \Vuilleun1.ier, 42 8, pl. 39, 3. The figure i\lunich 7578 (th ere interpr eted as a 1nisunderstanding by a nunor ar s
is appare ntl y wingless. I think that here Er os is not meant, but the of the 1noli( of the Epiphany of E ros to the Bride)•
nati ve hero Ta ras with llis sy1ubol. [409) Inc ense burn er: bust of Aphro-
dite with a winged Er os sta ndin g on eac h sh ould er· Wuilleunuer, pl. 42• iii. C!tild being ccrrried
. . en f ro1n 1'11eseus to a Nvmph, H. R. S.•
~410} A semi-na ked Aphro dit e stoops und er th e ,veigi1t of an Eros crouch· (424) Anadn e giving her childr ,
\1 I ?b [ ..5-26) Other.
ing on her neck, \.Vuilleuntier, 414 , n. 2 . ~ - S1nith, Der Lewis-mater (1939) 2 7, no. 2 • P · - · .. 4 - t le [,., ...s]
']' 1 · b
• Dohrn , Atbische Plastik (1957) P · X\/1, vas N .
e and xvu a s e · .,- 7 •
R 1 ullies
_ II. Persepho11
e, Med111atype, with i·cliefJig'lllreon her chest Hermes br inging Dionysos to the three Nyn,phs of ysa. _ • 'r '.
1 3 2
l·or all the ty pes below sec P rice ', I :,•r-s·
"Z,u r Bo1·otisch
· ·
Rotf1gunge· Vasenma Ierei'" , AN/ ' 65 (194o) I:,, s·
P · ' d'
:,. to a N ,nnph · l-I Sich tennan Die . Grwc,i-isc,ze
· , · , Vllse· GBstn 1t, 11int 1111
. ,, . . . , on Attic graves ones,
.
a) H' illt wi4iged 111. ·iA1g to the right
ate fig nre in Profile, atlva11c l\n 11s twerk (Berlin 1963) pl. 2. [429-30] Common
[411] P rice, 1, pl. 29 , r. such as Ath ens 3790, 819.
 THE T\ 'PES
ARCHAI C AND LATER REPRE SENTATIONS
47
i,·. 011Gra11c$/011c.~
. cf• ;IJVI (1959) fro1n the Heraion, Samos, 35ff., pl. 8z • z •' eastern
Ionian
Supra, nos. [.µCi. [-129-30]. _
import.
' .iJr ) Conze, Allischc Crabreticf s, pls. 47, 03,_ 1r3 ff. ; [432) C. vV . Clair-
in~n(, Craves/one and Epigra·111.Grec/1 111c 11
1or1.als Jro1n the archaic and C. RE CLI NING

classicalperiod (i\l.a inz 1970) 91. pl. 11, no. 23 : late 5tl1 cen t. B.C. J\Jn. [ 3] T anag ra s tyle Apl1rodi te on couch, nursing Eros: M. B. Huish,
lliarelc holding her gra nd child ; for the la tter see al.so G. Pfohl, Poetisahe Grc! /4Terraco/ta Sta/11wttes (1900) fig. 5. [444] Rep~ese~t;tio n~ on bronze
~lci uliunsl auf aligricchischen Denkmrilern (1967) fig . 4, pp . 32, 6 ; , ba ncls (apo tropa1c ?), P. V. C. Bau r, E·tleithyia· (Chicago 1902)
4 votiv e l S . .. kl.
t'dcm Grecf1 Poe111 s on Stoues, 104. [433) J\Ietr opo litan J\'1.,Ne,v York, , f.
42 445[ ) R einac h, Re,
p. de a tat11a1
.re, 11
, 26 o, 5 sue· 111g
.
77
fra~1e ntary (t he baby lying fla t on her lap) . [434 -35] Kaltenhauser, D. STANDJNC
Jiandiuerldichc Gestal/11 '/lgin Att ischen Grabrebief des V . '1/.?td IV . ]ahrh. v.
r. Child seated on her left slzo1tlder(Figs. 34-37)
Chr. (r938) p ls. 4, 5. [436] Contr oversial wide s tele by th e Parian Potion,
ea. .+60 B.C.: N. I(o ntoleon , "U ne stc le fun era ire d ' Icari e", Aspects Typ e of Io nian origin, usu~lly repres~nting the votary; in ~ttica
de la Greccpreclassiquc (Pa ris 1970) 1-21 ; ff. Rtihf el, "Gottin auf einem con11non for. Sileni· a nd · slave s · Since
. slaves
. tn At hens were
. . ofte n foreigners
Grab relief?" , Anti{, 17 (1974) 42-49 ; see also G. Daux in A-rch.CtI97J1.J, froin th e East and so ar e Silen1, tl11s posture may mdi~te an Eastern
2-16-49;H. Hiller, 1onisclieC·rabreliefs der ersten Fialft e des 5. Jaltrh. v. Clir. h,t· l)1·t . Th e t', '}JC app ear s also in N. Greece, andr··o the penphe ry of Greece
·t
(Deutsch A ,.,h. 111st. l slanb. 1VJ.ilt. 1 2, 1975) ; I{ontol eon interpreted it asa proper, (S. Ru ssia, lVIagna Graecia), where the oruan 1n uence is s rong.
Kourotrophos Godd ess, bu t il seerns 11 1ore pr oba ble tl1at it represents Apol- Oll1 1. -·se th e typ e is ofte n used 111Ion.1a for Aphrodite with Eros, or a
demon e w 1.with child
· .
(fl ephaistos with ·
l(abIJos? ·
see infra, ·rype VII•C)•
Jonia , who perhaps died in child-bir th , holdin g her ba by girl " 'hile herot:her
four ch ildren (or two children and two b roth ers, m e nt ioned in the inscrip- a) One Child
tion) stan d in front of h er biddin g herf airwell ; it is p ossible that the unusual
i. I onia
width is d ue to a vot ive character of the g ra veston e, hinting to a kind of
hcroiiat ion of the dea d Apollonia; con1pa re wi th t he Chrysapha relief, and [446] Rhod es : ~'lenclel, Cat., nos. 883-890,. 367-8, some holding P~IT_'.e -
other Spa rtan reliefs; see also iufra, 125f., X enokr a teia relief. [436 3 ) Stele of gn1nat e or phi a le. [446n] Halikarna.ssos: H1gg1ns, Cat.,_110 • 11? · 344, P - ~;;
] I<os : l\fend el, Cal., no. r747. [447) Assos: \Vmter , 1•D
[4461> 1 1 .,
1 44, tu
~frochoofferi ng her breas t to her ba by, Volos NL [437) St ele fro1n Oreoi,
Archaic. [448 ] Found 111 . Olymp1a • . A. y a lou ri , "A Hero's epar re ,
Boeotia, with the child sta nding ag ain st her kn ees : A AA, 5 (1972) zzJf.,
fig. in p. 229 ; R iih fel, op.ci'.t., 47, n. 50 a nd pl. 10, 4 . [438] Funeral ( ?) stele AJA • 75 (1971) 269-75 pl. 64, bronze sheet.
found in a field in Pieria, l<a terines near Th essa lonik e, in 1970, Thessa lo- ii. Etrnr-ia •
nike, nncat alogued : n1oth er tui·n ed to t he righ t ho lds near her cheek the · · . H.a nfmann ' Etr-11
-sk. Plasl1k
(,f49] Akr oterion from the Ten 1p le Of , , eu. tf !vl-ueo di
hand of a boy wl10 stan ds be tween lle r kn ees, leaning again s t h er, and offers (1956) pl. 16 ; D e Agostino, Veio, 2 4, 46, au d i.\· 1 111
1 ore 1' 5
some food to a cock under the sea t; Atti cizing, early 4th cent. B.C. [438•] l/ i/fo G-iulia., 6Sf.
:\[other with swaddled bab y : I<era 1neikos, I-I. Ri en1a nn, Die Skulpt11re 11
van 5. Jahrh. bis in Ro,11- . Zei/ (Berlin 1940) no. r , J)l. 1, 5th cent. B .C. [439] iii. ll 1orth Greece l Bc
Arvan,topoulos, Grapta:i,Stclai pl. vii.i.[440) H . B iezantz, D'ieThessalisc!,e,i [450] .fhrac e : Be sques, Cat., 1,. pl. 33, no. B292 , be".
" 5th cen . . .
~rttbrehcfs (:1la inz t96 5), pls . 22, 1 and 2, r. [441 ] Deltio11 3 (1917) 247, [.150•] Tha sos ll'l., 110s. 2669n, 2788, 2789.
1
fig. 7~. Stele of Philot era (Th ebes), 4th cen t. B.C. For the standii ig
111
type, /r a, 111.D. Fo r furth er bib l.: Chri stia ne Pinat el, Les staJ,ues iv. Alt-ica . . [ )
anttques des ja rdt"nsde Versailles (Par is 1 6 ) . . . _ ] 'b 'd .s Hellerust1c. -153
9 3 145 [451] \.V1nter, i, 144.6 Class1cal. [4:>2 _i 1: ··A144
hr elite ( ?) with Eros
B. IN l( NEE LI NG POSTURE (SLAVES?) Acrop?lis l\'1uscu1n: upp er part of Hellen iStlC ivp F~. _ [ S-ll Dcltio11,
2 rnation over the ir heads, see Type IJI.D.3.a. ' ~ 41
h.1 from4 the Kouro-
[44 ] Ionian plastic vases: i\'Iax imova , Les Vases Plast1:qu ,es Grecques
2 I6 (1960) 10-11, fig. r o, above left; Praktika, 1960, 4 9,
(t g 7) r3:zf.; children on th eir knees, and/or th eir bac ks, archaic oriental ·
 T IJE TYPES
ARCIIAI C AXD LAT!:,R REl'llES1'Xft\TLONS
49
2
1roJihi"n bdow the .'.\ik<'b,L~lion. f455] Braz lry, AR 1· , 743, no. 1 11•h· ii. Asia 1\t
fiuor
•. • • f • 1te
ground lrkythos lty r1111okralt$ p::untc-r ,v1l 11 e 1nale se rvant ea .
[4753\Vint er, i, r4+.2 . (476) I-iiggins, Cal. i., 110, no. 344 , pl. _
rhild. id em, U. F. l'11scsi11 A111crica11 1\J11sc11111s(1918) 10 7 , fi~G~g 53
•
iii. Cyprus
V. rypntS r477J vVint er, i, I55 .2.
r45l>] J(B l-1, pl. cc,·. 4 Brrl in Tc. 6230, \\'ilh boy ridin g her shoulder.
iv. Cret&
vi. Sicily [+78J Fron1 Go rt ys , in H crakle ion, Fig. 35.
The largest class. [457) Sy racu se, un ca ta logued, Fig . 34 , lat e archaic.
v. Sicily ( ?)
!458J ibid., from Lhe Art e111i sion , Syracuse, Class ical. (459] ~falophoros,
Pal~rn11J;headsonly, Class ical. [460] Biscar i 111 ., Cata nja, early Classical. [479) flesperia A rl B11tletin,XLV-XL VI, no. Ag, ea. mid 5th cent. B.C·
[46 r) Sy racuse 24883, fron1 l<an1arina, early Class ica l. [462) Fron , Gela: c) R11i
siug her right hantl to her head to holdthe child's hand
\\ 1intcr, i, 150.1 5th cent. B.C. [463] P. Orland ini, "Lo scavo del Thesmo-
i. Classicat I onian type with variations
phorion di Bilal e1ni", J(ollfd-0s, 12 (1966) pl. ix, fig . 1. [464-65] Syracuse
21415, 21402, fro111 Bit ale ,ni, old excavat ions . (466) Agr igent o 499, [480-81] ~Iyr i:na, Besques, Cat., ii, pl. 5, nos. b-B0 104 and g-Myrina
from Gela (?), upp er parl. r 138. [482) I<crtc h , '.Vinter, i, 144.5. [483] I<ertc h, Anliqu•itis d1iBosp!iore
Ci111 .erien, pl. LXXa :2. [484] Boeotia, vVinter, i, 144.4. [485] Corinth,
1111
vii. Tai-as xii, pl. IO, no. 140 . [486] Tegea: girl on her s houlder; fine example of
Attic influence. [467-68] Ox ford 1886.665 (\~' inte r, i, 150.5) and Phcid ian date an d influence , Besques, Cal., i, 100, pl. 72; Besques,
1889.534, up per pa rt on ly , probab ly fron1 a tr iple g roup of Persep hone- Terres-cu.ites,62, pl. xi ii ; l{noblauch , Studien 189, no. 401 (J1ereFig. 36).
[a kchos-Dionysos (or Plouton, if lhc 1nan ,v,1s beard ed); these groups [-187] North Greece : local, late Hellen istic. Collection Totsios, Thessalo-
have oth erwise been int erp reted as heroized dead. See Paribeni, s1vj>ra, niki, Fig. 37. [48S) Thessalon iki, 3893 from Pentaplatano, Yanitsa.
Type III.A.4 .a.ii. J1-1 S, 1 (1880) 2r, no. 19. [4 69) ?lfany fraginentary [489] AE (1932) 126, fig. 86, r -2 fron1 N. Macedonia, 1st cent. B.C.
examples, n1oslly unpubli shed, in Tarant o, fro .in a vo tive deposit : [.190] .I. N. Coldstream , J(nossos: The Sanct111ary of De11ieter(London
No/Sc, S. Vl, 17 (1936) 15rf. figs . 64-68 . [470] vVith polos : Gaz. Arcif. 1973) 66, no. 60, pl. 39, 4th cent. B.C. [491] Deltio1i18 (1963) pt. B 1 pl. 27
? 88r-:) pl. 36, lefl. ~47r ] Tan~nto LG. 4036 Case 108, LG. 215:• (from th e J{era111eikos) .
.G. 5-0I6 . [4710 ] Levi, Terr. F1,gwr., no. 90, many fra gm. exa 1nples 111
ii. With second child c/Ji111bing 1,pher W(tist
Naple~ a ncl Tri este. [472] This tYPe a pp ea rs also in var iations in a votive
depo~,t {or D ionysos-I·Iades in ~letapont io r1: 1VIe tapo11to, G!'·ida dell'A11li· [492) Tara s: /l·111sterda·1n, Gids, Allard Pierson 11JJ115c1mi
(1937) pl.
~1ran1r,i n ~1?61 ) 8-g. An Att~c . inscribed red figure k y lix in the British
xciv, no. 1996 , 3rd cent. B .C.; h: 20.8 cm.
· [useu,~, is 11~por tan t for their int erpretation as P ersep ho ne with P louton: . Ploutos seatedon her left s}l(rulder
d) l•V1:t1, holdingcorn11copiae
B.. ~letzger , D 1onysos ch.tho nien" , BCfl, 68-69 (1944-45) 318, fig. 8. [493) A. ~Ii nor, He llenis tic: VI. F roener, Terre. d'Asie Mi 11e-11re,
St,
vi.ii. l(rimea pl. 25, no. 7676 ; Berlin. TC.7676 (F ig. 38).
[472•] \\!int er, i, r 44 .5.
2. Child held to her left (Figs. 39-40)
b) With second. child by l,e,· a) Rhod-iantype with veil or polos
i. Rhodes i· T,Vith one child
[473) Higgin s Cat, i l 22
i 1 ·
• P • 104, no. 22-6 · ..
•
.
· J, 5
·• • P · , no. 119, early 5th cent. B .C. [474] L111cw
aJ
,
th
[494] i\fendel, Cat., nos. 662, 891-893 (no. 89 1 : child wi ~
105
870·882. (495] L?'.ndos,i, p l. 138, no. 2986; pl. 139, nos. 2987" 99 ·
j:
nos. s _ _ => ' inore cxainples 111 Consta nt inople, ~Jendel, C ·•
94 5
 ·m1 :. TYPE S
50 ARCHAIC A.'ID LATER llli'PRESENTATIONS
51
I liggins, Crrc/1Tcrt·ac.: pl. ~5D. [,+96] _Fron, Crete, d ep osit frorn ancient g) Peripheral [iellenisti c Types
()lou~: of Rhoclian _type,.~hild naked, Jn the i\[useu1n o~ Ayio~ Nikolaos,
E. Crete. [497] Cor,11 /11,x 11, pl. 10, no . 14r. [498-500] \.Vu1ter1 1, 143, 2_ _ i. Cyprl/.S
4 r
[s 26] J(Bf l: pi;, ccii, n o. 7, of f:ine Tanag ra sty le, fro1n a tomb. 527)
ii. H' ith s.:co11dchild sta11din
g by her a rag eorg 1s: Chron,que d es Fou,lles a Chypre en 1968", BCH,
V. 1.;_ 93
l501j Liiulos, i, pl. 138, no. 2997: pl. 139 no . 2992. [502) ll'Iendel, c41., (r 969) 487, fig . 409, fro,n a tomb (Paphos l\i[useu1n): [528) ces11
ota Atlas,
S9-1,-5
. ii r pl. xii, no. 329 , nak ed child plays with her hair. [529) i\iyres, Cat.,
2217. [529t>) SCE, iii, p l. ccii, 7-8, p. 592,595 suckling Egyplianizing,
11~ .
b) J:>
aesla·11 later 3 rd cen t. B. C., fro1n Arsos.
(503) Gerha rd, Ant. Bitdw., pl. xcvi, 3, 7-9, s0111 e holcfu1g fruit or
ii. Ta-rs11.s
egg. [504) Several in Paest u1n, one h oldin g d ove . [505 -507) \~'inter, ~
150, 3b, 6 and 7. (50S] Berlin, Tc. 333) [509] Levi, T err.Jl·ig11.1·.,
100, no. 429. (530) \.Vint er, i, 145, r.
iii. 1Va•11,krat-i:s-Al
exanibria
c) Attic
(531] \Vinter, i, 145, 2. (532] E. Breccia, Atexand1'eiaad Aegypt111n
(510) \Vinter, i, 143, l, late Archaic? (511] \>\/inte r, i, 143, 6 from (1922) 249, fig. 147. (533] Creeli, Etr11,scana'/ld Ro111a11
A11liq11ities.
A11
Pira eus, Classical with polos . gs Baker, Esq. Held at the Ce11t11ry
Exhibit fro ·in the Colt. W. Cw111111in
d) Boeot,ia11 Assoc., New Yor k , l\if.ay I7-Sept . 25 r950 -Catal. by D. von Bothmer,
no. 78, 4 th cent.
[512) ICestner ~fuseu1n, Hanover , 1896, 56, h: 24 .3 c1n. Fig. 39, holding
son,ethin g like fan or flower (perl1aps a cult obj ect?) . cf. representation iv. Apulia , Ca1npa11ia
on the "Homeric Cups," : U. I-Iausn1ann , J-lelteivistische Becher (St utt gart [534) vVint er, i, 150, 8 . (535) Lev i, Terr.F·ig1tr., 118, no. 517, fig. 97,
1959) 195, 50, 55, no . 24 and pl. 34, I. holding dove ( ?). [536) Somewhat similar exa1nples in the Museum of
Pacstu1u, gro und floor, Case 1. (537] \1/jnter, i, 151, ro from Capua.
e) S-icil-i
n11,w£th nncoveredl1ea.d
(53S-39] Nap les, 20539, and C.S . 76. [540] Naples, 20478 from Capua.
[5 13) Assaros: \l\iint er, i, 150, 3. [514) Gela , B itale nli: J{okatos, 12 [541-42) Levi, Terr.Figiw., nos. 654, 429, child raising hand to her cheek.
( 1966) p l. ix, Archaeol. Reports 13 (r966-67) 4 2 f. [5r5 -r6] I(amarina: (543] Gerha rd, A1·cltiiol. Apparaf.11s, no. 301, cloaked child.
Syracuse, uncatalo gued, and 20.227, headless.
v. 1\1orth G7eece
f) Tarris, cf. supra, Typ e III.D. l. a.v ii.
[544] li cllenistic te rracotta fro1n the Cemetery of Amphipolis .. in
1
.[5 7· 18] .Naples 140.992-3. (519] i\fun ich, Antikensammlung (pre- Kavala. [545-46) Vividly painted local exan1ples fron1 a tomb at_ Nike-
:~~~s~y Pn~z J(a rl _P ala is, l(lei nku.nst ivluseu1u), TC.5636, h : 15, 5 cm. .anc, Pangaeon
s1 3 30-20 B.C. Kavala 292, 293 ,
E. they stand. with
. the
all
. JU~let 111the nght han d, Chri st, Fii.hrer, 24, No. 33ot. (520] Selecled · 11t leg slig
rig · ·htl y' bent, clad 1n
.' chiton
· anc1 h1n1a
' t'on
1 , the child ,n .,sm_
Exl11.b1
_ _ _ ~
r,
.f;1ono' Beazle.:), 'ts A I t
U"/1
, ,r
• .' s nno ean 11'1.11 (1967) pl. 79, no.
,se11.1n
619
' cloak. [546"] Thasos .o1· from the Arten 1ision of Thasos, no~. 2900 , -9:ied7,
42
j' o :i B.C. (?) th e earliest pub lished or exhibit ed example. (521-zz] ' . -" b t 'th the child support
an d some unca talogu ed fragmen ts; s11nuar, u wi .
11
lh:~to , 50415 Case 106, uppe r hall, and I.G. 20062 , child reaching for by pillar, near ,vhich the mother stands: no. 295'711, a nd fragnients, a
1". ros held by th e 1nale figur e. [.:23] Winter i 204, 8. [5-24]
:-,-antCha unpublished.
7 iggins at i \ 18 ~ ' '
' ·• ' P · 9, no. 1:354. A Ron1a11 sto ne relief perhaps fronl
a sarcophagu s /." • h) Cliil!l held i1i C·radte 'd
!Y tS ( , c ·reabns, ha.<;a si1nilar type ~vith child craw ling to her left,
~ ..:·u;. i:gog) 171 • l7 2 , fig. 5- [525] \Vinter, i, 150, 4 in polos, is net from a
r.- • d- NI Archaeol.de Madr, •
1.J47] Cyre na ica : Laurnonier, Terres Cuites 11 •
100 , No. 510 , pl. x li. On Locrian Pina kcs Perscphone app
ears near tht,
·
•
 ARCII ATC 1\ :-ID LATE R REPRF.S£),TAT IONS
5.\
1 !Sia with a child in il, son1eti1nes exp lained as ~ ionys _os ; ~ iannel li, C1tU
ie 3. Flelleni'.stic S1tckli'llg (Fi g. 41)
,1tti, l?.il. Oldfalh<:r, JJ!Jilolog11s(1912) 326 (d 1scu ss 10 11inf ra, p. 172ff.).
a) Draped
i) ('ltifd 011co/1111111
al her /~ft, tcr11
1i11g011 her .I , l' cil o;;erhead
J{c,ggio, 910c, from _l{hcgion hea~lcss . V . H oo1-n, Chces,
5 -11,;_ , [· 6 · ] Na ples 2053c, fro1n Capu a . [566) Wint er, i, 145, 4 Nauk ratis,
17
rig. 11 : ,·oti,·e staluclle of child on colurnn int erp re ted, t hr ough th e use (so~] :i\.Vin tc r, i, 143, 5 Cypr us. [568] Levi. T err.l~igur., 117, nos. szrf.
of diocs, a5 a newly initiated cit izen in t l1e A.1l t heste ri a, gree tin g Athena
I{ ourolrop hos. ii. ]'II reath or tubular crown 011 head

j) 77,ctype i11Gravestones, Le/1ytltoi, TI ascs [s69] F ron1 \\r!a g na Gra ec ia , Fr oehner , Cat. !Vl11scde l!,Jarseilt
e (1897),
22 3, no. 1176 .
i. Grave11101111111e11/ s
9) B. Schn1altz, Unters1tcl11111
[5,,1 ge11z11. den Atli schen NIari11orLeliythe11 iii. Bare head
(Berlin 1970) pls . 21, 23, thera p a inis bri11ging c hild. [550] Cleveland (S70•72J \.\ILnLer, i, 143, 7-9 l{e rt sch and Tanag ra. [573-74] SCE,
~luseun1 of Art 25.1342 (R oo1n 36), At h enia n g rav e le kyt hos of Ly sistrat e iii 592, 595 , p l. 102, 7 a nd 8 Cyp rus ; Egyptian influence, Hel lenistic.
l{tes iphonlos (P o}lemio(u}. L eft : th era p a inis h olds ba by ; th e dead
holding her ,·eil b ids fa rewell to her hu sba n d ,vhile th eir y oung iv. Hl•ith 11J
i 1tged chil d
girl sta nds und er th eir un ited h a nd s (Fig. 40}; early 4 th cent. B .C.
[s--J
1
Fr oin Cen turip e in Syracu se, 8193 (Fig. 41}. [576] Gerhard,
[55r) Rien,a nn, Die Sk 11l:pt 11.ren (s11pra, n o. (43SaJ) and jdl, 50 (1935) ;Lnt.~ildw., pl. 20, He lle nisti c . [576°] Cesnota Atlas, i, pl. cvii, Aphrodite
28, Abb. 15, a n1aid brin gs th e secon d t will . [552-53) Riemann,
nursing E ros, fro m Golgo i, 4 t h cent. B .C.
op cil., nos. r 8, 24, pls. 4 , 7. [554) B CI-J, 92 (r968} 761 , fig. r 2 froJ11
:'llarat hon. [555] Arva 11itop oulos, Gi·apta.i Stelai 147, pl . ii: Ste le of h) 1/alf-draped .
H ed iste, 3rd cent . B.C., ,,,ho died in ch ildb i1ih, as th e ep igram relates,
[577] \.Vinter , i , pl. 1 45, 8. [578] D. Bur r-Thompson'. .. The ll.f~ 1~
lyi ng in bed while the n1id,vife bring s th e infa nt . Bl a n che R. BrO\Vn,
Terrac. of the Bos ton 1Vl.of Fvue Art s (1934) no. 83, pl. xxXlll; Aphrodite
"Th e P aint ed S telai of Demetr ias", 75 th Gen eral lVIeeti n g of th e Insti-
[579] Berlin , 4384 wit h st eph a ne .
tu te", !If A, 78 (1974) r6 r. [556] Stelai fro 1n l ' roa s: J\L Bi eb er , Griecltisclte
I(leid11ng (Berlin-Leipzig 1928} p l. xiv.I. (557) l\Iothe r \l'ith old er daughter: c) 1\lalled
Ste le o! Tin1arista \vith l{r it o, in R hod es, Ail,J, 76 (196 1) p l. 56. (557•)
[580) "D olls" froin lVIyrina: Winter , i, 142, ro. (581] Severalalenik~a~(pnloess,
Girl wit h doll, youn g inlit at ion of kou roph oro s : Fo gg Art lliuseum, · • I MuseUJ
· n of T hess o ff ·1fi •
unpublish ed in th e New Archa eolog1ca
B.arvard University , Gift of Fr iends of I{ . Br ewst er l 'a yl or; see Type
l lI.D .7.111
. 2159-61 2063 2 18 1) co1ne fr on1 Verroia. BCH, 89 (1 96?)792, · T?. 4~
. ' ' F• fi o,n Seleucia 011t,1e igr
For interp re ta tio n see \A/ . va n Ingen , igur. r _ [ J Small marble
ii. Vases ( 1 939) 2of., 32 ; G. W . E ld erkin , AJA, 50 (r93o) 4:>9· 58
2

[558) CV II , Lo uvre, iii, l.C . pl. 21, 3-4, Ny n:iph brin gin g Dionysos to torso, Eleusis Muse.um, Case 10, no. 139 .
Zeus. [559) A. l{lein, Child Life (1932) pl. iii, with ba by in a bag on her g I on-ian-Calabrian (fi g . 49)
4. Stti11tl,:11
back! (~ ouv r~ 335t) . [560) Auge b ring ing 'f elephos to the wooden che5t : p . I
Cook, Zcii~, 111,_457, fig. 294 . [561) \ ~linged Iri s ( ?) In scrib ed liate, holding · n ee , , pass·i-in, pl. 30 .6 . t'tll 'S u1ill1
. . . d . right ar,1,, some, •
H.crmes-~hild with the kery keion ,vhich h e too k fro m her : J-1. R. Vo/.Smith, a) Clnld partly 1t11der her hi1ua&1 01i exten ing
~:, Lew,s11ialcr (1939), 19, 28 , no. 4, pl. 23a. [562) CV A, Go th a (2) p l. 72 • 2· Pomegranate . ] I( Schefold,
\:>f,1CVA • Oxford, 1 , pl. 38, I O. [564) Antike ] ( leinkii n st i1i 1-¥i'lttertlnir [·8 ) R s vppl·• 89,· • fig. roo.
1) · ~•}3 . eggio 3253; 1'lotSc, 1913 , 1
(584 ·
no. 40, note 2.
tg 4 ) pl. 8 , 28b. [564•] Servant holdi ng ch ild which ex tend s th e arin to ie ( le•111fwnde, La·rt'.sa ain Hernias, 3 (1 942 • ·31'
seated mothe r : E. la R.occa , JdI 89 (1974) 133, n. 84.
 THE T\'l'EC\
5-1 AllCHA[C As'ID LATER REPRESENTATIONS
55
J,) ,\'alu:drhild
a [{ourot ropho s i)> I a ffci del ~[useo. ~ Vollcrra". RcvArcl, (rl)bS)
5i,;5 Ear ly clas~ical, fro111 Locri. } J '. N. Couch, A] A, 1930, 344• , ;~ __240 , figs. 1, -1-~9,12. Terracottas : ·tbid., figs. 5-6; Hellenistic. [6oz•j
figs. 1 a-h, 2 a-c; infra, Type l V.1\.1.cl , Fig. 49. 352
~[.:,o( 'farq ttinia, fll'st Uoor, R.oom of G_reek Vases, Case 12, no. C.S.zh:
~[ h centur y br o nze kouro tropho s o f Ionian type, on the top of a lhyniia-
r-) rltild with raised rir111
s, 111
0/hcr holding cock
L58fil .VflfSc, 1913. Sup/>l., 1ooff., fig. I OI. East ern influence, cf.
'
terion.

Type IJ.~.a. e) TerracottaPlaques

5. ,\I othcr fl'lldChiltl enveloped in her hiination (Fi gs. 42-43) i. Cypriot
[603] ),fa ny a t Oxlord, f ro111 tombs at Tsan1bres: RDAG (1937-39)
The lype is of Ion ian inspirat ion. T h e ea rlie st exam .ples known to me
1 2
c<Jnu• fron1 Class ical Sicily . 4511.pls . 303, 30, • •
a) Sicily ii. Fl'o in Ta1'S'ltS

(587) Frorn Syrac use, in Syracuse (uncatalogued, fr o,n private Col- [6o4] From the 3 rd cent. B.C . to Roman tun es, pro bably votives to
lccl ion). [588] Fr o111Gela. Bitale 111i, old excavat ions, Syracuse , 2143r. Kybelc: Tars11s,i, 340 , 352f., pL 238 .
[588"] Fr o111Selinou s, l\olalophoros, Pal ern10, Inv. no. 2395.
6. I-folding by the hand stanti:in.g Child with or without baby i11 the. other
b) Tonia a11tlAifyrina. Fl.ette11istic hantl (Fig. 44)
~'fan_vcxa 1np lcs in the b ig 1nuseu1ns. They com e fron1 to n1bs or houses Late Class ical -H elle nisti c.
an d must generally be cons idered as genre rep rese nt at ion s. (589) Berlin a) J,Vithout baby
Tc. 79+6, one of th e finest exarnples in posture, move111e11ta nd group ing. i. J,Vingless child
[590) Berl.in, StaaJt. Jltf1rs i\tf. de 11!lassonean, Tc. 8833 from S.
., San1,111l.
. e r, 1,
[605-609) \~'int . 155, r, 3, 4,. 1 5 2 , 8•9 · [6ro -I 3) One of the earliest
. Ath
R.ussia (Fig. 42). [591] \ .V. Danz, Tanagrafiguren (Die Sch atzkammer,
Band 9) p l. 12. [592-93] D. B . Tho 111pson , J\ifyrina Terracottas 1:1~Boston, cxarnpl e~ 1.s the type fro111 D ob 1cna,. B Oeotia'• folllld also m ens,
.
known Iron, seve ra l exan 1ples : Besques, Cat,., 1,· 9.,~, C52, C52 • m and brb1,.,
l.1. of Fi11eA·rls (r934) pl. xxxvii, nos. 100, ror. [594) l(arlsruhe, no.
scu1n", A z 9, No. 28 (1851) 27. pl. LX V · Berlin 6305 · ,f herme ,1riuseu., m ., conn ected w1th Alkan1enesf s
375: E . Gerh ard, 11' l useograp hischcs i\>Iu
[595-96] Th essalonLki 4811, 4810 fro,n the excavat ions nea r th e Int ern.
group of ~'[ede a ~n d s01~(infra, Type I V.A.2.a). [614) Tanagra
Apulia, Ta rant o, 20096. [615) Besques, Cat., ii, pl. 135f. Myr.z 4, wi
tie r~:
Exh ibit ion grounds.
l,'l'Own up da ughte r.
c) IIpul-ia, Lucania. Ca111,pan
ia
[597] Fron1 Apul ian Tombs : Biardot, Terr. F1(,11,ebres, p l. xx, 3. [598) n. • chittl. Eros or Sou.t -Eu,.o
•· J,V-iu.ged •., l on,? p 0·ce, I • passi111.
1
Fron Lucania (?) or Can1pru1ia, Lau111o nier, Terres c11, •1:tes130, no . 6o7 , "S O ul" from 1,fedma: Langlotz•
.[6r6] Pe rsepho n e with large winged BC [6l ] Fine mould
~here Fig. 43) Classical. [599) Fro 111 Capua : Nap les , 20271. [600] Winter, Hi rn1er, Die Ku .nst der 'J,Vestgriechen pl. 96 , ea. 45° ' c ' 7•ca1statuette
·rroin ,f aras, 'faranto LG. 6046 (Fig • . 44 )· [6l8] Late
1, 151, H ellenistic; 16 exan1ples. 1
·th •ass1
glet torch and
d) Graeco -Etr11,
sca11 lron, Taras, T a ra nt o, uncatalogued, Case ro4, wi JU
polos; P ersep hon e?
6
[ or] Several terra cot ta exam p les in th e Museum Gua rnac ci, V01•
le~ra ; see no. (602]. [602) Inscr ibed sto ne kou rotrop hos &faffei · Gerhal'rl,
D 18 GttJ· ' · b) 1¥ith baby or babies u;the ar1ns a11dchild by her L · Tt" •
11
.rO teite de; Etr-11,S/ien, 60 , 4.92 pl. III.1; A . E. Sola ini, S01n111ar-i_o __[619-20) \¥ int er, i, 152, I and 3 from .S· Italv, · [621-22] eVJ,
della Siona e G1 iida del IVI-u seo. .. di T7olterra, 41. R. Biane hi Baodine lli, J.igur., nos. 295 ,3 55, from Ruvo and Gnatlua.
 f HE T Yl'll.S
1\llCHA IC AND LATER REPRE SENTATIONS
57
s 1·ypes (F ig . 46)
7. ,\Jisccllru1co11 "" i'tft. P erseus in tr-wnk 01i Vases
h) 1')/lit ac
. CV ' . •

a) /; i/t'it/1y ia [631] A lli, 4: (1916) 8, ,vherc ills. I(. Kerenyi, Die Jieroendsr Griechen
[623) ~\/inter, i, r4-1, 7 and 76 , 1 (Fig. 46). ('.:,ifrr.r, 1'ype IV.A.r.c. where (Ziirich r958) i ig. 3·
bib!.) Xote tha t a statu ett e from Cypru s ,v1th the sa n1e hand-gesture
steps 0 11 a tort oise : J(Bl-1, pl. 107'. 3 : for th e_e h thon ~c ~on~otation of lhe i Pnsip/Jao wt'.ihbaby-1vfinotanros
tortoise, which would support th e 111t erpreta t 1on as E 1le1thy1ase e S. Settis ) [632] T . Dohrn, "Di e Etrusker und die Grie~hischc Sage", R,U,
Saggio sull'Aj roilite Ura11iadi F idia (Pisa 196 6) 47ff. Infi·ri, Type v.c: _ (1966-67) 15-18, p l. 3, 2 etru scan red-figur e kyhx.
73 74
relief in Vati can.
') Floirier Goddesssttckting /to wer-child. Terra Mater or Isis?
b) J,f/illt two cl1ililr
e11,/Ji('(
/ a.uilsnake J [633] E. Diehl, Hydria (1964) . 47, pl. 28, gronze ~ttach'.°ent. rst
century A.D .- probab ly the type 1s earlier. Tran Tam T1nh, Isis Lactans,
[624) Uniqu e Gco1netr ic anthropon1orphic oiJ1och oe with 1nodelled
group B, on terracotta lan1ps of the 1st and 2nd cent. A.D.
ann s holding bird and child; on h er b elly ren1aiJ1s of other child and
snake : I. Papapostolou, Deltion (1968) A 85; Cfa,•a Rliodos, iii, To111bLV, k) The Nyniphs of l(y tlene with swaddl,edbaby-Hermesi11cradle
lin oa n mother Goddess, includiJ1g
96, fig. 87; all the a t tribu tes o r th e :W
the bird , sy1nb ol of epiphan y, hav e been br ought tog et her in this vase,
[634) J. U. Po,vell , New Ch~pters in ~h~
History of GreekLiterat1ire
(Oxford 1933) 91, fig. 4 , black-figure hydna m the Louvre.
which must hav e been a rh yton; found in th e to1nb of a ,vo1nan.
l) Bust of Aph rodite with Hin1eros and E1'0Son her ar111s
c) ,V1irse of Dionysos
[635] Arias-Shefton, HGVP, 390; Seltman, BSA, 26 (1023-25) 90,
[625) Bronz e altac hn1ent, 1vlonlJ·iot, 45 (1951) pl. 2.
fig. I.
cl) A1'iad11
e with Staphytos a.n,d Oiuopion m) G-irl,0ith doll
(626] Standing with one chi ld in each a n11, on a b lack-figure. amphora: [636) \.Valclstein, H eraew1n, ii , 37, no . 201, fig. 70; archaic. See s11pra,
1-'.. Si1non, Die Goller derGri ccheu (Il'iunic h 1969) 282 , fig . 274. no. [558).
e) And1·0-
maclte( ?) 8. With A ttri&utes
[627] A l l , 79 (1964) 746, fig. 59 {ron1 Lipari, late Classical. Lysippan -pra, nos. [4~0 )
There are no specific types \vith spec ific attributes. Se_es-11
" Henn es-posture" of the 1nother, with the left leg upon a base. with cornucopiae; [87-96] ,vith tympanum; [503) with egg or fnl! 1'
th
f) Iris witlt Diony sos or Ploutos
[504] with dove; [5191 \l•ith j uglet; [583) ,vith pon1egranate; [586] "',1
cock; [618] with jug let and torch . [637] Grae.co-Etruscan bronze holding
[628~ Snutl; ; Der Lew-is111al
er 28, no. 24, p l. 23a. Schau enburg, "P luton piglet, Panofka, AZ, 1 5 (18 57 ) 19; Gerhard, Agathodiinro1111 ,nd Bolla Dea,
uncl D1onysos , Jdl, 68 (1953) 46, red-figtt re hydsia in i\1:unich. Pl· ..n.3. [638] 'vVith 111irror, early A p ulian vase ,vith scene from the .
Korythabia,celeb rat ed in Sparta, mother city of Tar~s, f~~ ~te~,
g) Deianeira . with 11yt/.os
Protectress of children (.Atheii. 4.16): Gerhard, A1it. Bitdw. 11' 4 3• p ·
62
[ 9) J. _Pin~ent, Greek Nl.ytltology(1969) 99, red-figure lekythos witb 3r 2 , l; Panofka, op. cit., pl. 98.
s~ ted Deianeira with 1-lyllos, H erakles sta ndin g in front of them;
Cl A , ?xf ord l, pl. 37, no. 322. [630] R.ed-figure Attic column -krater, 9 Flee·i11gwoman wit/I child
lhe child extends l11·5 I· · p· d [639] On th e Phigalia .fr ieze Dinsmoor, A] A, 6o (I956) 401ff;:._ IJdSer;
Plun.
"l-1 · arms to 11s co1nLng father Fferakles: Ch. 1car '
1N y
alouris, AE, x96 7 , 18 7 ff. '[64 oJ On "Homenc· cups " • see S1'r"
4
I ercule heros ,nalheureux et beneiiqu e", NI elanges ]. Bayet, Co/J. •
.atomu-s, 1 0 (1964) 564'1., pl. xxv, 1·2. 110. [512).
 TJJE TYPES
--
E . BU ST Chapter Four
Rhod-ian-1on-inn
(ti+1J Schcfold, Larisa 11111,Flerinos, 3 (1949) 33, no. 63, pl. 6 12 Monumental Types
supra, nos. (63J), [635]. ' · cf.
A . STANDHIG
F. Rll)J NG 1. Di1ti11e

[6+2] Bronz
. e statuell e, wo1n a n with bab y on s id e-saddle , fro n, Sanios a) Atheiut with child Ericlithowios (Fig. 48)
subgeometn c-carly archaic: Jl A, 1938 ' 580 ' Abb · ?., · er Qt,'J'.,,,11,p·1,a.B e11cht
-.J, 'J•
. '
1\I (r9-14) 107, pl. 33, l (fro1n Oly n1J)ia) and fig. 89 (fro1n Lou ') . V · Athena of Ilion ,va s rep rese nt ed with torches, as are lhe birth-God-
meule, Golldr!iult, 164, pl. IV, b,
connects it ,vith a !v[ycenae:~: rid:· desses EiJeithyia_ and l(ourotrophos (i~ifra, Type IV.A.r.e). She was
invoked as l\'feter 1ll th e Pe loponnese (infra, p. r38f.).
Goddess, and lh c legend o f Europa. H o 1vever the iconog I · _g
· liff • • rap 1y 15 Ath.e n,t as nur se of Erichthonios is already 111entionedby Homer,
q uite c erent 111 the Gre ek exa ,npl es, especially the Sa 1uian one which
was appare ntl y an offering to Hera found in th e area of th e alta; of h It, B547.
Hera,on. le
i. In scu lpture and on red-figure vases. [643] She receives Erichthonios
from Ea rth in th e "l\•Ielian" reliefs second quarter 5th century: Al,
31 (1873) pl. 63; Jacobstahl, '!VlelischeReliefs considered the Berlin
relief as a forgery; Ziichn er, Jdl, 65-66 (1950-51) 2ooff., figs. 34-35,
considered it a n original; [644] Ch. Picard, "Trois Reliefs 'Eleus iniens' "
BCII,55 (1931) 38, pl. iii.
Similar scene in t, vo stone reliefs, copies oJ an Attic original of the
late 5th cent. B.C.: (645) \~/. Amelung, D-ieSliutpturendes Yatica11iscl1e1i
i11-11se u1ns, i (Berlin 1903) pl. 81, and 111o ·nl1ist, I, 12, Ib; J.ilo11l11st,
r,
12a; S. I<arus u, A 1VI (1954-55) 84, pl. x, dated the Vatican relief in the
later 5th century and attributed the original to the base in the Hephai-
steion. Similar scenes , interpreted as the birth of Erichthonios or of
the E!eusinian Ploutos, appear on Attic red-figure vases from ltaly,
and the I( ertsch hydriae in Constantinople and Leningrad: [646] Flasch,
"Tazza Cornetana rappresentante la nascita di Erichthonios" A 1111
Inst (1877); Jlifonlnst, 10, pl. xxxviii; [647] ivlonl'llst,3, pl. xx:.:;_[64SJ
i\lfonlust, I, 10; [649) Gerhard, Auserl. Vasenb.iii, 151, [650-51] Reinach,
RA, rgoo, 1, 95; \1/alter, "Die Heilige Familie von Eleusis", ()~!,, 3o
(1937) 63ff. figs. 15-17. Nilsson, GGrR, 559ft. Metzger, Les Represe11ta-
'.'.0,"5 s
d~nslaCer(l;nviqueAttique d•u, IV• siccle(Paris 1951) 2 2 ff.; l'i[ylonas,
. Eleus1s kai Dion ysos", in AE (1960) r12ff. B. Sauer, Das soge11a1111ie
Theseio-n 1u1.d sein Plasvischer Schnl'ltGk(1899) 59ft. restored a gro_upof
Athena rece1V1 • •_ng Erichthonios froo1 Ge 111
• t he nu'ddle of the Pediment
~! th e "T heseio n " , ibid., 68f., 8rf., now unacceptable. S. P. Ku:u,
Alkainenes uncl clas Hephaesteion", AJ.il, 69-7o (r954-5S) 6 7ft;~;
79f., figs. r-3, Beil. 36, 1-2 ancl pl. X, restored such a group on th
 THE TYPES ~[Ot-lU MENTAL TYPES

of the cult-s lalu : of the l·Ic!Jhaislc io11, a n~ rega~·de~l it as the prototyp e .. - , ., ·a J{.011,rot
rophos (Figs. 46-47)
c) f,11Cl 1,/;1.1 1'
or the rcpresr nlabons on the , ases. See no,v E . B. lfaru son, A] A 31 ( )
1977 .i. Altic C'lllt-Stal,zr.e
137 ff.. ill. 2 , and 265-81, figs. 1 ff It see1n s to 1ne that _there must have
existed a ni11chearl ier u1onu1nenta l group at leas t of Ge \111thErichthonio s • ) A I-!adlianic marble stat uette in Herakleion and a Classical
6
popu lar enough lo have been repr oduc ed, a n1ong else, on coins of citi ' A~ti~4-terracot ta, (s-111 pra, no. [623)), have been connected with a cult-
of the Athen ian E,npi re (sec i11fra, Type I'i 7.C.1). CS l ue o( Eil cith yia .I<.ourot rop hos, from the last decade of the 5th cen-
sla
·t.1JJ.I' 13· c... ]3. Sch,ve1z "E.l . hyia
er, 'I e1t . 1{ourotrop hos" ,Festgabez11 Wi11ckel-
• . •
ii. [652] Ro1nan copy of a ,n a rbl e s tatue of 1\.th ena l(ourotrophos
fonnc rly in Berlin, now in P ots d an1, Sc hloss Sa nssou ci, Ge n. Cat. 111- 156'.
,w;
1 1•11,~(esle (Leipz.1g 1933) 88 ff .. pl. 25, I. A~pare!1t~y inspired. by this
. • al were a sen es of Creta n coins repr esenting
orrg1n, . . Eile1thyia holdmg Zeus•·
Sta rk, "Ate ne I( ourotropho s", N1,ove Jl{e111ori e detl'l st. di Corresp.Arch., E. la Rocca , J tll 89 (1974) 132, n. 80. Th is is based on _Paus~as's infor-
1865, 249. Berlin, Cat. Besc/i.r.der An t. Sk1i!pt. 37 , no. 72 . Cook, Zens, iii, malion (Ach a ika, 13) th at the stat ue of th e G?ddess 111Aigion had the
218. fig. r ~.o. (here Fig. 48). I t is believed to have be en created after a .- ht ha nd ext ended open, d enoting an easy delivery. Stackelberg (Griiber
late Classical votive statu e of Ath en a !{our ot r op h os, adaptation or ;/;, fi e/ten.en. pl. 50), had ex plain ed the Attic terracott~ ~s Demeter ~th
Athena H ephaist ia , by Alka.inenes : Ga rdn e r, JH S, 19 (1899) 7, fig. 2. fakcho s h oldin g the cista; ho\vever, the hand wasoAgtnally open WJth
Reisch : "Ath ena l(our otr op hos mit cler Cista" , O]h., r (1898) 72, fig. 34. 110att i-ibut e (no br eaks).
[6523 ) A Classical brouze statu ett e in Leid en, reconstruc ted after the
Potsdan 1 stat ue as Athe na l{ourotr oph os (t he lo\ver part of th e child is ii. [655] Fragn 1entary n1arble statue of Eileithyia ( ?) ,~th child,
preser ved) conies frorn l\f. Graecia a nd is appa rent ly reproducing the crh·tps frorn th e Sanctuary of Eileithyia in Thera (not yet discovered);
san1e Att ic stat ue . Sta rk, op. cit., 243fL, pl. ix . [653] Thi s statue has
J1
of la'ter da te : Ba ur, Ei leithyia 2 ; Hiller von Gaertnngen,
' n1, I 62,
TI,era, ...

been recognised in a Ro11 1a.11copy from Crete, no ,v in th e Louvre, of fig. 148, F. V. 205
Athena holding th e cista, instead of th e c hild ; th e cis ta contained the cl)St11ti1e
of De,neler w£th Triptotenios? (Fig. 49)
child Erichth onios which sh e confid ed to the car e of the Aglaurids. To (656) The ter racotta statuette from Locri, S1rpra,no. (585]is probably
the same original Gard ner altr ib ut ed the head of Ath ena Disney: Gardner, cop)~ng a 1non u 1nental statue. For other representations of Demet~r
ibid., pl. r. Th e sta tue in Potsdan 1 represents Ath e na, in chiton, helmet, with Tript olen10s see J. A. Overbeck, GrieclzisclreI(~inst'.nyt~wlog,e,
a,~d aegi~, standing. right kn ee bent , rest ing h er right arm on the spear,
vol. 3 (ed. OsnabrLick 1969) 555f . The above terracotta flgunne is v~ry
wrth th e left holding up the aegis, so as to support in it a tiny naked
rc111 cent in posture of the contemporary vase painting of Auge wilb
i11is
baby (restored : head, arrn s, pa rt of th e aegis, h er left ,1rn1, upp er part of
Telephos : supra, no. [560].
the !>aby_ and its calves and a n11s) Tl1is is us ually ta ke n as an Erich-
~~~n,os; it has, been exp lain ed also as Di onysos or Iakchos, (Roulez, e) Inscribed l{ou.rotrop!toswitlzont child .
L_educa.~1011d Iaccl1t1s", A nnf st. 1865, 177 , or Apollo Patroos: vVelcker, [657) Holding torch. In scribed: J(ourotrophos, Leto, Apoll~n, Artderrub_bls;
Grzech.Gotterlehre,1, 494. Th e sta tue in tl1e Acropol is l\1useun,, now inter - . a, pp. 112, 157/. See p nee, . II , Type II ·i.a ' tll.
preted as Alka n1enes's Pr okne ,vith her son It ys, was int erpreted in the
sec also i11/r ·a a11 ' •
tify her
\Vere it not for the in scdption one would not be able to 1 en t f
i~~{:~)
'.'Y as an Athena I(ourot rophos : Stark , op. cil., 257 (infra, Type as l(ouro trophos. It is th e only
I'
' . . •
surv1v1ng rnscn
. • t·
·bed monumen o
. d)
only have suJ'Vlve ·
\ Ourot roph os (in other cases the 1nscnp ions ali . Hekate
b) Ge with Erich/.11onios Prob ably her position near Leto rnclica
· · t es h er maternal qu aes.d bibl.), is'
6
G [ 53•) T he E ast Parth enon Fri eze l1as been int erpr ete d as repr esenting who was popu lar in Asia Minor (i1ifra, type. IV.:·::
;-;:;etos, or Ge.
: \after l!ie t~vo Arrh eph oroi), with E richt honio s a t h er left taking th e Probably rn ea n l h ere or I no-L eukotb ea, worshtppe
ptl·pos, ,,,Jule lns nurse Ath ena and his fa th er H ephaistos are seated far·
icr on : Chr Karda ra H z 0-pz ff f) l(ourotrophos Statue Votive offeri11-g "after a dreait1" t tue
" · , e ~ 1orosIon Parthenon.as(A tl1ens 1964) I 24 · r.6 ' t .B.C., on a s a
;:,cenow \ J Rob ertso n 1·1 p , t S8] l\'lentioned in inscript ion of the r 5t cen ury Chloe worshipped
· · , ,1c t1rt,1enon Frieze (r 975}. 1
>ase rrom the Acropolis; dedicated to Demeter '
 'fJIE TYPES
MONU MENTAL TYPES

th I •ith Ge J{otu·otr ophos on the sou th slop e of the Acropol'

l<1gc er 1 . • . . G I • 1s,
I I' ore accord ing to an instr ucti on in a< 1rea1n. I. . I·, 4778. De/Ho, cn1.st'1c taste
JI 11 , for pe rson
. ificatioAns.'[i cf. Ionia n statu ettes of Tyche with
fr
a nt ' . ) A o·k .
(r88g) 13 0 , 5. o. K.ern , A 1vl, 18 (r893 _195; . . 1 ·onot~des, T!te Two
I .Plonlos
·e a ncl cor nu cop1ae 0111 . ii' nor: supra., no. 490 and Fig. s.
3
Agor"s of Athens (Chicago r 964), 45. J. I{. Oliv er, H esper1-a4 (1935) 63. .) Niobewith son ,
1
<with P/011tos"
g-)" Eir c11, ' . ' Der Thron des Zeus (r967) pl. 7; G. Becatti, Proble11ri
' ) Fi'nk
[660
Fidiaci (1941) pls . 74-76. Anti( 1975, 89-92, pl. 33a-d.
(659) i\fo~t 11 1odern scholar s accept ~hat th e : eleb rat ed E!rene with
Ploutos by Kephisodotos (Pans. I.8-9), 1s echoed 111 the group 1n Munich, k) AP
d'te n"ked with oue or inore Erotes at her side
I1ro '1 · •· • • .
and several ot her copies and adaptations, a nd [660) in an Attic coin of [667,) Ronla, n creatio n ( ?) based
. on the type of· the l{nidian. Kachrutz.
imper ial tin1es. Th is sta tu e has been in terpr ete d in several other ways . 1>erg, ScuUnre
\Vein · del iJI[agazzino del Al[. Vat1cano(1936) pl. LV, no.
27s; pl. LII , 273.
since the 18th century, the n1ost preva lent of 1vhich were Leukothea
with Bakchos, or Ge l{o urot rophos : Friedrichs, "U ber die sogenanntc
Leukothea der i\iiinchen Glyptot hek ", AZ, 17 (1859), 2ff., pl. cxxii; I) The Ven?i,s Genetrix of Arkes,,;
taos .
Gerhard, £bid., 11f. Ru111 pf rejec ted th e int erp ret at ion as Eirene, on (668•·d] Eld erkin , A] A , 42 (1938) 371-74, figs. I-3.
stylistic a nd iconographic gro unds : Eir en e should h old a kerykeion, . - E•tr·i••scan 11rchitectwral T erracottr,Stabue
m) r0111-<tn
not a sceptre . E. la Rocca , "E irene e Plouto s", Jdl 89 (1974) 112-36.
For th e alt ar of Eir ene and th e sta tu e of l( ephi ssodotos: H. Thompson- Snpr", no. [449], L eto or Etruscan Goddess?
R.. E. \,Vycherley, Tl,e Agora of Athens (The At lt. Agor(/. xiv, 1972) 168. n) [669] If era wi th S1vaddled Rock, by Prax·iteles i'IIPtataea
[66rJ The stat ue bas been re produ ced on a colu1nn on Panat henaic 1)
"a us. •1x .2 .7.
Amphoras of th e l<alli1nedes' group (360/59) whic h giv e a ter111in11.s ante
que;n: AAA, z (1969) 415f. figs. 4-5. [662] 'fh e copies have been attributed o)Leto J{o1wotrophos with /lpotto and Arte111is .
also by some to an E isene of the later 5 th century B.C. A. Rumpf, [670] Sta tu e fro1n th e 4th cent . B.C.: Plin. Nat. Inst. 34.77. (671)
Archaologic,ii (1956) 89U.,p l. 10a, wh ere det a iled discussion of all the Painting by Nikomachos: Plin . Nat.hist. 35.108.
above, and bibl. [663] A statue o{ a kotu-otroph os in the garden of Ver-
sailles is possibly a copy of a Classical work near the Eir ene : Chr. Pinatel, p) Hekate with. Swaddled Rock(?) F .
Les Sta.tues Antiques no. 5, pl. 11, ,r. F or represent a6ons oi the pre• · [672} As I<our ot rophos in the but. h of z ,eus, . A · Schober
,: Der ries )
H ellenis6 c period, see F. N. I·fa1nclorf, Gi·iechisclw f(ull/j)e1·sonifikabio en
11 .
tfes Helwteions von Lag111ta (I stainb1~t er Forscl11t11gen
· ' 2, 'ienna
A liar933
J"
der vor-hellenistischen Zeit (1964), und er Eirene. Nilsso n, A ·1vn11aire de 28!., Kat.nr. 210, pl. 2; vV.Berg, "H e k-a t e.. Greek or nato n . '
l'I11st. de Philol. cl, d'J-fistoireOrie11/a/
c et. Slave, IV , (1938) 37r: "Reflexe Numen, 21, 2 (1974) 128-40.
von de111Durchbntcb des Ind iviclualisn1us in cler Griecb. Religio11 um
die \Vencle des 5. und 4 . Jl1r. v. Cbr.", says that at the beginning of th e 2. 1VIytholog1:caland i1!lor/(ll
4th centu ry, together with th e spread ing of th e cult of Asklepios , appears
also the group won1an-cbilcl, such as Eir en e witb P loutos, ,vbich exp resses a) i\f edea and Son by Jltkainenes ( ?)
the same tum to human feeling. H e adds ho1vever, that Eirene possibly Supra, nos. [610-613]
had predecessors. Th e Attic relief, no. [671], and the figurin es fron1 Olyn·
th
os, no. [31;7), F ig. 29, and Ge!a, nos. [462) f., discred it the clain1 th at ,, b) Prok,zeand Jtys by Al/1a·1ne11.es ul Sc,d:ptorsoj
group of Eirene is a pioneer work . [6
i73) Group in th e Acropolis, G. Ri c ht e'.,. Sculpture
. a, Karusu, Alt/,
. S. P.
h) Athenr,Erga.11ewith Ploutos ·in Tltcspia.i, and theGi·eeks (Yale 1965) "3 9 (rej ects the attribution) hd AZ Ii (1S59)
69-70 (tg , ,,., :;) ro ·f (a~cepts the attribution). Ger a)r ' .,,'' L Capius,
i) Ty che with Ploutosin Thebes I ., t .,., . •, ' (J 6 (1913 I2u . .
66 6 r, no. r , pl. CXXI II. Praschniker, ]It, 1 )
( 4· 5) Pausanias ix.26 .8 and ix.16 .21; du e to late Classical afl<l ilfkamenes, Fouti stor-ichee archeologiche (Florence rg 68 ·
 THE T\'T'cS MONUMENTAL TYPE S
6.1
65
c) Group in A lf1e11
_.iIlic s . 1 --~le. in the right hand and child on her knees F'g .
with Pu, . L TI . , 1 • 50, 1ound 1n
[b~,i] Gerh a rd , ;JZ 1859, 11f., no. 2, rl. cxxiii, c hild s tanding by h ·zantine ,va ll, a 1ea 7. 1c regularity of the drapery in th fall'
the By ,, . . . di t . t f . e mg
(fra: nien_la ry) . Rcinach, Voyage Archaolog-iqu~(Par is 1888) ~9, pl. ;: r th e h 1n1ation 111 ea e ,1 ype o ea . nucl 5th cent BC .
2 encl O b d {k · · ·, on which
" Found 111 th.e Peloponn ese. Good styl e of the :,th cent. B.C. Errene with 115 00111
• a 11 \1·ork \Vas ase ·no\vn to n.1e only Erom photo..,.a hs)
I t
Plut os" . )l ortal ? Ron1a11copy .
t ''
•ts in a nnr ror pas, i on o 1at o f " Carpenter's figure". B.,. P ·
• ·t· tl
She s1 • ' . • rommer
".
1,,, ,·Giebel fig. 19. Probably an echo of a sta tue 10 the area of the Met
. 1f ,, hi b roon,'
d) Groups 011Slelai or of the cul t statue 1tse ·, ,or w c 1ve kno~v very little (Pa.us. i. _ ).
35
Sees11
pra, Typ e I II. D.2 .j .i. A. von Salis alt.n buted th e_latt er to Ago rakntos, following Pliny, Nat.
his/.., xxxvi. 17, :u~d da t ed it after_ 430 ~.C.: jdl, 28 (1913) 1•26, figs.
e) [675) Glnukippe with child, by Nikerntos
rlf. [68.c) Ibid. , . bg. 8 : stat uet t e ~ \.Vurzburg of the same type, but
J. J. Pollitt, The A·rt of G1·eece . Sources and Docum1ents (New Jersey, holdii1g baby lion. Langlotz, Ph1,dias-proble111e (Frankfurt 1947) 66
1965) 86; Tatian, Ep. Adv. Graecos 53, ridicu liJ1g paga n stat ues : "\.Vhv attribulccl l he c ult -sta tu e to Ph e 1chas, ea. 45~ B.C. See also H. A. Thomp-
do you feel that Glau kippe gave bi r th to a h oly child ? \.Veil, suppo;e son. ffespcria, 6 (1937) 203ff. (for Agorakntos, ea. 411-405 B.C.) and
someone gave birth to a por tento us child, as is sho\vn in h er statue by G. p _Stevens, f[ esperin, 23 (r954) r81ff., and infra, p. 115, note 77.
Nikeratos, the br onze-work er , so n of Eukten1on a nd an Athen.ian by Also: AAl1, 4 (197 1) J40-42, fig. 1, late Classica~ "copy of the statue of
birth ; even if s he did ca r ry an eleph an t in her \V01nb, is that any reason Agorakri tos" ( '). Numerous Roman statuettes of the same type as the
why Glaukippe should enjoy pub lic hono ur s?" Thi s is a n1ost in teresting relief, but without th e child hav e been found in the Athenian Agora:
piece of infor mat ion about public h onours and stat ues enjoyed by AJA, +z (r938) 9 [., fig. 13; Athenian Agora, iii, 159f., 225; Atlle11ia11
Athenian won1en who had been success (ul n1oth ers. ,Jgora, xi, 86 , 87 .
f) [676) Classicr,lF1•ag-111
ent froin the A cropol?'s
iii. Other: [682] ter r acottas fron1 I<.yrne : BCFJ13 (1889) 548, probably
G. Neu111a.
1u1. "E in sp atkla ss ischcs Sku lptu renfrag 1nent aus Athcn" ,
adopting the sa 1ne original.
ill'vI, 79 (1964) 137-144, pls. 75fi . ; 1n ost probably votive offering
to th e Kour otrophio n. The int erp re tat ion as an Ag la urid \vith Erich- b) Oreithy ia with the Clvild·ren of Boreas
thonios is based on a fragiuenta ry a nd d11bi.ous rel ief (ibid., pl. 79, 3).
[683) F. B ro1n 1uer, Di e Sk1d1pt-urender Partheno11-Giebel
(1963) 60,
g) [677) Classical Relief in the Louvre 169!.,pls. 65, 119-21, attr ibu ted to Agorakritos.
Fragmentary a nn, op. c-it. (s111pra
high -relief, Neu 111 ., 110.(676)) J)l. 79, I.
c)Praxitheawith a. da1ighterof Erechthens
h) J)ifother (?) brings new-born girl to H ekate [684) \ •Vest pe dim ent of the Parthenon, figure U*. Bronune~, Die
[678] H ekateio n frieze, Lagina, see s11p1·a,T ype n o. [672) and infra. Skuipt1,.ren, 53 , 6o , 16 9 , pl. 12 6, fig. 9 . [685] Copies from Eleu~1s and
., (no. (672J) 45 f., pl. Xl\'V, l{at. nr. 199.
p. 159., Schober, op. cit. ~1/lf>ra Agora, pls. 146-47 , pp . 106, no. 3; 105, no. 3; I. Travlos, De//.1011, 16
B. SEATED
(tgGo)pl. 44a , extr e1n e right.
1. Divine d) /(i•eousawith I on(?)
a) I<. ybele I<.01woti-op!ios
(Fig . 50)
[GS6 ] Figures S, T, fron1 th e \,Vest peclin1ent of the Par( henon. Brom·
. i.. [679) H~lenistic _Argive \vith lions a nd ch.i ld : BCH, 78 (1954) 417, Iller, Die Sk·ulpt•1we11,,
60, 169, pl. 122, fig. 9·
fig. I. Associated _with the Pyle Eileithyi.a s (Pa u s. ii.1 8.3); perhaps a
cult statu e (large size; foun d hidden in an cn1ply d eep hol e). e) Erechtheion Groups (Fig. 51)
ii. Atti~ Statue from the )Ielroon ( ?) : [680) Unpubl ished stone relief [68 8 .. (x921)rSr no.
7· 8] Casson Cat or the A oropot-isM11Set1 111, u ' ted
of Pentelic 111arble, Agora 5 1453 (pres. h: 0 _ , w: 0 _ , d: 0.105), 107- I • ' • ~ • osition. Interpre
;i. P · 111p . 182; p.
175 245 194 no. 1237 , 111 the rev erse P
 THE TYPES
(,6 MO :siU ~!ENTAL TYPES

as T~OU- r otrophosI Athena with Erichthonios, Agraul e• and• Alkip pe Clc 13 C. I{ . J(our otu1iotes , Ele1is-is, Hodegos (Athens )
• ,, t
Richter, Sculpture and ~cultptors IOI, r,g . ~~6. ;(· with 1ype IV.B.i.a. ~:ih ccn
. . .
v\l. A k d. I 1( l 1934 75
crwal1r, ·r r, isc ie . 1,.te, 127, Eleusinische Filialkultc'
I1111n
D. N. .Boulter, "The Fncze of the Erccl1t h e1on , Antilte Plastik, X, ; frg.~3. ~ Ii a nd infra, p. 129-f. ·
pa.us.1. 3 t · ,
(1970) r3 , no. rr (r237) p ls . 17-18, fig . 3, a'.~d p.1 5, no. 85 (1075) pls.
,, -(,3 a s u•
- 2 , ., ,gests that the a bove n1ay
t> • be de11ved fro1u the wonian Wl'th , 1os, Clu'.ara:111011ti
I) f( ou,rOlrop/ (Fig.
. 27). .
a boy on her Jap from the west pediment of til e P a rthe~on, su,pra,no.
[686] and interprets thern as Ath enian a nces tor s ; E. Ha1T1son, Essaysill 6 61 \\/. An,elung and G. ~1ppo ld, D1.e Skulpbnren des Vat-ikanischeii

fire Jlistory of Art preseuted. lo Riedolf 1,Vittkower (N ew York 196 ) g,

,,},s~
r/.l
nS (Berlin, x903-56), 1, 471ff., pl. 48. It is _apparently a copy

11. Sj. [6S9] A third gro up , \VJth daughter, found recently, Daux, BCH
7 or adap l ation
' 0{ the. 2 nd-1. st .cent. . B.C. of an adnured Classical Attic
]{ourotrop hos ; £or rts copies 111 rmnor arts see Type IILA.s.c.iv. and
92 (rg6S) and 1·1. l{oukouli, Deltion, 22 (1967) 1VIeleta·i, r33-48, has bee~ infr,1,129f.
attr ibu ted to I asos of l{oUyto s, according to an inscription of expen-
ditur es. Ill) N~o-Att·ic J(oiirobrophos by Pa.nsawias

f) [690] Aphrodite with Eros. Parthe11011,

Frieze (Gg~J Appa r entl y based o n the same Classical Attic Kourotrophos as
Becatti, ProblemiFidia ci pl. 98. [6
J\O, 9
6). is the terracot ta gro up (one third life size) from Herculaneum
•
signed : Pa'll,san-ias Athenaios epo-ies&n
• ,, C I A ' ,
. . . ata ano, nnt1q11ar-i1m1
Her-
g) (691] Paesla.n Terracotta
. St.atue cu/anense (Naples 1957) 17-18, pl. 8, 9; 1de1n,Nostro Te,n,Po,VI, 7, p. 13,
fiu. r. 2 ; H. \•\I. i\o[illler, I s-iskult i1n 11
.11tik&nBenevent (Berlin 1969) pl.
An unpublished large terrac otta hand (1: ea . 15 cm.) holding a swadclled
v~2 ; Tran ta1n Tinh, I sis Lacta·ns, no. A-25. See s•upra, no. (311).
baby was found in the Italic Ternple, Paestu111 no. 4015, I. It must
come from a sta tu e in I·Iell enistic sty le, probab ly seated .
e J(onrobrophos or ]{era Teleia holding ll local Eponymos (?)
n) He/1al
h) Statue of S11c
l1ling Tiera i n Thebes [698)Schober op. cit., s11.prc,, (no. [672]), 77f., l{at. nr. 201, pl. 27.
[692) Known only fro1n an unsign ed epigra1n, H. Beckby, A11tltollJgia
Graeca,iii (~·Iunich I9 j 7) Book ix, no . 589. cf. s11pra,Type III.A.5 .d. o) The Leukothea Relief
[699) Controvers ial Etrusco-Ionian ( ?) votive relief to a goddess o_r
i) [693] l( o1wot
ropltos Albani (Fig. 52) heroine ( ?), infra, 169 . i\oHiller, Denk1niiler,I, ii, 40. R_ome,Villa :\lbam,
E.A. 3627, Inv. no. 282. Only trac es o f the child survive, originally ea. 470-60 B.C.; v\l. Helbig, F·iihrer d1trchdie offe11/.liche11 1111
Sam111J gt11
held against her left shoulder. She was appa rentl y looking at it. It ~s klassisclter Altertiimzerin Roin4 (r972) 3262; E. Berger, Das Basler~r~-
based ou a Greek origi nal of the lat er 5th centu ry B.C., as the hair . (1970) fJg.
re1ref . 144, and infrci,
. n. 56 ; l{on t oIeon, "Une stele funeraire
_ ,
s tyle and the drapery indicat e. cf. Bronuuer, Die Skut,ptu.ren, pls. 331., Aspects de la. G1·ecepi·ectassiqne, r7f., pl. VI. 1v[illler,Ha11dbt1clbi, :>~i•6
where th e legs are \\'ider apa rt but th e turn of the torso is son1ewhal 17- Gerhard, AZ, r 7 (1859) 13. See nO\V H. Hiller, · · zre Grn re11e1s
I o,usc
sin1ilar.
(D. Arch. f-nst., Ista •1nb.Mitt., 12, 1975).
i) Partly naked Aphrotlite with Eros in her l.eft arnt G-rave-1VI
2. 01v11,11ie11ls
[694] Gerha rd, Bertin, Archaeol. App rir. I, 161; in a fountain of thc Siatue /ro111 ! egara Fiybtaea.
Jv
Palazzo Lanse 111Rome ; based on a lat e Hellenist ic original. S . · aU, and for its use on a
cc supra, no. [239] It is unique 1conograpluc ) . ,,., [6 ~]).
tom1l (apart frotn the funerary urns-statues, f or w h"chsee111 ,11, no. 7•
k) Demetc1·011the cisla wi /./1grown 11,p
T(ore on her knees 1 1
6 [70 Tlterapapai11is u,ilh
[ 95] A. Furtwangler, "Eleus inisc hc Skulp tur en" AM 20 (1895) 359,
4lb cent. B.C., based on a 1nonun1ental group from' th e l~te 5th or early
?)
Ci11l
<1
Repres. on Stelae of 1VIother, Gra11 d111
other or T rn.A.12.iv,
. the cornpany of ot her f'1gnres. See s1i"r11,ype
· ,-,
vsua lly 111 r
5
 Tfl f, TYPE S
'MONU MENTA L TYP ES

-,, 1
I •
, 1rrluiic Attic Gravcs/011
c ( ?}
_ . Villa G iulia, one in the Briti sh Museum, several in Berlin: ,;c~
r. ra,•eslolH', cir ,·oti\'c: relief, o ( a moth er tenderly holcling her child 5Qlll C111 68]
, Type TII.A.7.d . nos. [351- • [707] An austere early example
an<l lookinl{ al it, from Anavy sos, Att ica : G. Ri chter, Archaic Allie s-
nf>it1 - t h cent . B.C. ( ?) is .nearer
,l 11e :, the Ionian protot}rpes: Langlol1r
r;r1wcMo 11,·s(London 1961) no. 59, figs. r5 r -3. froni ,
. . Di~ J(u,nst der W estgriec,1e11 , pl. ltli. Later examples arc often
H1nnc1. -J·s , ·&·, , pl. 1 68 wit . 1112 cIu·1c1
ren.
[7oz] Fr111
t r111·yUr11
s-Stnlucs rough wo1 , . 1. 1.,,..' ,
Grac·rn-E trusan stat ues \\'i lh head serving as an urn , in Classical C, R UST
st \'le (Goddess or n1orta l ?) : lle inhard }Ierbig, Gotter und Da111-0ne 11
de,
Eirusl!i·r (19~8) 18, pl. 26, fro1n Chi usi, lat e 5th -carl y 4th cent. B.C. -oS) Gewith E richthonios
· 1g· out fron, the b
[ , Ge co1nn !!rouncl
, holding Erichthonios
. appears on coins
i\lil:-1ni, 11l11
seo A rclu1
col. di 1:1irc11ze (1925) 234, pl. 87. Riis , Etru.sca11
Art,
116, no. r 2. E. Gerhard, "Ge I<ourot rophos" , AZ , 17 (1859) 11(. G. of Cyz1 ·cus r,·oni . 1 he representation
• 460-40 B .C. · .must have been
. based
Bccatti , The A rt of Greece and Ro11 1,; (1969) fig. 142. Infra , r6 9. on a J,n no. 713, cf. S11pr11,
, own f't.,. tic work. Hir n1er-l(raay, GreekCo111s,
Type JV.A.r.a .i.
3 . 11[ ortal ( ?)
a) J(o111
·otrophos Co11servatori D. RE CLTNlNG

[703] Ro1nan 1nalron with child at her kn ee, fr o1u t he 1st cent. A.D. ~o J Plin . J-f. ist. Nat. xxxv. 98, 1nentions a painting by the Theban
Restored. Th e child wears hin1ation and bulla. ln his right band, placed Ai[(st~ides wit11 representation of a mothe_r dying fro~ a wotu1cl;l~1e
on the mother's knee, he holds a scroll: H. S. Jon es, Cat. Sculpt11rc child bent to her br east \vhile she was trying to keep 1t aw~y fr~m.1l,
J>atazzo dci Co11servato·ri (Oxford 1926) 131, no. 56. Appar ently inspired fcarin that togeth er with the 1nilk he might suck blood. This p~tmg
by a 5th cent. Att ic original ; cf. Ty pes l\ ' . B .r .a.ii, IV.B.r.i, and Brom• was 1, groug I1t to Pella' b)' Alexand
· er the Great after the capture of l hebes
111cr, Die S/111i;pt11r
e11,pls. 144-5. (335 B .C,}.
h) Capitolti'll
e 110 . 23
[704) H. S. J ones, Cat. Scutpl!u,re i't1. Capitoliuo {Oxfo,d 1912) IOI,
no. 23, pl. 19 : built up fron1 fragn1ents of four statues. The woman's
body, however, see1ns to co1ne frorn such a group, inspired by Greek
originals of the lat e Classical and H ellenist ic period s ; c/ . H euzey. F1:gur.
Louvre, pl. 21, no. r frorn Corinth , originally with dov e in h er right
hand ; also im(i·a, no. (706].
c) [705] Lost (?) Stal11efi-0,11,Tegea
Rcinach, Voyage A rcluJot. 111, pl. r23, a bove ; 1narl, le, 11: 55 cm.
(had drawing); nondescript style. \¥ hereab out s 11nk110,v11; archaic?
d) (706] Berenice wit!, daugh/.er (?)I.caning aga.i 'llst her
Colossal Hellenistic limestone sta tue in Alexand ria: Breccia, Alexandria
3~5, fig. 2 39- lt has been int erpr eted as Berenice, wife of Pte lerny Ill,
with her <laughter who died in young age.
statues with r-I z cliil1lreu
e) Gra.cco-Camp a11ir111
A ~eries or flat -backed li1nestone statu es ea. o.60-r.oo n1 high, from
Curtr, near Sanla ~•faria d.i Capua Vetere ; n1an y in the local Museum,
 MALJ; KO'lJROTROPROl·KOUROPHOROI
71
Chapte r I•ive 3. With hero flrkas

1\/fale I(o urotr opl1oi-Kourophoroi ( 724] Sicht erma n, EAA, s.v_.Ar kas, Hermes; Head, Hisloria Nom.i,
_ • Gardn er, B 11rlCCat. of Co1,11s,P eloponnese, pl. xxxvi, 7.
2
4, '
A. HER~LES J( OUROPH OROS
B. S 1LENUS WJTH DIONYSOS-CRILO (Fig. -15)
1. H1 ith J)ionysos
[725,._o] R.o1nan copies in Louvr e, ~'lunich, Vatican_: ;\I. Robertson,
_1 History of Creek Art (1975) 467, pl. r47b and b1bl. [726] Stone-
l'o p ula r fro1n (he 5th centur y on: Za nk er, T1Vandet 77([. [710) Boeotian
, 1 tue fron1 tl1e Theatre of Dionysos. Athens, e.xhibited in the
rf k_1·lix:A ill, 65 (19-10) 15. pl. 13.2. [7r1 ] Att ic lekythos, Jf!S, 6 (r886J
~'~pen-air Sanct ua ry" Room: R einach, Voyage Arclieol. 60 pl. 27 ;
pl. 7. f712] \\ 'inter, i, r88, 3 fro1n Pir ae us. [7r 3] I-I. Fuhnna.n, "Athanias",
Jdl , 65-66 (1950-51) ro6f. 112, fig. 5. Apollod. 3.29 .3 . [714] A Graeco-
Ro111anmarble relief-vase in Boston bears a delig htful representation of
:~dtor ( ') ; the ch ild h olds a n1ask. l\-1.Bieber, The 1-Jistoryof tile Greek
Roma11Theatre (Princeton 1961) 14, fig. 46. (726"] Several terracotta
figurines of thi s type ar e in the sto:e-roo1ns of t~e Nati~nal ~1~seum
Henn es bringing Dionysos to th e Ny n1phs : C. Venneul e, "Greek, Etruscan
Athens. Ath ens, te ,Tac. 8060, bought 111Crete: old S1lenus with 1nin1ature
and Roman Sculphir e in Boston ", A.JA, 68 (r96 -1) pl. ror, fig. 2r, 332f. mask holding ch.ilcl wrapp ed in l1i1nation; actor? The mask is too small,
[715] The 5th cen tur y Herm es by Kephisoclotos , "Lib erum patrem a symbol rather th a n an actor's mask_;_b: 0.075 m. (Fig. 45). [727] \>\/inter,
in infanlia nulri ens" (Pli.11.l·list. 1\lat . xxx iv.S) ha s been recognised in
ii, 400-401; (728-29) B esque s, Cat., 11, pl. 97, cl, f; (73~] Taranto 4073,
Roman copies in It aly and Alexandr ia : A. Aclriani., " A proposito di from Tar as. (731] F. l\1att, 1V lag11a Graec-ia (1962) fig. 232 (Phlyax
un Lipo d i HennesD ionysof oros" , Butt. Soc. Royale d'Archaeot.Alexaudr., figuiine). In scrib ed , " n1acle by Diase1nos fro1n A?hrodisias". Brunns,
no. 3r , N.S. ix.2 (1937) 19off. pls. r-5. (716] Th e popular work of his Geschich le d. griech. l(:iinstler, 4or. (732] Bre 1tenste lll, Cat. Ny Ctirtsberg
son Praxi tcles later insp ired n1a ny copies : I·L Sichtermann, EAA, s.v. Glyptothek, t86 , pl. xxxix, 1uarble statue. [733] O_n vases: J. Beazl~y,
I-fern1es for <let.tiled bibliography. [7r7 ] l·Iad rianic relief from the Theatre A RF J/ in A 111 erican 11!lusei1111•s (Ronle 1967) 58, fig. 37 by the Flying
of Dionysos, Athens : Laager, Gebnrt 11~1d [(-indheit (r957) r49f., Hennes Angel Pa int er ; G. Ri cht er, Sluvpes and 1Va111csof Greek Tlases (New
with child D ionysos and naked l{ouret es with shields 011eith er side. (718] York 1925) fig . 10.
Relief Albani: G. Zocga, Bassi·rilicvi A11tici di R o'llia. incisi da. To111aso
Piroli, co/le illustrazioue di Giorgio Zoegn, p11bblicat1: in Ro111ada Pietro C. ZEUS GIVING BIRTH TO DtONYSOS OUT OF His THIGH
Pira11e$i,i, (Roma 1808) 3, 41lf. (719) Neo-Attic 111arble krater from [i 34] Fuhrn1an, "Athan1as", Jdl, 65-66 (1950-51) 103-134 passim,
Gaeta: ll'laiuri, 1\lat-io11abm ,11seu.1,i Nc{//pel (1958) 36 and ill., Hennes figs. 3-7, 9. [735] Zoega , Bass-iril·ievi Antici, i, 41, and Cat. Nfuseo_del
bn n~s to a Ny1nph th e bab y Diony sos on a vine -branch; inscribed: P. l'-io Cle11
1entino (Vatican) iv, 42, pl. 19; Ron1an copy fro_m_ the_per'.od
Salp1on Athenaios epoiescn. (720] R on1an plaste r-cast of a 1neta l original of the R epublic: H erm es app roaches to take the child; E 1le1thyia with
front ea. 400 B .C. : G. Richt er, " An Anc ient P laster -cast in Munich", open hand behind hi.In \Vith l{ ore and Demeter.
Theoria. Feslschrift fiir T,V _ ff. Schuclthardt (Bad en-Baden 1960) 179-r83.
21
(7 ] Bronze statu ette lound near Ro ye, Son1n1e; H eubach, Das J(i11d, D. ATHAMAS\VITFI DtONYSOS
4°, below; A. Furtwangl er, RA , 4 (1884) pl. 4: H enn es, orig inally holding (736) Fuhnnan, " Atha1nas". Jdl, 65-66 (1950-51) 103-13-1a~d figs. I· 2 ·
bu~ch. of grapes (missing) to which Diony sos exten ds his right hand , Apollocl. 3.26-29 : "at the approp riat e tin1e Zeus gave birth to Dionysos · · ·
111 . to 1no an d A thamas and persuaded
while his left he holds an apple; Dionysos not yet looki ng towards ancI gave to 1-Ienn es, who brought !11111
~ermes; ea: 4oo B.C. (722] See a lso the curious 1uarble Henn ,vith them to bring hin1 up as girl" .
ion}'SOs-ch1ld seated <Jn the head, in Athen s, Agora l\1useu111.
E. TRITON \VJTH THESEUS
2.With 11erakles [737] Besques Cat i pl b:)(1V. 110. Cro8 , 47° -6o B.C., terracotta
(7 3] Zanker, vVandel 77 r . AZ
2 b ill
I • •
(r
•
)
34
f.
896 p 1' 17, 1g. 4• relief fron1 ll1elo; . (738j On
v~ses : B:
Sauer, Thescio11(1899) 75, w ere .
 T IIE T\'l' irS
72
F. P riSE IJ)ON \VJTII T ARA S
Chapt er Six
-,,rJ] On (he rc,·t·rse of gold Ta rcnti ne cojn s of 340-30 B.C , .
, ., . . . ' .r1i rnier
J{raay, Greek (0 111 s, pl. x. no. 3 15 : sea ted P osei clo n ,vith t ride t ·
h,,,. Taras i11front o f h i1n ext endin g his ann s towa rds tb e fathers~h a nd D en1ons and Anima l-Nurses of Childre
n
lh~ postur e is re1niniscent of lat e Al tic Sle la i. ead; A. DEMONS

C' P EJ. l~VS \•\llTH Ac HJL LJ; s !(er with Ephebe

I.

17-10) Bringing hiJn to Cbeiron: l(e rcny i, Di e. fl crocn 34 1, !ig. : (746] B esqu es, Cat., i, pl. lxxv, C123, i{elia.1
1 relief 47o-6o B.C.
73
A RI' , 034.1.
2. H arfJies or Sirens with Soul (Sy111bolicKourotrophoi)
H. E VPl·IORBOS IVJT H O EDI P US- C HILD c747J H a rpy to 1n b at Xa n t.hos, (748] Cypriot terracottas depending
[741) l( ereny i, JJi e 1-leroeu, 105 , fig. 13 . on Ionian 1nod els, (749] I ta.lie v.rorks, etc. Discussion, and bib!.: E.
Buschor, Di e 1V.besen des J cnsei~s (_1944)35, figs. 26-28: "Mystic teachings
I. DI ON YSOS 1-l' ITH C HlLD - S ,\TYR on 0TH£H of Orph eus and P yth agoras lie in th e bac kground and it is probably
[~42). f ~ecling Sat y r fron1 the kantl1ar os CJ/ A , Co1upiegue, iii, Id, pl. nol fortu itou s that such representations abound in Italic areas and the
1~b1s, Attic 1j krate r. [743) \~1ith child. iVI. I. Rostovtzef f, Mystic ltavy places in contact 1vith Sa.mos" .
(New York 1927) pl. I ; ,vith Iakch os? see i11ft·a. , Typ e V.J.
3. Etruscan-Ionian winged Goddesswith c/z.itd
]. L\K CHOS \VITH PL OVIOS ( ?} (750] G. i 1. A. Hanfmaua, Etrusli. Plasbic(1956} pl. 14.
., [744) Classka l relief fron1 th e Ath enian Agora , I{. Schaue nburg,
Pluto n unc! D1onysos", .fdl , 68 (1953) 57, Jig. 14; G. ~•Iylonas, AE,
B. ANIMAL - NURSES
1 960, 11 6, hg. 22 : Demete r sea ted, l(or e 1vith to rch, 1nru1 ,vith child 1'/i.cGoat A nialtlwia •1,u·rse of Zens
I.

a nd cornu c~piae, two 1vorsl1ipp ers. cf. Ati stoph. F1•ogs, v. 479. "Iakch e [751] I-I. Fuhrma n , "Ath an1as", ]di, 65-66 (1950-51} r25f. Laager,
Ploutod ot_a • A ~erraco t ta iigu1ine fron1 Tara s, 'fara nt o 20043, represents Geb·1trt 11:ndJ(indheit; J. A. Overbeck, Gr-iechisclze J(1,11stmythologie,
wi~
'.'. 1~a n! 1 slueld stand ing, his h ead recalling th e bearded reclini11g Vol. 2 (ed. 1969), 327 f., R on1a u 1·eliefs, coins, gems. H. Jeanmair e,
~ ~onysos of th e Ta rentin e terr a cotta group s (supra., ·rype III.D.2.f ) Co1troiet Couretes (Lille 1939) 287; Calli111.Hy 111n,I, 46ft. This tradition
"hi le_ a tiny boy stand.~ by his leg-poss ibly heroized dead depicted is proba bly of eastern origin (Cow Hathor, Isis ; also Etruscan she-wolf).
as D1onysos with Plouto s ,· II-.owever th ere ar e no cornu cop1ae · 111
· tJ1e
latt er.
2. Bitch, ·11·1trse of Zeits or of /zeroJ(ydo-11
[752] R.epresentatio ns of bitch with child on coins of l{ydonia, Crete,
1(. AP OLLO J<.ALLITEKNO S
and 11inoau sea ls; see Nilsson, GGrR2, s.v. Nilsson, Jl!JMR,540, fig. zo5:
[ki4d5]b.Ai
l·dc~aic
i coin of l<a ulonia, colony of Locr i, 1vilh Apollo, stancl.iiig a Cretan sea l ,vith a sh eep uncler which sits a child, is often interpreted
na e O ng a bough , a s tag near ht111 · and a sma!J f1·g t1re 011his · ex·
l encIed ann · B G . ' as a divi ne nursing; the c hild does not suck the anima l.
" ·e A . t·d . ury , ree/1 111 .story, 104 , fir,, 40 F or Apollo I(alliteknos
,,.,, ns I es (ed . l(eil} 8 ° · . , id,
11eiligtiiiner der c··u · . p. 39 .I Sf., 469.4. E. Ohle n1utz, Die J(ttlte t# 3. Bees-1111,rses
of Ze'lts(Me/1'.ssai)
O
lilekn I d er _z
.n Pergainon (Dar n1stadt 1968) 12f. Apollo Kai·
os 1a a te1nple 111 Pe F 5 , 1 [753) Laag er, op. cit. and Ov erbec k, op. cit.
Od. xix .86. rgainon. 'Or Apollo l(o urot rop hos see c,w,.
4. Bear-1111
,rse of Ze11s(Ky11oso11ra)
[754) laager op. c-Z:t.
and Overbeck, o,p.cit.
71
5. A·c11/r111ris
by Zcuxis
Chapte r Seven
~s· c,-1,·lirat<·dJlaillling
t :> •
where a Ccnl:1ur wa$ represe nted .
with a
~lw-r,.,n, 1ur ~ucklrng two chilrlrcn 011 11er hu111an breas ts and two
h•·r cquin,·: J. A. O,·erhcck , Schnjtq11dlc11(1959) 314, no . 166 , luciaon
N ur ses, Paedagogues, Dwarfs
3
Zcuxi~ 3 . For LheRon1an surviv al : I(. SchiLucnbur g, "Di e Lupa Rom n, A. NURSES
als scpulkrales J!oliv''. jdf , 81 (19(1u) 261-309, figs. r-19, 32. . ana [7S6] Heuzcy, ,ll ~n. G:·ecq11 .es. assoc. ,Pourl'cncour. des Et.Gr., 1 , "Fcm-
37
cs voilecs" • and in Figttr . Lonvre pl. 392-3had suggested that the late
111
caricat ures of th e old ..N urse re?resen t Demet e_r l{ourotrophos, according
to the J-10 111. ff y 111-
11,11, _ro1f. 1heatre scene with nurse and child : AJ ;I,
()8(1964) 339, pl. 103, fig. 16. D. B. Thompson, "The Origin of Taoagra
Figurines", AJA, 70 (~966) 57ff. pls._ 17, 18. The frequent occurrence
or the type in Sanc tuanes of D e1neter 1s worth further consideration.
I. Sf a:ndi 11
g, hol.di11-g
child, or with secondchild at her knee
[757-63] \.Vioter, ii, 467, I; 469, 4-9. [764-71] \oVinter,i, 152, 2-7;
r53, 3, 5. (772) Athens, Tanagra type from Athens [773] Richter, Sc11t,p-
/ure a·11dScu!.ptol'S,fig. 222 .
2. Seated
(774-7S) \oVint er, ii, 465, 3, 11, 12; 462, 2-3. (779-88] Winter, i,
153, 6-8; 154 , 2-7. (789 ] Oty nth11s, xiv, pl. 56. (790] Besques, Cat., ii,
pl. 167c, i\•lyT. 258. (791) Besques, Terres-c•uites, 75, pl. 16, 2. [792] Miinzen
und N[edaillen, L iste 340 , no. 92 Boeotiau.

,g the child
3 . I ( issi11
(793] \.Yinter, i, 153, 4. [794) l-Iesperia, S1,,pp!..,
vii, fig. 64, no. 89 from
the Pnyx . (795] Winter, i, 154, 1. cf. S1vj>ra, 'fype 111.A.6.
4. Obese, sqieatt-ing
r
[796] \,\/inte r, i, 154 , 8. 797 J H esp eria, Su,ppl., vii, fig. 6, no. 86, naked,
early 4th cent. B.C. Jron1 t he Asse,nb ly P lace, Pnyx.
B. PAEDAGOGUE
I . Standing, with one or two children
_[798-99] \.\/inter, ii, 403, 404 . (Soo] Besques, Cat., ii, pl. 166, 11Yr, 336
with lantern. [8ooaJ i\fenclel, Cat., 2744.
2. Seated
[Sot-805] \.Vinter ii 403 rr · 405 6-7 · 403, 9 holding crying chi!~.
t·:
[S 6)
n··.
' ' • ' ' ' · Suppl vu
~esques, Cat., ii pl. 167, a-i\'lyr. 287. [807] _Hespena,f him
fig . 64, no. 88 with t\vo children standing m front o .
.[8o8j
crhn, 8437 with one child at his knee, fro1n Ath ens.
 TIJJ; TYPES

C. DI\IA.RF S
Chapt er Eight
LSog-ro) Higgins, Cat., ~• p1[. 18], nBos. 88, 9C3fTo~ Rh odes, late th
6
c<>nl.D.C., and _further bib:1 8 II esqu es, at., 1, p l. xv , no. Btl 1\/Ionk: ey Kourotrophos
from Tanagra. [812) L1111 os, 1, pl. 108, n o. 2318. A. Fu rtwii.ngler, lilei,3•
Schr1ftc11.
supports the view Lhat the dwarfs a r e of Pboen. ician-Egypti ie Conunon offering e~pecia lly in a rchaic san ctuari es of the Ionic area
origin, from Ptab-En1bry o and the "Fat-be llied d em on" . The tyan of influence, reproduc ,_ug typ es an d postur es of the human kourotrophos.
appears elsewhere but is always of Ea st Greek style. Oth er wise they h pc Some cxa1nples, espec ially th e ea rly ones, a re delightful.
.
been exp lained .
as rep resentat ions of H ep 11a1.stos wit . h his so n l{abirave
. os, A. SE ATED
as lhe..Gree ks '.1nderstood t i1e rep resentati?ns. of_ P _ta!1 (H erod. , ).
3 37 1. 1,V•ith legs ontsbretched, or riding
Furtwangler thanks that th ey a re rather I-.a b1ro1: 1.b1.d., 419) : I(abiros
with a dead soul, who1n he protec ts. Apa r t fro n1 P tah ,vl10 was in charge
of the foetus, Bes, the clwarf-clen1on, wa s assoc iated bo th with death
[Sr 3) Corintf'.; xv,.
ii pl. 39, no. xx xiv, 3 (there described as holding
"loaf of bread ; 1t 1s a S\va dclled baby). [814] Hand n1odelled archaic
and with marr iage and child-ca r e. I t is p robab le th a t, in sp it e of thei~ example fron1 Boeo tia , in At hen s.
derivation, in Greece th ese representat ions ,vere un de rstoo d as human
rather tha n divine. Ho,vever the l{abi r oi ,vere worshippe d as fertility- 2. With chi ld on shoulder
demons and received votive offer ings of child r en's st atu ett es, as in the [8r5] Exan 1ple in A th ens . [816] A 6th century example with human
l(ab irion near Th ebes : DcutschesArchiiol. Inst. A1- r,sgrab1tngen-Forscl111nge11 babv was found in a to nib near Lokroi (from S. Antonio, Reggio). [816•]
seil 1950 (Berlin 1969) 84. .-\Is~ in R eggio, fron1 L ok roi-Ma n.nella comes another similar askos-
monkey , no . 6 14 1. [817-18) Oth er fro1n Lokroi , Coll. Scaglione: E. Llssi,
Att,:e Jllfemorie delta S ocieta Magna Grecia (1961) 92, pl. xxxvii, nrs. 93-94.

3 . Fiold·i ng cliiltl
[819) Arc haic plas tic a ry balloi: Fron1 Gela,Bitalemi, Syracuse 1830,
1831; (820] Orla ndini "Lo sca vo del Thes1nophorion di Bitalemi",
l{oflnlos, 12 (1966) pl. x x, fig . 2. (821] \,Vinter, i, 222-5; Li~os, i, 1904-5.
[822) Clara Rhodos, iv , 263, Sep!. 132 , figs. 287, 289: holding he~ baby
in a conical h a t!- found in the ton1b of a newborn. [823) Maxunova,
Les Vasesplastiqnes Greques (1927), ii, pl. xiv, no. 58.

4. Suckling
_(82 4) i\'l. iv[. 11 Pliant:·
l{obuluna, Terrakotobue Ctatyetky, Pa11tikapeya
con,
,.,~(1961) 41 -2 lJl. I 3 : enthroned with footstool! W. C. Derlmo :
The llpe in A'lltiquity
' '(Baltin1 ore 1938) 104-6. [825] H"iggms,
· Cal·• 1'
pi, II, fig. 53.

B. STANDING

[826) Ha nd n1oclelled fro1n Tanagra , Berlin 6885.

 Chapter Nine

Crete
,,,1-- . . and such pr oblems as the "imperfect fe--'e
' religion
•100an '"'" mono-
llwi~m·•,1 the ong 1n and nature of the Goddess(es)2 and the origin and
cult of the clivine cl~ild~ are still. in the realm o( theory, perhaps until
the Linear 1\. scrip t_1s hn_ally_decipher ed. One th ing seems certain, that
Elcuthia, who receives libations o[ honey in the Mycenaean tablets•
is identical with th e Cretan Eil eithyia of the cave of Amnisos, mention:d
by Homer (T r SS), 01: th e Eileitby iai, daughters of Hera (her dual form),
who preside ove r ch.1lclb1rth (A 270, T rr9). She is also identical with
Eileithyia worshipp ed in Attica and several other places in Greece;
hut her na1ne, attest ed epigraphically in n1any different forms, is non-
lndo-european,6 and n1ust theref ore be i\rlinoan. In Crete she was wor-
shipped in nat ural ca ves (A1nni~os, Patso, Krateros, Inatos-Tsoutsouros,
etc.), where, according to the finds, she was invoked for procreation,
pregnancy, child ca re and tnotherhood. Her Cretan origin was so much
revered in Greece, that the Athenians believed the t\vo of the three xoana
in her Athenian sa nctuary to be Cretan dedications of Phaedra (Paus.
T.18.5).
The divine cl1ilcl \Vas \vorshipped here in the Greek period under
ihc name of Zeus, born miraculously and brought up miraculously in
a cave by Gaia (Hesiocl, Tlieog. 477-84) or Melissa or Amaltheia (on the
mountain Ida). or th e Ny1nphs, th e bees, the cloves, the bear, the Kouretes

r. Alexiou, 255U. l' hc readings of names in the Tablets (L. A. Stella, La civilla
mice:"•" tiei doc-umet1ti confe·noporame-i(1965) 228, 241) are not absolutely es-
tablrshed: Miihlenste in , P,·ocCretCongr', ii, 118: Names _like A-h-na an,d
A-sa-sa -ra. have been conside red as independent Mmoan derties. A. Furumark 5
argument, "God s of Ancient Crete", OpAtl1e>1,vi (1965) 85-?S, that. more
t han one name Ul t he same tablet should point to their indiVJduality 1~ un-
founded: Ath e na Pa rthenos and Athena Nike, e.g., are often mentio_netl
together as two cults of one single goddess: Dittenber~er, Sy/loge', •7r, lines
rgff, B . C. D ie trich Tire Origims o'Greek Roligio11(Berlin 1974) 128-19°·
2 o· t · · · , ·,/e "Some ~ Light from the E ast on cretan cult. prac•
· r ic l'ICh (su.••ra n 1)
ices... Historia,
111
r ' t6' (i 'g6?) ' s _ , L. R. Palmer, 1lfyCM1aeans a 1,4 J.11t1oans
on th~
3 5 413
(London 1965) 1 20. Ventr is-Chadwick, Doc,m1et1ls,12 5U., .µoU .. esp.
111
:an!ng o( Pobnia and ma-te-re te-i-ja. Nilsson, MMR. 3_S9ff .••395· \Villetts,
3· biotnch (sup ra, n. r) 13ff. and bibl. Laager, Geb11rl111111K ·md/,eil r56 ff·
Cr.C11 1fs, 2 0 2 [.
4 0
' GV~nhis-C haclwick , Doc,1111e'11ls', 31of., no. 206, Evans' T~le~Jr. ~- 'tts "Cretnn
5.. ctard ,., . nr 11e •
l'" J . -.1.,oussea u LBS 1ue1!t1011s 'Y8l·i.gu;uscs
. 1 01 - 10•... "'

"' "' th Yia" , CQ, (1958) 221-23.

8
 1,oC,\L Cl'LTS A'.'>fl REPRE SEN TAT JVES CRETE
ll:z

and ,,, ,,n. The fc1nalc• deity kept her independence and priniac
l . ,,5 of the na1nc Di onysos in Linear 13 tablets ' gave ~olunher
• t
Eikitlii ia, or Rh ea (Kn? ssos), or Arlc:n1i~ ;Briton 1a rti s (?lous), or
kalli, (Lera J<ydo n1:1s). fh c eastern tracl1llo n of lh e a nunal -nurse or
tk~ ~,1no
thcon' c,. " • J•I
.
'·akallis, A-sa-sa-ra
1\ ~ •
acco rdin
• • •
g top some readings of the Ta biets
tliYinc child is especia lly s trong here. 0 Acco rding to other tradition: . ·cnth· of :vI1noan o rig in, 1s near ersephonc to whom ·111 1 t . ·
app,u -. .· . . is ' a e times
Jiowevrr , the nurses were lhe claugh Lers of i\•lclisseus: Aclrasteia, Eid · . l'lme 15 asc11bed as an ep ithe t. In a cave at Lera l{ydoru·
hc11• . . as, where
Kynosoura and ;\•lelissa, or th e Br isai (f(eos) or the ?e rai s tiades (Gorlyst; ording to the tradit ion her cult was practised, there was re t d
J-lo mer, however, the nearest source chro nolog1cally to the ?liino ace . . 11c, Class 1.lca penod . ,. por c
. C . an
n 11
am,, "
,, the h ncls (10 111t .
a represen tati'on of d. •
a 1vmc
world, does nol mention the re tan child- god a lthoug h he refers lo child''.1'' J,Io,vever, even. Lf one can trusl folk n1eLnory,one cannot be
the Cretan Eileithyia o f Amnisos. 8 H esiod is the fir s t who refers to the sure what date exact ly 1s referred to. The evidence for the existence
birlb or lh e chiJd-l eus in Crete (1'/Jeog.477-484). Tulany la ter Greek of the cliild-god in p re-~·I ycenaea n times is almos t nil.17It h.!$ been al-
write rs n1enlion with clilferen t de tails the birth and upbringing of Zeus ready Limiclly s ugg este d that " I-Iis advent is late, and hemay indicate that
in Crele.0 P lut arch (Lys. 28) says that the ch ild Dionysos was born in :tlready the north e rn inlluence of the Achaeans was causing their god
Crete, a nd Euripides and Firinicus refer to that old Creta n Dionysos to be accepted by the !liinoans, though always as subordinate to the
who is none other than Zeus-Zagreus, whose 1nys tic adherents attained indigenous goddess" .18 It is a lways taken for granted that theMycenaeans,
commun ion with the ir god by eati ng the raw Hesh of a bull. 10 These have as l.ndo-Europcans, ,vorshippe d the n1ale father-god. lord of the weather.
given rise to 1na11yth eories about the yo un g Cretan Goel, his connection The archaeolog ical ev idenc e, ho\vever, informs us differently: there
with th e East, wilh the ;\'Linoa n Goddess, th e assignment to hi.in or the are all the s ig net rings d ep icting the goddess with the young god. It is
1notir of "t he dying god, son and love r" , th e Cretan !lofysteri es and their assumed that t hese a re only iniitations of lviinoan motifs, without
connect ion with the E leusi nian ones where Dionysos -Iakchos and necessarily adopting th eir religious connotation. But the female terra-
J)emete r with I<ore cor respond to the Cre tan ch ild and the !liinoan colla figurines canno t have b een put in the graves for decorative purposes
Goddess in her do uble nature. 11 It has eve n been s uggeste d that he was only. If , on the ot her ha nd , these figurines represent human beings why
brought from Phoenicia by th e l(aclJneioi " if ,ve grant that the I<adlneioi the male is not rep resent ed as \veil? The i\Iycenaeans were in close
reached the mainla11d by way of Crete".12 His poss ibl e theriomorp hism contact with Egypt. Could they have adopted there the young Horus
i.s st ill being discussed .13 All the a bov e, together with so1ue dubious as another n1ani[es tal ion of their o,vn n1ale god? But the Minoans
were in contact with Egypt even earlicr. 19 The Egyptian Isis could have
6. Supra, Type \f1.l3. reminded Lhen1 of the ir o,vn l\fother-goddess so that they adopted her
;. J ca nmaire, Co11,-oiet Com·ete11,287. Callim. Jlymn .. i .. 16 ff. G. Korres, Prot·
CrttC011g1·•, ii, J081L; agai nst his inte rpr etat ion Pri ce, II. 48-49 . U. von l~'ila· son. The ivory stat uettes of children from Palaikastro have been re-
~1ov1tz-itoclle 1~ dorf, De!· Gla~1bc dcr Hclleneu. i (ed. 19 56) 12 5((. . . .
S. fhe passag~ discussed ,n , V,lletts, C,·. Cu lt$, 87, does no t giv e any md1cation
about Zeus ~c ; Vl1 illet ts, howeve r: "And was not Minos by a regal }'ct•~,n
a lways you ng I For Ho,ncr ca lls him a 1tine-ycar killg, (amiliar friend of Ze~s • '4- C. Aurelio Privitera "D ioniso nella Societa 11iccnea", GtnignWic,i vol. I,
1.51ff. But sec Vent;is-Chadw ic k Docwna11ts', r27. 4r L Kerenyi, 1(,etChrl>lf,
namel~ that young i\llinos was a friend o( t he vouna Cod Zeus. But a iunc·~
yea,· king could sta rt his kingship in an old (l"e. • "' '5·•6 ( 1 96 1-62) 2oof., w ith an elaborate ' argument, makes n·,ouysos a sucoessor
9. Cook. Ze11s. ii, 2 928(!. \Villetts, c,•.Culls, ;rr. ~'1. L. ,Vest. "The Dictae.in o( ihc child- Zeus
li,"nn to the Kouros", JrI S, 85 (1965) 1. 19 . 15 9; on p. 15,f: "It is well known 1 5. P "·•
·
. " J'_a g rottc
· ·0 « 1u e,
. •
de Le ra (T~ydomas, . ) et Ia oymp II Ak•k•llis"
G ~ •
I<rttGhron,
~,at the Zeus _who was_born in 3:Creta11cave was originally not the :Hellciu: , 6 1l'S•t6 (r96 1-62) 195-99; Fununark (sup,,.. n . 1).
-eus but a. P1 e-Hcllemc vegetation - or year-spirit of the same genera~ typ • ,ttire (swprri n. 1 S) 19 .
9
as th c Sem,t, c Adonis or t he Egyptia n Osiris ... ", but he quotes as evi~ence
1
1
~·~!: Biesantz, !(, ,et. Nly k en. Sicnclbilder, s4 r.for 1'1ycenaean ex:1mples.
for the year ly :<>b irth late antique w1·ite rs . On the theo,·y of the yearly ctaunon . Nilsson 11t 1 VIR - •
sec J. E. Harnson. 1°lum1is(1927 ed 1960) 31 -f 144 ' 9. F S I : J ' +o:,. . . .. • 15
. I • I<ul/u,~•i1hung1n
1o 'N1Lletts C, C / · • - ~ ·• ' · · c
1· MChcrmcyc r ' Ac ,,iiis
., 11,nrl Onc11/' Die 11/JIJrs,•
• "' .
t J(I 0i11asu11 ,., ._
11n.. ..,-
I,· "1'1 • ~'. 11Is, 220-21. T<,
1
·etC!,ron, 15-16 ( 196 r-6 2) 195-99. 110
" u •et« u•11dNI y ltcnac 11,it A cgy pien, dar Levtmle ,m, II' 1·ss P/11'1.-
,; ~;~"ts' 'c '''1c11, 4° 1-405. \Villctts. Cr. Cults. 151 . , 70 r.. 79 u. soni/erer
. J<>
~eruc · . 11"'des '2. ]<thrta·us. v. Cl1r. (Osler· A kaL1 11•
•• Its1chtrnu. ..
· , Y. It 1IS, t65 JIlSJ /-"{ o ;.,
13. Ibid. ~lav, "Mino· l . S · . ,, · 'flsse, D cnkst!,riflc11 93, 1967).
• ,sc >er t ,ergot t, . /(ret Chrou, 15-16 (196 1-62) 2r5-23.
6
 #

LOCAL CULTS AND llEPRE SE>ITATIVES

CRETE
85
garded as Egyptian imports. Ev en i r th ey were locally nlade th
20
ey , , •ciclleor Lat e i\<li
noa n period do\vn to the Geometric at least and
thC1' 11
• • . •1
rcprod11ccan hgrptian type. -
Archa~ological c\·idencc :bou t the -~lose co_ntact _o~ Cret: \_vith CyPrus
. ,vcases to the Classical, or even Roman times.
mnia 1 J
.·
..
. • •
In many of these
2•

alreadr 111the :\!ill period -- and then cultur al afhnJty (s11n1lar syUal. ca,,.s
e the cult of .natura l sta. lactit es 1s attested.
. In the
. cave of Eileithyia
. IIC at J<ratcros, a l'llgh ea 1cario us con_cretion resembling a woman, and a
script-<:\·en if the language has not been proved the same, EC terracott
group from Vounous depicti ng religious cere1nony \l'ith da nce and snak~ snt:lIJ O ne -rese1nbling. a ch1kl stan cl.ingby l1er, are
. surrounded by a low
stone enclosure, obv ,ous~y for purpos~s of w~rs!up.~ The finds there date
for a Goddess 11~thchild, and other such repr esent a tions 23 antedatin
from the i\•f~I period, ~1nt1l Geo~etnc tln1es.~irrular 1s th_ecasefor the cave
tbe contacts \\'ith Phoenicia and Aegean cultur es) suggest that the sam! f I{era tokan1pos (V1annou). Such a calcanous concretion was al50 found
religion n1ay have been pract ised in both islands si111ultaneously. Other- ~ the cave of l\> Iclidoni, 2 n where the finds date from LM III to Geo-
wise, there is no e\·idence about religious influence fron, Cyprus. 111ctric tin1es and reapp ear .RA .
111 oman. n 1nscnphon '•f rom the Roman
•IJ,.case supporting the above suggestio n is the cult of Zens Welchanos Ill ., M . h .
icriod n1en tions Hennes son o, aia w o, 1t seems, succeeded to the
which continued until very lat e ti1ncs, both in Crete and Cyprus. The ~ull oI Eileithyia and Welchanos . vVhen exactly the stalactites were
name \Velchanos is proved non-Indo-Eur opean , na 1ne of a pre-historic enclosed or start ed to be worshipped one cannot tell; however there
young god (youth, not child) later fused \vit h th e Greek Zeus. This is an at tested case of such \Vorship, namely the calcarious concretions
young god of vegetation , seated on a tre e and his na1ne Gelc/Janos, or mother, child and n1onkey ( ?), fro1n the Late Minoan Fetish Shrine
appear on the coins of Phaist os.2·1 A feas t called Velclrania was cele- in the Littl e Palac e at I{nossos. 30
brated in Gortys and Lyttos . In Athi enou, Cyp rus, Zeus Gallan.£0sis Apart fron1 the se uncertain representations, the earliest_ represen-
n1e□ cioncd in an inscripti on, ru1d on a 4th cent ury relief a young god is tation of the Cretan Kourotrophos dat es from the LM III penod: supra,
represented on a tree, as on the Ph aistos coins, in a ceren,onial scene.26 Type I.A.I.a . 'fhi s small figurine resembles ~he Lt.1 b~ll-shaped c~t
The lack or representations of the young God in pre-lVfycenaean Crete idols or the godd ess with upr aised arms found 111the vanotLS~fountam-
still remains inexplicable. Peak sanctua ries.
According lo the 1-Iesiodean tradition (Theog. 477-84) the child-Zeus Another .interesting rep resentat ion from tbe LM period is the plastic
was brought up by Gaia who look hin1 fro1n Rh ea and kept him in a vase in the forn1 of a woman in childbirth ( ?) from Gournia, 31 probably
deep cave. It does not seen1 necessary to insist that Gaia, being chthonic, an offering to Eil eith yia, found \vith a group of objects am~ng ~hich
and not Rhea, should be his real n1other. 2 •1 Th e hiding in the cave by were a n1atrix of a bucraniun1 and a plastic bnll-rhyton. A figunne of
Gaia and then the bringing out should be considered rathe r as signifying lltc same type (headless) , dat ing from Geometric times, was found in a
a mystical act , that took place in the Creta n caves cult or in initiations.
la later ti1nes and especially in the Orphic cult s, this ac t of con1ing out
iron, the depths has a great sign ificance denoting the rebirth to the
27
. ~ilsson, lVJNIR, 457 {. P . Fau re, ~011ctio11s Caucr11a.Crllo'.~esJ:9~},!~~
J. Boo.rdm a n, The Cre/<i,zCol/eclton at o.,ford
des
Platakis,
(1961). P
new world of the Elysiu1n and inunortality. A11i,iison where some literary evidence ,s collected,: :oc•
lis Ei le·itl,yias (';is
toral t hesis, E:. Locta Tyree (Un iv. of l\lissouri), Cretan Sacre1Caves. re a,.
Excavations or tl1e caves have shown a continual cult in then1 from li111mlio»,was announced
ological cuide11ccf or possible cult co11 ID Nestor (Dec.
1970) 69 4. · 6
28. Fau re (s..pra, n. 27 ) 13, pl. vii, 6. N. Platen, .4E. 1930, 1 14, fig. ·
20. Pe!1dlcbury, Aegyp tiac,i (r930) 33, pl. iii, 12th Dynasty.
21. Prace, lll , 95· 1Il , pl. 20.1-2. 29. Faure (•"P"" · n . 2?) pl. x.v, 3.
22 1 1
· ~ctCh, o,i, 5· 6 (1961-62) l, Dikaios. 151-56, Masso n, rs 6, 161. Fo r the cult:
3°. Ev ans . PlVJ, ii, 519((, . . ( • ) 5 n. 1.
31, Heraklcio n 2841 N' Platon Hodeuos, 107: P icard, Afo11P1olth,9~4 1 o'rph1'c
]•I1'llct:ts, C,·. Cull,, 75, note 94. P. Dika ios "Les Cultes Prehistor iques dans · · · • " Mi an an ropom
e de Chypre" s · 1 · lxx J,~·i ·,·, lxx v 5 M. P . Dema rgn e, Nlel. Glotz, I (1937) 305£1., pl. 3:. !'0d presentation on
23 . Inf ra, p. 91.
• • )'n<i, 3 (1932) 34,. ,8
• • •
pls · · · • -~' • · · , · rhyto n in Herakleioll, 8660, connected with tbe mc,se re•'th exaggerated
24
· D(ikaios, K y prit,f,ai Spoudai Z', 136f. Sokolowski 196g 247 no 146 Dietrich , an ?inochoe from Axos on wbich a sea_ted naked C'.°ddess '" le ~ roaches
SflP,a , n. 1) 15!. · · • • • genita ls sits with hands on brea sts, while a procession of ~io be ~~egnant.
25. Dikaios (supr« n o ) v I h . . her from ei tiler side; however , it is not clear whether she 15 meant vase (head
~,.
,v. •!\s" · ·l · , e c a rta
· · ''H
• l.,.I<o nto 1con · os. ma · 5th cent. inscription from Gorty s. F rom a similar ll'li noa n vessel comes apparently a !ragmenary
• e gennes,s tou D 1os" , f(rc/Chro11,15-16 (1961-62). with neck) in the Univer s ity of Chicago, Buck Collection.
 ,<;
(, LOCAL ci.;r; rs A :{0 REPRE SEN'fAT I VES
CRETE
rural ' Peak Shrine" excava ted in Jli crapctra -I{avous i ,vhere th
acc,,rding Lo the finds, continu ed un tiJ th e Class ical per iod.32 se·C~lt, 2_ Pregnant women _stancling (Fig. 2c) or with legs st retc hed OJWI\.
· front of thelll 1mllar
c11, w1· tl--1 1egs ope n 111
figurine•, of preg na nt wo111 3_ J.;:ourotr opho1 (Figs. 2a-b, 13) ancl a 1niniatu1e faicncc statu tl,
.
found 111the cave o c·r
sou Lsou ros. 'fhcd epos1t . ·f ron1 this cave, Were
( . of Isis sucklin g I-Iorus (~hoenician irnport of 8th-?th century?) c c
33 71{oclels of te rraco tta ships .
unpublished) in South Crete d cn1onstral cs the stu·viva l of th s!JU ~ . j

.
to I he Greek period . e cult
Also a. fa.icnce mi..niatuJe _group of doub le goddesses, baby in cradle,
. An in3_c ript ion" fo_und _a_t Tsout~ouro~, El outhia cha risterion 34 ("a covered by a blank et , wluch has now crack ed at the edges so that it
gift Lo J~ile1thy1a ) 1drnhfie s th e site 1v1th the an cie nt city of Ina[ can be re1noved and reveal an oblong piece of clay with the head attached
where Eileithyia was worsh ipped. Eilcit hy ia Vinat ia (: In a tia) is os'. at one encl, a n1eta l sta tuet te of a dove, many Egyptian scarabs; a
111
tioned in an inscriptio n of a tr eaty o [ th e 2nd cent. B.c.as ; ~ blue faicnce pin e-cone circula r vase has an erotic couple attached in
1
earliest find of lh e deposit is appar e ntl y a sn1all qu a drangular votiv: its centr e, a n a llusion to the I{ernos full of the first fruit .
stone-altar, fro1n th e bcginn.ing of th e L:i\I per iod. 36 As the cave was The ship mod els are most interesting as they indica te a survival
first i1l\·aded by clandestine excavato rs the strat igrap hy was distur- of the n1arine character of the Easte1n and i\1inoan Goddess.as Ships
bed, a ~d 1na ny of the rinds were already remov ed and apparently have been found as ton1b-offerings at l{nossos . In Egypt Isis, and in
sold pn vately . Some terraco ll a lig urin es, espec ially of }Jregnant women the Levant J-I a thor , ,vere also ,vorshipped as Patrone.~ses of Sailors.39
are now in the p riva te Collect ion il'lctaxa in I-Icrak.leion, Crete. Th~ Models of ship s were also offered in archa ic tin1es to Hera Argeia and
[igurincs which 1 saw date fro1n the first and second quart er of the 7th to I-Iera of the shrine in the 1n outh of Sele ~infra., Lj4f ., r79f., 180)
~~ntury B.C: and are _1nostly, but not all , hand -111 ode lled (Figs. 2a-c, 13). where th ey are st ill no,v carried in procession every August in honor of the
Ih e p redom inant vot ive offerings a re terrac ot ta figurines of: Christ ian "JVladonna clella ivlelagrana". Apparently the Goddess of
r. E rotic couples in st a ndin g positio n, offer ing to Ei leit hyia , mother Inatos was in voked as Euploia; it is a lso poss ible that the l{ouros wor-
of Er os.31 shipped with the Mother Goddess was invoked for the safety of the
ships a nd the \Veil-being of the sailors. The Dictaea.i1 Hymn to the
2
3 • :,<• ;DICltro,'.,4 (t950 ) 533; 5 (195 1) 442/. : 10 (1956) ro -19, pl. A, fig. 2, L . Renard, I<ouros, ho,vever, co1nposecl in Hellenistic ti1nes, invokes him to "spring
Notes d A!clut .~cture ~roto-gcomctr ique e n Crete", Au!CI. 36 (r937) 577. up in the seafaring ships", as well as in the "fleecy flocks, and in the
B. ~- Dietric h. Some l,v ,dcnce of Reli gious Contin uii-y in th e Gree k Dnrk
Age ., Bull/11stCJS1. 17 (1970) 16 -20. crops of the fields . . . and in the house of fulfilhnent" .•0
33· De!tron, r961-2, 283. T had the opportu nity to st udy a nd p ho togra ph some Si1llilar depos it s, apparently from sanctua ries of Eileithy ia, have
ob1eclS tha nks to th e generous permi ssion o f the cxca va lor Prof. N. PJato n, to been found i n Lato •1 (7th century ma le worshippers with their hands
whom I am greatly inclcbtccl.
34. li re!Cl,,.on, 10 ( r956) 4 21 . on tltcir bre as ts-possibly a i\'finoan sur viva l, a kourotrop hos, s11,pra,
35. \Villctt5 (su,'ra n 5) '"3 f • 1s C t I · · · E· · no. [80), a li ellenistic kn eeli_ng figure - Eileithy ia or woman in clrildbirth,
3<, F01. tl 'l ' ' . '.· · - · er. •·c· , "-"'• ,ii. Culh 1s a nt 1qu11s.
:· · ,e c escn pt ,on of the cave sec Faure (s11pra,n . 2 ) 90 . and 1n any statuettes of bulls) and in Kato-Anav lochos •2 (Daedalic
3,. Accordm" to th e poem 0 , ·b d t OJ 7 · ·
baedar "' . ,.scn e o Cll. Fa ur e (su,prr,. ,,. 27) 9of. cf. s11111Jar
representa tions of the Goddess , kourotrophos nos. [Sr] and (256], dou.ble
A I ,1 · O•,c(1901)
groups of erotic couples from ,-...'Prus. \\ 'in te r l. I " , 1 F .Halbherr,
h ~, · · ' • -, ' · ·
c;a ctl 3o. on t c ter racot1:"5 from Pra isos : "c omp ariso ns are proseoted goddesses and a na ked kouros). The terracotta plaques at Oxior~ ~nd
th e t,~ br /he •
produc ts of Cy7, n ot Arch aic art ". Fo r t he contacts between Cambridge, supra no. [I ) n1ust have been votive offerings for similar
1 r r, re Q11urt . m8 thHe Geometric a.nd Archa ic periods . V . I{arageo rnhis,
, o C o,c •s ands .c:, •
C•• 1, 11 • ~-- • 11 1 0 ., and F. Canc,ani. Bronzi Oricnttt.li c 0ri ,e.ulaNz: a11fl<'-
,,,,, • ,, ;; sec ,J C (I·, . 1rn
· • • ?JC
en,b racing . coup le was f· · · d· · ,on,e t970 ) Passi,,, especially eh . x. A Li\' 38. Alc" iou, 2 s2 r.
tJ ' f
!Iileith ria m . ~ . oun m lC cave o( Fatso, identi( ied with the cave o 39- J. Cer uy, 11,icfr nt EgypNan Roi'igio1, (1952) 125.
collecti~11 1/nlio ncd i' th e _Odyssey: K ilsso n, Nl /l•IR. ,r6o : Boa rdman, C,ela_11 40
· 1~ 'est (su,P,·a, n. 9) 149-159, Is. 58, 48-50. . ·
round h;r b~ct 4••1~- , hey st and side by side. her a rm rouncl his nee!<, lus ·ti. · Dcrnargne, BCf [, 53 (1929) 39 6fl., 427, figs. 12f. The resun_1edcxca~-ntio~~
ship=r s \\ •Il O are: • ic> are probably a vot ive offerin"0 repre sentin g t he wor•
askinu for c · f by the F rench School yielded late ly a uuiq ue vo.tive P\~que, mv. no. ~5~•,y•
l(rcat numbe r of th ese f . onc_ept,on; as such s hould be also e,.-pJa i.ned t '°
t""
an ent hro ned pregnaut woman: P. D ucrey-0. Picard, Rechercbes A La ,
t soutsouros T I . r '-!&rurmcs., ,n a more intirnatc embr ace from tbe cave of. . • BCIJ, 93 (1.969) 82of. , figs. 31 •32, Daeda lic. Nilsson, ,Wil1R, 5r9ff .
.Boardman kindl1c . ,g,unne frorn Patso is now in Hethyrnnon Museum as J. I-. l)cni arg 11e, B CJ-J,53 (r9, 9) 52 s: BC/{ . 55 (r93r) 365-4r2 .
Y m ormed me.
 LOCAi. CUJ. TS .\ ;,.'l) REPRESENTATIVES
CRETE
8<)
culis. as well as t he 8t h centur y gold plaque with go dd ess flanked by the • t· Jrctatio n, however , th ere is not n1uch evidence •a Them d
(,ourelcs ( ') 13 from th e cave o[ Zeus at Id a. 111cri .
. " , f Ak ,. · o cm name
cnve 1s st ill t 11e ea, e o r oucla (she-bear) and now th \,. .
The Geon1clric-Archa ic sa nct_ua ry at l(avo usi, l-lierapetra,'14 With r
o tl1C ' . ., • . , e 1rgtn
~J;LJ)' is worslupp ed. t 11er e as . Ar koucliohssa"J For the local myths
figurines of pregnan t won1an with hands on br ea <;ts, of naked sin the div ine 11Ltrse-b 1tch there 1s eV1dence on coins of l(ydonia ,,..
1 of f I ·a1 . l , sr.yra,
or doubl e Goddesses. a nd a predo1nin a nce of fe1na le r ep resentati!i: no. [722 ]. Coins o . mpen • t1n1~s a so represent Diktynna seated on
point to a similar cu lt ; however no kour otrop hoi hav e been reported · ks between two I(ouretes, nursing th e infant Zeus .•9
of in lcr e.,t is lh e fra grn ent a ry figurin e, holdi ng a tray with cakes ' ro~oin e ea rly orien ta lizi~1g bronz_e 1~hialai bear rep resen tations of cult
,a
comn1on o!fering in sanct uar ies of fenlale 1nother deities. scenes with won1en dancing or br1ng1ng offerings o( birds and fish to an
Jn the east of Crete a depos it found at the sit e of a ncient Olous, in enth roned goddess.
60
Th e latte r has b een ident ified with Aphrodite-
t11e cracks of a big rock, con1prised figtt rines of Rh odia n types, many Ishtar-Atarg atis with ,vho1n the bird and fish are connected. The presence
identica l with th ose fron, Li nclos: ''5 doub le go dd esses under a ve.il, of a bed and basin r ight in front of the enthroned goddess, however,
~fuseun, of Agh ios Ni kolaos 644, ith ypha llic satyrs, birds , pigs, tor toises, probably point to a n Aphrodite-E ileithyia, with oriental, Cypriot and
and ma ny fe1nale pr oto111es, crouching children a nd kourotrophoi o[ local elements (it l1as been suggested that t hese works were made in a
various types , supra, nos. [r 90-9r ] , [193-95), [493). Th e depos it comes Cypriot workshop esta blished in Crete s01uetime in the late 8t h cent. B.C.).
pr obab ly fron1 a sa nctu ary of Ath ena L inclia or of Art en,is B1i ton1art is !11the 4th ce ntury B.C. Anti machos of Colophon n1entions Eileithyia
(Paus. ix .40.3 says tha t her xoanon was 1nade by Da eda los). Kourot rophos toget her with the Cretan Di ktaia (Rhea or Gaia ?) and
A sOJn ewhat sirnilar find dating fron, th e 5th -2nd centuries B.C ., and a Artemis, in con nection ,vith offer ings (pelaneia) by pregnant women, and
sa nctua ry, according to th e exca vator sacred to Dem eter, ,vas d iscovered certain ceren1onies such as taking ,vater from a spec ial place for the
at Knossos (supra., no. [490)). bath o[ a wo1nan after del ivery, and the rich gifts offered after delivery .51
Another figurine o( Rhodian typ e, no. [478] Fig . 35, co1nes from The Daedalic finds connected with the l(ouro tr ophos are the most
Gortys, where a fen1ale cult of sin1ilar natu re bas been attested .46 The i1nportant of all other pe riods in Crete and the whole of Greece (l{avousi,
provenie nce of the unique vase attacl un en t no. [244), Fig. 20, and the Tsoutsouros, Lato, An avlochos), sho ,viJ1g on the one ha nd contin uation
fine Hellenistic figt1rine (nymph?) no. [30 1] , F ig. 28, is unfortu.na tely of Minoan types and practices (pregnaa t women. kemoi). on the other
unknown . The I-Jadrianic copy o( an Attic Class ical E ileithy ia Kouro- eastern influences (iconograph ic types, mou ld-.made terracotta kouro-
trop hos, no. [654), Fig. 47, points to th e pe rsistence of the cult i.n Roman lrophoi, offerings of cakes, sh ips, doub le god desses, etc .). The boldness
times.
and originality of the 7th ce ntury types d isappear by the Classical
Lastl y , frOJn \,\lest Crete, the district of ancient l(ydonia (Chania), pcriocl when, accord ing to the avai la ble evidence, Rhodia n types pre-
there is some mythological a nd arc ha eologic al ev idence for a cult of dominate.
the divin e nurse of Zeus l(ynosoura, who ,vas turn ed to th e cons tellation The evid ence for mystic celeb rations in the Cretan caves is rather
of th e Littl e Bear, connected with th e prehistoric cave of Akroti ri , nor th· confused at the mon1ent; the informat ion comes only from late "'Titers 61
'.vest of Chania.4' where the represe nta tion of a Bear can be recognised
111 and :he cav e-depos its k no,vn at present ,vere distur bed and do not offer
a calcarious concr etjon. Th is cul t has been associated with that of decisive clues for 1nyst ic pract ices .
A.rt eniis Apl era, worshipped in th e ho,nonyrnous city Aptera; for this

43·
44•
:j:.hapouth icr, Les Di oscures (1902) 2 ,,, fig. 2 8.
e_x,ou , I<retCIIYo,,, 10 (1956) ro-19 where furth er bibliography for represen·
4S.
49-
\Villetts . Cr. C1tlls.
l bi<l., 19 1 •
50
b.t,ons of prCh'llant women, pls. A'Jig. 2 ; J" fig. 2; see also supra, n. 32 pl. D', ·Cancian i, B, ,ouz i 01·ie11lflli.
fig. 3a: votary wit h ca kes. St. Bcrnh . v\lyss, A11ti1111Lchi Colopl1011iiRcliq11iae(.Berlin 1936), Co,1$P,clusFro,•
45• Chre/Clwon, 1 ,1 (1 960) 5r 2. T a m indebted to N. Pla too f or perm issio n to study 10

46
t e unpub lished material
· {vi~i~za6. S . 1'I. Scrinari. 11 Sa11/Hariosull'A o,·ot,oli cli Gortitia, vol. i (r968 ).
) . iiuto n'.us Li bcralis, At henacus e tc., see KrctC/i,o": 15-16 (r~r- 6•)
11seb,us and Clement Fau re (s,•"'ra n. 27) ro8 . D1odorns, \ \ dletts,
C;~c:~:
., " "" ~""' N e,mo-pol ·ila11ol'llm SgfI. ; 7g!f . comme ntary of the 2nd cent .•A.D.

47- • s, ' · C11//s, 275 !., 189 . TIE, xi, 36!. s.v. l<ynosura. ,
1 - tf( . • ·r •
 CYPRUS

Chapte r 1'en •cenacan in1porte cl figurin e of a l{ourotropl\os w~ .

A l\r
. i . [ ] •• ~..nng a polos
. , ·in Nicos ia, su,Pra, no. 25 • 1h e subg eornctric and archa· t
l "ld" s . . . IC ytleS
Cyprus IS 110 \\
of a
.._dorat ion of the c u
.. . . t , y na111z1ngtyp e, suc kling with i·ar h d
. on ea
,d a nd Pho cn1c 1an1z1ng ype standing with child s11p,a O [
Jl°OPP~ , ' . . • ' , OS. 2-111
•
The Greek isla nd of Cypru s owes n1uch of its in teres t and many of. 1 ] [ · oJ are of th e rnos t 1nter es l,ng a nd lively of the Greek re rt '
[tJ , :, ' . t· . . pc ory.
pecu liar ities to its loca tion a t t he centre o f the a nc ient world l> _ii$
. • • , Cl ng
The sealed ty pe ,v 1u c 11 c? n ·1nues, rna1nly 1n stone, from the Archaic
on the 11· ay fron1 Europ e to Asia ~ncl Asia lW1nor to Egyp t. The great the Hellenist ic per iod with ~1L11orvariations _isn\o~_ e formal and less
10
Goddess o[ the E ast under 11 1any diff erent naLnes a nd aspects was prel'- . ,,inative (nos . [136-45)) a nd fyp es lll.A.7.b.1 and 11, nos. (321.,6]
una.., . . . . I G "T " ., .
alent in lhis island, which was a lways ve nerat ed as the birth pla The 1-T cllc1ust 1c types a t e u1 t te ree k anagra sty le, or in Ionian
o{ tbe Greek Aphrod ite, the P ap h ia . 1-Io weve r, th e debt of Cyprus : stl'lc (nos. (-156), [477] , [526-29) ), while_ tl1e terracotta relief plaques
the East has been overes ti111atecl.1 Th e arc haeologicaJ ev idence shows fr~m Tsainbres arc_111orc111t!1? local tracl1t1on (nos. [603)).
that a cult o f a female deity existed here since the 3 rd n1illeniu1n B.C.,2 The votive offcnn gs to deities o f cluld-ca re are various and numerous
long before extens ive cultur al contact s \Vith North Syr ia , the Hittites here, since the vo ta ries constitute the largest class of Cypriot represen-
or the Pho enicia ns arc attes ted in Cy7)l·us. That th is cult was incligenous tations. Th e type of th e cro uching child is so co1111non ancl widespread
estab lished by the special na tur e a nd char ac ter of the p eople and no; here tha t it was once believed to be a loca l type peculiar to Cyprus.
by exter nal influ ences, is shown by t he fact th a t Ln Cyprus, as in Crete, f cin ,tlc vota r ies and d eiti es with hands on the breasts, with eastern
the cult of the Godd ess, dif-fe rent iated, ren1ained a lways the n1ain cult influence, are also popu lar. "fh e groups of child -birth from the Archaic
of the isla nd, long afte r the esta blishu1 ent o:f the Achaeans here, and to t he Hellenisti c pe1iocl , :fi-o n1 d eposits of Kourotrophoi, are charac-
in . pite of th e lat er influ ences fron t 1nainland Gr eece \Vhere t he fathe r teristic of Cypr us (e.g. cave of L apithos). A ren1ote predecessor of these
god was th e s upr erne deity . child-birth group s wa s fo und rece ntl y in a circu lar Tomb with 13 children-
The evidence fro,n Vounous shows that seve ral figtuin es represent burials fro11 1 ea. 1600 -1500 B.C.: E. and C. Vern1eule, Excavationsat
a goddess and not n1orta ls : such a rep resent a tion appea rs on a ritual Toumba . lon Sl1o·wron. The 1-ia·rvard C ypr11.sExpatlil·ion 1971. First I1ifor111al
vase, a kernos , and iL1a very pro1nin ent position in a te n·acotta group Report, Oct. 1971 ; iden~, T ou1n.ba ton S!,ouron 1971-74 (Boston 1974);
depicti ng a circu lar shr ine.3 Th e type is a lso 1net in th e 2nd n1illenittm, mnong the finds a cyli nd er sea l is reported with 1) Robed figures worship-
with st rong infl uence fron1 Sy ria ·1 (Type I.A.2). ping, 2) A nak ed, i thypha llic 1nan or God leaping among animals, plants
and snak es, 3) A nak ed sea ted woman or Goddess giving birth, holding
1. ~eoq~e H.ill, H isto,·y of Cyprus (1940) r, 46. Sec espec ially O. ~fasson, "Culics
mchgcnes . cu ltes grecs et cultes o,•ienta ux a Chypre", F.ldmcnts 01•ic ·11/a11x her twin sons upsid e clown by the heels. The tomb contained many
129 -42, and bib!. imports fro1n th e rest of the ;\•fecliterranean countries, especially Late
2
• l(BH pl._37, ;; Snijd er, De Fonua il fah •is 4 below; \\'i nt e r i. rr, 3; 1' hinune,
\ linoan I A vas es , a 1nong \Vhicl1 ther e is a cup with double axes.
1"""• 1 crn,kollcn (Bildcrhe fte .Mus. l( arls r ub e. 1960) pl. 1. BS , 1 41 (1946) 83,
. Althougl1 Cyp ru s h as not been properly and thoroughly ~xcavated,
f,~.. 5: '.'os. "?'· ~. •: 15. SCI'. Vol. i , p ls. xix, 13. xx d , 40 xxx , 28 and p. _65.
D,k~i o,, Sy:•~·
':'" (1932) 344ff. p ls . lxx. lxx i, 1'xiii , 1-3 . V. J(aragco rgis, The th<:r~ is much evide n ce for the cult of the I{ourotrophos in several
A'.'~'"": C,v,hu,tr ?.'.'of Cyprrts (Geneva 1969) r tof . pl. +g. Su.p>'a,Type Le. ~.a. LliHer ent aspec ts, bu t mainly as an aspect of the powerful goddess_of
~L
3. D,ka,~, S)'~"'· _xm (_1932 ) 34_7, lxx, lxxi . See also srtp,a, Ch. Crete; Dika ,os, thc island, Aphrodite; the y identified her with the similar goddess wi th
Giude, p. \, 3, l<a ,.ageo rgh,s, 1, •ea.<w•es fr om Cyp.-us . pl. 9. Sec also a ten-a-
c? t-ta group from the end of the 3rd mi llenn ium , Bossert, A ll Syrit1i, lig. 96: whom they got ac qu a inte d in th eir travels to the nearby coast, Astart e·
!•ve women wasbjng clothes, one carrying a pot , and at tho side one s tanding.
m double necklace, holdillg a ch ikl frontally . t here desc rib ed as t he "'deceased". How widespr ead this cult was in Cyprus is shown also by the fact that
4• f{l;il/ ' pi • xxxvii
• • •
6· o· 1k aios,
• •,
· G ru"de , , 1 30, from Ya lousa; Ccs uol a, :·,'I' ,as 1..,1• a Cypriot s tone statuette of a n archaic seated T<ourotrophos ~as been
pl. ,r .k9. Heuzey, F1g11r. L o1w1·c,p l. iv, 5 . ~Iyrcs, H amlb. 544, uo. 2013: " "flus ~xcavatecl in the a r ea of th e ten1ple of Aphrodite in Naukratas(Type
remar ·ab le type_ has been found not only in tombs in Cypn, s but a lso all lll. ,\.5.a).
t~ roush the Syna.n coast bot h in tombs a nd on inhab ited sites . .. a nd the
similar represc t t· -~ • . . t ·t
n a ions on ..nabylon1an cylin der-seals make 1t clear tha 1
rt-presents th e great Babylonian goddess l s btar ". J>. J. R.iis , " The Syriatl ":''tan.e P laques a nd thei r \Vester n Connections", Be,;,t,.s b.:, <•9~3-9) 69-90,
~°"(l(!C
1a1J
y 77ff.
 LOCAL Ctll ,T'i A:-1D R.EPHESEN TATIVES CYPRUS
93
7
',nrh ~talucl(<,5 have been excava ted up lo now, mostly in Ch t . . _ nn indicatio n of drapery, ot hers show Egyptian influence 8 h'l
Jrlal ion c;olgoi, Larnax, Lapithos, J(an1elarga, Voun. i, Achna ancl YI roi, "1t 11 d b y Grce l< ar t 111. va n.ollS degrees.1 Some fra • w I e
_ re influence
' . . . . , ewer 1110,t a . - h . l io 'fh gmentary
examples 111Poli , A1nathu5, Pa la 1opap hos, Arsos , l\'f a n on -Arsinoe ~l . a1
. . . . h , • ers1- c,:unp lcs show a ptne c a1c sty e. ere are also two exa
• mp1es of
11ak i, ·rsambr cs, 1 ~massos. 1l is a p ity t at_ a bn ost all of them come ·' __ · ha ndn 1ade ten:acottas .
coal,c d . th , . .
from early excavation s, not adeq uale ly pub lis hed , u sua lly very briefly TI1 P:Lphia re ferr e to in e inscnption s from Chytroi seems to b
111ent io11ecl. J-Jo wevcr th ere is enough evidence for the existence of , :n ie deity as Ap h rod ite o f Idali on, often mentioned by ancien~
l IJC 5 • 'l d t o th e eastern Astarte as was Adon,·sto
sanct uari es or lhc Goddess, where the aspect of t he l(ou ro tr ophos was • 1 ~
wn e1.:i, 1 who was ass 1m1.ate
. ... '
<JU ile ~trong in th e c ult. Tarnmuz-Du1111 n uzz1. fh _e p~werful godd ess_ of the island abserbed all
the qualiti es of the pre lustonc goddess '.15 did s~°:1eof her eastern com-
THE SANCTUAR I ES panions. Th erefore she had also \Var-bke qualities,12 which in Greece
were mostly reserved for Ath ena.
r. Chytroi (!( y lhrea, Leucosia d?°st
r£ct)
A sanctuar y of the " Paphi an Goddess" was excavated here by Ohne- 2. ldalion
falsch-ll ichter in the lat er part of t h e 19th centLu·y, as well as a .similar, In Idal ion, one of the beloved abo des of Apbrodite, 13 two sanctuaries
voorer Ternenos at the S.\•\I. corn er of the town of: Chy tr o.i, within the tlcdicate d to h er ,vere exca vat ed a nd identified by Ohnefalsch-Richter.
walls.•
The one was on th e s mall er a nd more easter ly of the two Acropolis
1-11e Iirst was ident ified by insc rip tions in th e Cyp riot sy llabary .G hills, called "Myti t u Ar v ili" , a nd was identifie d with the great grove of
Th e finds prove that on e particular aspec t of the Paphian goddess, that Aphrodite, ,vhich or iginall y lay outs ide the city wall and later (''not
of the l( ourotro ph os, was st ressed: out of th e r43 idols of hu1nan figures 42 c~rlier than t h e 6t h cent Lu·y", accord ing to Ohnefalsch-Richter, "in
were l( ourolrop hoi, 17 c rouc hing b oys and th e rest different kinds of Ptolemaic age" acco rdi ng to iVIyres),
votar ies, 1no stly belong ing to groups of ring dances or musici a ns, votaries
comn1on to all Cypriot sanctuar ies. There is one naked figu re holcling "a porti on of th e great grove ,vas marked off from the rest as a temenos,
her breasts and two· othe r dressed ones in the sa 1ne att itud e belonging and comp rised \vith.in the city ,valls by an extension of the fortified area
to a ring dance. It is significant that 34 of the I(ourotrophos st atuettes made with this purpose". 1·1
are n1ade of stone, that is to say of expe ns ive mater;ial, \Vhile th e votaries
are all n1ade of clay. Apart fron1 th ese representations in stone there Already th ere ,vere buildil1gs in th e grove. According to the archaeological
are no other statuettes fron1 the te1nenos which cou ld d epic t the deity, e1·idcncc th ere existe d a combination of Ten1enos and chapel, elaborated
and one should expec t an1ong th e votive offe rings of the worshippers by tl1e erect ion o'f halls in the court. 1• According to the reports, 11 the
some representation s of the goddess too. l\iost of th ese statu ettes (mainly lcn1ple coin prised three parts: (1) th e sa nctt1ary proper, (2) the entrance-
still unpub]j shed) see1n to be archa ic, a few belong to the 5th and early
4th centuries. This seems to indicate that the cult was very strong in 7. Myres, Cat., 110s. s2r 7 •521 9, (s-,.pni, no (14.1n]) in stone. _ 6-
$. M)~-c~. Cr,t.. nos . 5220- 5222 , ;11 stone with single necklace; P· r5o, nos. ~27
t~e archa ic period but cont inued less st rong unti l the encl of the Classical.
52 80 iu te rracot t a.
1~e statu ettes of the I(o urot rophos a ll belong to the sa1ne type 1° ?. •ly res, Cr,t., nos. 5223 -52 42 in stone; 528r in terr-.icott.'\. .
different stages: seated on a throne with high back and arms, veil 0 01
: • illyrc~. Cat .. nos . 524. 1-52. 7, The heads of 5241-46 wear a high P ~·;,. C prus
1 1
pulled over th e h ead, holding on th e left knee a swad dled child in pointed • RE. lcla iion; O hncfa lsc h-Ri chter, The A11cie11tPlaces 0/ wo,sh<f> Y
( 1891), t6.
cap: all in a plain rectang ular fran1e which ascribes th em to the class I? . ~- 0 . James, The Cu lt of /lie JVIotl,a, Goddess (London 1959) 1 49·
01 G I .
reliefs. Some of th e1n are in the na tive early style , coarse and l1eavy IJ , 11,coc,·XV
,.1, · , roo , together
.
wit h o g01. . . d in the map
0
pi"tfa lscl1-1'1.ichter, Anc;,.,, Pfoces of tVorsM,p, 16fl. nos. 8 an I 5
, 5. 0 :k U, l(B/-f, Sanc tuaries nos ~9 and 33.
i· ~hnelalsch -Ri chtcr, Top ograp/Jic(,/ St udies, 6 2• •6. H~i! 1os, G·11id• 9T. . , nots 'lied to which
· yres, Cat.., nos. 5390, 539,, p. 65 where further bibl. on _ach, Cltro,dques d'O,,ie11t; 190, temple of Dab. It 15 (KBkno. 2 g).
c it l'efcrs; bul i t apparently refers to the easterly one
 J,OC,\J. Cl/!. T S AND REPRES 1,NTA TI\r£ S
95
vestibul e wh<'re U1c offerings were placed-the ir bases ,vere found ttes tron1 Iclal ion a re of P eloponn esia n-Boeot· . .
·t11Lue •i r·
>' d 11iade 1Jlank-l 1<e p roppec 1 1gllr e with moulded h d
ian insp1ratio
n; a
(J} Lhc enclosure where there was also th e altar of sacrifices. T he alt · 11~11• ' . ea , holds t O h
was found in place with large qua ntit ies of ashes a nd burn ed we ~r •tJi both anns a s,vaclclled baby wluch rests 1·ts h d er
1.ft 11~ , • ea on her h k
Th e lerracottas ha,·e traces of bu rning and aJJ but one, apart from~ ~ < p. 110• [50]). f he chil d recalls that oI a Boeoti K c ce I
(s11111, ] an ourotrophos,
represen lalio~s. o{ cro~ching boys, s~cred tr ees and fruits, represent s11/1l'tt , no. (20 .
22
won1en: 1nus1cians. priestesses, votaries . t he goddess wit h ha nds 0 ,.,. 0 m lclalion aL<ioco1ne some archaic groups in terra tt .
c . . eoamm
breasts, and many st anding kourot rophoi. Th ere ,vere also fou nd stat~ 1.1111cslone repr esen ti ng a sce ne of ch1ld-bjr th •· the pregnant woman
uettes of the Kourot ropho s_sea~~c~,son, e in s ton e suP_ra,nos. [!36), 33?]; r nlniost sits on t he k nees of a woman who supports her at the back
1.he type II.A.2, frequ ent Ill h.1tJou, was absent. l• ro1n this sanct uary j n ft·ont of her another ,vo 1na n h old s a sl1ap eless baby s h ·
. ' • uc groups
also co1n e th ree Ji ellenist ic limestone stelai, now in the Cyp rus ~1useum conic from elsewh ere in Cyp rus, froin sa nctuaii es of the goddess.
in Nicosia, (supra, no. [346)) depict ing vo tar ies : i; she and the children l l is a pity tha t_th e n1ate□al a n~l th e excavation s in Iclalion are either
hold a fru.it, or, the two s tanding children, a wreat h and a flower, for ·in<_ufficiently p ub.lished o r 1naccess
. . 1ble, so that one cannot have a clearer
the godd ess. idea of the cu lt and t he pe n ods 1n ,vltich it operat ed .
In th e second Te1nenos 18 on the hill t o the west of the Ainbe lliri
A kropoli s, th e li1nits of the votiv e ar ea a nd the J)OSition of the altai were 3. Golgoifi11
, the area.of A thienou near Arsos,Larnacadistrict)
fixed .
A prin,itive erect examp le in "s now-1nan" tech1tiqu e con1es from a lt is believed that the seat of t he most ancient cult of the indigenous
third sa nctuary. 19 goddess was here . T he cult of Aphrodit e, introduced in Thessaly by
Th e site of the second Te1nenos was ransacked before Olu1efa lsch- the Pclasgians, ,vas th en transmitt ed to Arca dia and from Tegea it
Rjcl1ter reached it . li e n1entions though that there were found "s ufficient was lrans1nit ted to P a ph os ·for th e fir s t tin1e by Agapenor (Paus. ·vrII, 52).
iconic fragments to dete rm.ine lhe charact er o f the worsh ip. By the side Umil then the indigeno u s godd ess ,vas ,vorslripped only in Golgoi;
o{ Asta rt e-Aphrod ite with n1aternal att ri butes Ado nis-Ta1nmuz was later she was fused with the Arcadian Aphrodite from Tegea.23
especially venerated here." l\Iyres 20 a lso in entions, apa rt from the In the area of he r ten1ple in Golgoi ,vere found r2 stone statues and
"n ursing n1others", "t en1ple-boys" . flo,ver holders etc . B ot h ,vriters sfalucttes of I{o urot roph oi elating fron1 t he 6th to the 4th century B.C.
maintain silence ab out the ad ventur es o f th e fu1ds a fter the exca va tions. (allnow in Ne,v Yo rk) . One is an Aphrodite nursing Eros (!11,Pra, no.
Th ey are probab ly 110, 11 in the Pe rga n1on i\I useu n, in Eas t Berlin. Un- [5i6a]). Anothe r s ho,vs a mot her-vot ary seat ed with two children (s,,pra,
fortunately the whole Cypriot co llecti on was abso lute ly inaccessible no. [ 145)). Also fou nd ,vere a fe,v crouching boys, offerings,u and ten
when I went th ere in 1964. archaicstone I<ou rot rop h oi (supra., nos . [r38 -40) and [r4oa)),26
The a rchaic figurine, s11p1·c1, no. (13), bears the genera l indication 111the Cyp rus ll1useu1n a re so1ne of th e terracotta finds representing
"Idalion". A seated slone l{ou rotrophos i.11New York, ,vitl1 "A thi enou"
as provenance, is believed to hav e co1ne fron, the re.21 S01ne 6t h centur y 22
Ptrrot-~ hipiez, liis t. A,·t A 11c. iii, 554, p . 3 78. Heuzey, Fig11r.Lo1wre, 17oH..
'
, ~j,'x• fig. 7. Doell . Dia S t1; m11ilwug Ces110/a, pl. vi, and p. 1. • •
3 0 Aphrodite, p . 2758. Ap h rodite is not supposed to have been her onginal
1
7· A similar work o( mot her wit h bnby and cllilcl, but without offerings, fro m • •

ldaJ,on, h~. been _described as a grave -ste le, wjt ho ut detai ls of excavatio n : name: t here is no conse nsus about J,er origin . In Greece there were ~~y
0. ~lasson, Kypriaka. IX: Rechcrches su r les antiquites de Co lgo i", BCH 95 syncrctisms wit h oriental Go ddesses like Astarte. P . Leveque, "La religion
(t97r) 305-334, esp. 322, fig. r .
4 grecquc de la premiere mo itie du rer millena irc" , Pa ro/a de/ Passal o 28 1!973l
18. J(BH, no. 33. 2 3·50 cs
' P, 2+-25 : ule.,,. Essa,. tie typoto~,a
. ties syncr•,1,.,,,.
· s· LtS s)'llt rlllslfllS
. U
Itans le H H rter "Die r•
399-➔00.
1
/' · 0
!90 • l\<~ 11, SCanctuary no. 3, pl. 37, 3, pl. vii, plan, pp . sp .. s "' ·1g1011.s gi•ecqucs et romaincs (Paris 1973) 179. · e . ' b'bli •
- , . 1)res , at., 3. rungc des Aph,·oditeJ·ultes" Eltfmt nls o,•i,,ila11 :<61-76 and detailed I og
z1. ~"-7 °1• .-It/as, pl. xxxviii , no. 251. Sim.ilar from Athien ou Ohnc falsoh-Hichter
a, _expr~-ssed th e op inion that t he site was wron,..ly stat~d and it co mes from
24 c
raphy o11 . ' '
th e ch tfere, , t t heori es etc
• esnofa A llas i .
.
25. Sec a , · ' • pl. cxx.x, 945-948. . n "Kypriaka",
Id U1100 , a
Beu cport on th e ea rly excavations at Go lgo1, O. l\ofasso•
, 95 {r97r) 305. 334.
 LOCAL CULTS ANO REPRESE NT,\TlVES
-
CYP R US

female vota ries hold ing a ta ,nbourin c, a b isd, or an infant.~G The S . 97

. use front the we<11sh of the sa1ne crude type of "papade s" were fou cl
exca,·at inns showed tha t t be sanctuary ,vas 111 C uct leS g]) Th e con structio ns on the Acropolis of Kitio
O
' 4 , nos.
(su,pd
archaic down to th e CyJ)ro-R oma n p eriod . Ypro. [ror-ro · d . n were estroyed
. ig to the excavato rs , unng the period of the Ptol . •
accorcI
11
Golgoi is also th e p rovenanc e of the I-Iellenist ic vot ive offerin , • f h . erruesand were
a \\'011 . C I11'Id - b'Jl't h_. _,
lan Ill g of • ,cglccted. 1 he re1naITTso· t e ancient waUs were rem ed .
•• tht il I • t ] I f v·, . OV in 1879
lo fill up th e anc 1en 1ar ,ou r o· ,ub on 32 (!), so all evidence has been
The thr ee Greek insc riptio n s on liinestone s labs ,vhich were f
in the itc !!ii ase s1.gn1·r·1caul . 'Tl. 1ey clat e u·om
,. th e 3rd centuru BC ound destroyed. ..
· • anc1 b) A numb er of statue tt ~s of I( onrotr opho1 1n the LoUVre,the British
a rc dcclications of pa rents for their children; e.g.: "O nasi ono inadc th
)Juseum, and Be rlin are g iven the provenance "Cyprus, La, 114, , s u
dedicati on to Aph rodite Golgia for her Dau g ht er Tas ion". Such cledic~ La/le".a:,Th ey a re seated holding a n apple or egg in the right hand and
4 4
. . . a
tions ar c also k nown fron1 sunilar sa nctua n es ,vh ere th ere was a cult on . the kn ees. . su,pra, no. [187], or standing , holding
a J,lakcd "Adonis" . .
of a l,ourotropho s in 1nainla11d Greece (as fro1n Agrai, Attica and Eleusis). by hand a sta nd, ng eh 1lcl or carry, ng 1 t on the shoulder (Ionian influence,
..j. Lapithos (l{yrenia d,istrict) ;cc supra, no. (456]). For one examp le 111 the Louvre the provenance is
more spccilic: " Sanc tuary of Astarte-Aph rodit e. not yet identified
At "En1pros Ten1enou" 1 near th e ancient sit e and th e n1odern village near the Salt Lake."
of Lap ithos, seve ral stat uettes were fou nd in a cave, appa ren tly sacred c). Rccen t exca va tions by i 7. J{arageorgltis i 11theruins of the11,[ycenaean
to a l{ourotrophos. 20 ]\venty of th en1 a re now in the Brit ish J\1useum.ao 101011 of J(it ion have bro ug ht to light a 9th cent. B.C. Phoenicia11 temple
They rep resent vota ries with tain bour ine or ot her atbc ibut es, I{ouro- tfalicaterl appa1·ently to Astarte; it s ucceeded an earlier Mycenaean
trophoi, and child-birth groups , fro1n t he a rc haic per iod (Pa rt I, nos. [3-1], temple which fell in disuse ea. 1000 B.C., when thi s part of the Mycenaean
[38J, (82]).
town was abandoned .34 The temple was in use until the end of the 4th
5. J(iti o11 cent. B.C. Several depos it s with votive offerings were found around the
Terracotta sta tuettes representin g a }{ourotrop hos ,vere found in four temple, con1pr:ising a la rge amount of pottery, terracotta figurines,
different sanct uaries here : two of Aphrodit e-Asta rt e-,Vfikal (in Lar naka bronze sta tu ettes, etc. (unpu blished). The publication of these deposits
near the Salt La ke and on the Akropolis of K.ition ), one of Artemis ll'ill shed s01ne light in th e c ult. Inside the temple a faience figurine of
Paralia (at th e Sa lt La ke), a nd one at l{a 111elarga (Kit ion clistr ic l). a seated Goddess was fo und, as well as an Attic rf krater. It seems that
a) On the Akropolis of l(iti on bef:\veen La rnaka and the 1nodern Skala the Phoenicia ns built th e shrine of their Goddess whe1e the Mycenaean
a sanctua ry of Aphrodite-Asta r te-lYii kal (the identificatio n confirmed Mother Goddess was \Vorshipp ed, and lat er 011 Astarte was identified
by two Ph oenic ian inscript ions) 31 was excavate d. Nine terracot ta stat - with the Greek Aphrod ite. .
cl) In l(it ion Ohnefalsch -Ri cht er also excavated a sa11ct1111Ty of Arlemis
26. Dikaios, Guido, 205ff. Egyptian izing I<o1Jrotrophoi !rom Arsos. See also 3
supra. no. [529aJ. Parnlia -ilshera, • identified by mscriptions on the eastern edge of the
27 . Ces,:o/a Atla s, i, pl. 1-'<vi , 435. Salt Lake; wheo th e excavation started the site had been already ter-
28. Dikaio s, Guide, 2r8f.
29. i1yres, JI-IS, 17 (1897). riblyransacked. I·lo\v ever, n1any statu ettes representing a Kourotrophos
30 . 'iValters, Cat., 22; s11pranos . [35), [4oJ. [82]. CJ. child-b irt b group s fro m fdalion.,
were found, of the erect crude type (s11tpra 1
nos. [86£]),and later exampl:
th
w, Greek fea tw·es ,vith the child on the knees or on the left shoulder:
G.'.'lgo,, L~p,thos : \Vintcr, i, 16 . r: Louvre 54 and r 2 o: Ces•110/a . Alia s, ii, pL v~,,
41, archa ic, limestone from Idalio 11 and a Hellenistic one from Golgo,, '" e) F roni the san;ftt,ary of J(a111 elarga, probably dedicatedlo Arlenus,
New York. Dikaios: Griide 203(. pl. xxx i, 2 : t hree groups fro m J..apith os_6lh
cent: B.C. A . de Ridder , Col/eclio11tle Clerq. Vol. V: Les 1111/iqttillsch,•prt ofrs 3
(Pa~s.r90 8) ?4, n. 5; Kapera, "U nc fig,,1rcde mere a l'e n(ant C)'l)riote du Musce 3' · llcinacl1, Clivoniqu es d'Orien t r76. 1J
1 3- \\'alters, Cat., A 332 _,1_ l<BH'. pl. ccv, ; H euzey , Fig11r.Lo11urt, nos. 1 7 • 74•
de ~ n,vcrs,te Jagellone", '.Etucles et 1'-rm ,ai,x ii (Varsovie r968) 126. Sec P . xv,, 1-5 7 f
also 111/ra, pp. 9 1 140, 257 _
1 34 K i,;·k 1 . ~=" AJ~
3.' 1.: ' _o lao u, " Archaeological News from Cyprus, I,,.,,, ' • ' 74 (1970) 393 ·
3r. I<Blj no. 90._0hncfal sc~-Richter: A,:cien l Places of 1,l'orsllip, I V, says lllat
.' · l- \8J·I . u no . .. .
~~':) :;•~e pubh sh 7d 1n A 11slti,1iJ"(Stuttgart . Gotta'schc Buch hand Jun~: 36. l<l11-t '1 :,.7: • e of ArtemisParalia•
19) D,e Akro])Ohs vou It ,t,on und das Sa nct uarium dcr Sy rischen Ast.,rtc. 1·L.1 • 3 5, 1 here were a lso ma ny of these m the grov
l ha ve been Uilable to find th is publi cat ion . " ·, 20 3. pl. ccv.
 J,CJGAI, CULTS ,\NO Jilll'RESEN TATlV ES CYPRUS
99
.... ,.,, r,th ccnlurv examples ,,f a sta nding moth er h oJdiiig a
cun,, " . • sum. . i ·tic seate d 17. at-bac ked exa n1ple of the comnion l
riJ,, rc:ndered ch ild. \\·hose a.n ns co1n e forward a nd both hands
Ill •
1 He11en • E }'PCcomes
a . ' 11\cet ' paphos (supra, no. [345]). xa 1np lcs of this type, o( various dat
tog£>thc•r{see s11pr11, nos. [3-~J . 0111
fr 'tt ,·r•rl in 111a ny Enropean i\'[usetuns, o(ten with 110 pro, es,
50 1 e ) •enance
~re . 1 false one. (supra, no. [341] . Ma ny e.xamples of van·ous dat '
G. A 11111th
os {C tl G
wit i a '
or . ,riv a tc co llec tio ns
.
o . rea1i,etc .). Fr o111a tomb in Ma • es•
Fr om •.\.nialhos, the fan1ous centre of t h~ cul t of Ap hr odite and ·in' 111I .
11a 1c t d . non
·.\ r<inoc
. oines an a rc sea e exa n1p1e 111stone dat ed exactly
c . .. ' • 1rom
Atlonis,3' co1nes ;in cx;.unple of t he seated ty p e Jll sto ne. (su,pr11,no. [338]). · -con1ex·t o ·f lh e ton1b 111.t he. fus t halloft he6 th century( s1•"'ra
die u 3S)).
·r , no· r~
The 1.mnb of Ariadne was sho,vn 1111\1nathos, wor sh ipp ed here as pr otec- ·c suc kling H ellen ist ic one comes from th e Necropolis in the
tress of child -bir th.as .\ gem [ ])
·norl10,
1 f Sala inis (s11,pra, no . 302a .
7. Tanzassos The archa ic te rrac ot ta s tat uet te fr01n Kamel arga (s-11,pr 4, no. (4})
has been exp la ined as a vo tary a nd lle_r baby , in adoration , because
R eina.ins of a sa nct ua ry fro,n th e arc ha ic p eriod ,vere excav a ted here
tIIC I)tl. IJ)', 11.eld frontally, st retches . _ ou t its hands together in front of
recently; 39 also bothro i wilh cha rcoa l, ashe.<;, bones of sheep, goats,
its brcasl. This n1igh t be cons 1de r~d n o\~ a gestur e o! adoration, but we
and dogs, lamps, terra cotta figtu·ines o f a nin1als and pottery . The sanc-
h;,vc no evide nce that it ,vas so 111a ncient Greek times, wh~n, on the
tua ry w as appa rently dedica ted to Ap lt rod itc, as a 1no ng t he finds were
contrary, the ha nds \Vere no t held toge ther but only the nght band
a terracotta figur ine of the Astarte type and a fi:agiu enta ry Greek
was brought to the fore head, or , late r, th e whole right arm was raised
statuette of a kou rot rophos. In late r ti1n es the i\Iot he r of th e Gods was
up in a sor t of sa lutat ion. 42_So t~ s gest ur e of th e child_might just denote
worshipp ed in the sa 1ne a rea accordi 11g to an in sc ript ion of In1peria l date.
the natura l pos tu re o f chil d ren s ha nds . Many Cypriot limestone stat-
S. Pataipaphos uettes (r 4) in the Natio n al i\o[u se um of Ath ens are unpublish ed; on
request [ was a ble to see only on e of them (No. 191 2, E r)_-_acommon
Recent tria l excava tions for th e te mple o f Aph r odite have not been
example of the flat -backed sea ted type, of lat er elate. A difficulty con-
successful: 10 The te1np le a rea was pa r tly exca vated in 1888 by the
cerning the Cypr iot 1nate ria l is tha t it is not only very much scattered,
Cyprus E~:plorntionFwnd. lllost of th e re1na ins found were Roman,
and often inacc essible, b u t a lso oft en badl y, if at all, document ed.
however. except for the S. wing which n1ay dat e fron1 th e a rchaic period.
About the chronology of th e Cyp riot sculptur e there is also dis-
The actua l sa nctuar y is still awa iting excavat ion .
agreement. . ..
Fr on1 Vouni•ILcomes a Classica l Gree k seated I<our otrop hos, in1ported,
The fusion of so many diff eren t ele1nent s, both in ~rt and rn religion,
or 1nade fro1n an import ed mould; also a g roup of se ated Is is with winged
is the charac terist ic of Cyp ru s. It fonn ed ho,vever '.ts own types, ~
H arpok rates on h er knees (s0111.c fr uit is plac ed on a folded piece of cloth
for instance the flat - bac ked sea ted on e in stone, which can be _trace
over his knees) and Osiris, probab ly, stand ing behind; in the lim estone
from archaic until late J-Iellenist ic times a nd which can be recognised as
group of lsis-l{oru s fron1 the 5th cent. B.C. Att ic a rt for n1s a re bor rowed.
Cypriot at fir st sio-ht. Cyp riot te111pe ra111
e nt fuses Eastern and Gree~
Greek influence is ev ident in two sto ne p laqu es of late r pe riod, probably ·mnuences. Th e child-b
" irth group s fron1 Ida 1·10n. L apt·thos and Golgo1
from Achna (supra.,nos. [338], [340]).
arc umque.
· -l'here a re s01u e mor e ar chaic· ex amp les in terracotta hfrom
d
3;. ?l[urray, £xc. i,r Cyprus (1900 ) 89[. Cyprus, without speci fied pro ve nance. 43 Int eresting is th e early an •
38. P !ut . Thes/J'
us, xx. 4. S
39 - IC ::Sikolaou, .. Arclu,eo\ogica l News fr om C),pr us . r970". JI J r1, 76 (<972 ) .3.
'· ·I" S"tt! · · 6ff Also KBH. pl. L. 6 : tbe
11.-G. Bucltbolz. " Polit ico-Tamassos ,97 1 ", R cpor l of //,4 De/JI. of A11liq,'.'"'~; •· .' c, Dia Geb/fr<len tu,·Grie,;hc>1•1,1itl R omer/I 3~. ·. ti this gesture
Cypr'.~ r97z. 185. V. l{ar ageo rgh is, "C hro niqu os des Fouilles a ChYP' ':_~- right a rm is raisecl in ado ,·atio n · i/Jid. 174 : tha t la c,tus ment 0115 .tb the Greeks
a·
' s Charactcristic or t he Germani• a nd t he Indi·ans ·,n contras
1
F p-vi'" 1 ·ous periods
1970 , 13CJ-I.95 (197 1) ,r2of., fig s. 133-3 4 . itlcm. "Ta massos , Zypern q17o-,z '
'! A, 1973. 295:388 , esp. 3,12H.• rigs. 43 , 44 , ·Ii, 48. 1 °.
wh ·•nstea d ra ise both or usually only t he rig' · 1tarm · or •• the statue tte
Unless
40 N1kolaou. op.c,1., 3 ,,1. .. r.• 2 9~•-:: : 1·r g) thi s is a gesture
i~ccites It itul l'r. 130. h:, 46of., E ur .• Ip/I . 1 a.<J
nd
u cr str ong in Ouence or Assy ria n sculpture (sees, 1 · 4 •
4'- The palace deposit of scu lptur e, Room 122; SC I::. iii, 232. no. 5 1, pl. L"-'''
51 and p. 270, below; p. 233. no. 62, pl. L,iv. .13_ ~wing pleas ure (-it/ew, t 1 • note 4 , c iting Aristophan es).
scrt. rl// Sy,.ien, fig. 156.
7
 JllO LOCAL CUJ, TS AND R.EPRESENTATlVES
------
111odclle<l slal uelt c of a swaddled infa nt in his little bed;'' recall' Chapter Eleven
Creta n Daedal ic exan 1ple of Tsoul sou ros, Fig. 2a . In the Cou11 the
arc also s01ne gro ups of th e doubl e seate d d eity. In the early · "~ea,,
there a re cult and iconographic sint ilaritics with Crete. penocJs
Attica
Th e slrenglh of the c ult is attested by the great nuinber f /\ s logical paradox t\.ttica and its heart, Athens, the city of the
a,
• t f
•
tuano:: s \\'J1ere r;i\.Otu·otrop1101s a tu ettes \Vere "Ound. 'f b e de ities ,voro 1•sane. Goddess of wisdom and of the radical philosophe rs and orators • f
. . . . s upped . h . . . l b . , 1sone o
I1crc \\"Cre: Ap I1rod1te, son1ct 11nes ass11111 lated to Or iental godd lll C d istricts n c est in 1rrat 1ona e~efs and practices. Beside the great
sin1ilar na tur e as As tart e-1\: lik aJ and I sis, Artemis a nd Ariadne.~: ~I temples of rhe Oly1111~1a11s , the shrm es of heroes and chthonic Gods
called "Eu lJoul~" in a dedicatory J:-Ielleni~tic inseriptioa.•h Eub:u; :
was an appellallve of th e lo'.ver gods (chtho ruc). She is also war-goddess
goddess of love and procreation, and presided over child-birth as Ariad '
enjoyed great popu larit y. One of th e latt er was the Nursing Godd
invoked as Ge, Ath ena, E ileit h~ia, Deme~er. Iphigeneia, or
Kourotrophos; n1oreover she received here 1n several demes sacrifices
sim;~
another form of ~he prehistoric goddess.'l6 The great nun1ber of vot:: from pub lic expe nclitur e, as sho,vn by surviving sacred laws and calendar
sta tu ettes fo_und 111 her sanctuar jes, depict ing I<ourotrophoi , cltild-birth inscrip tions.
groups or childTen, de1nonstrate her rnai n funct ion. The city patroness l1ersetf, Athena, wa5 already since Homer's time
_The_ persistence ? f the c~t . of a I<ourotrophos deity from the 3rd known as nurse of Erechtheus (It. B 547); 1 the Parthenos par excellence
m1lle nn11nB_.C. until the Chnst1an era is uniqu e. It sta rt ed as an indige- of the Attic pantheon goes back to the Mycenaean war-and-fertility
nous cult, \V1th local types, was lat er reinforced by Syr ian elen1ents, then Goddess. Son1e 2 have doubted her virginity or have assimilated it with
!'Y the _ NIycenaean Greek; t he Syrian iJ1f!uence continued especially that of the Sa 1nian Hera, ann uall y lost and res tored. The etymology
'.n the i_conography '17 bul eventual ly the a rcha ic Greek of Ionia predom- of the na 111e Athene, th e bowl of th e sacred fire,3 shows a maternal
inated_ n1 the. types . Unfo rtunat ely there is no type for v1hlch there natu re, but is rath er unc ertain and disput ed. The pre-Greek origin of the
is clec1s1ve evidence that it rep resen ts the Goddess herself . The name name, suggested by Nilsson, 4 cannot be proved; if it were true, it would
I<ourot rophos as such does not secn1 to have been used according to be surprising tha t so littl e of her Cretan origin is left in the tradition as
the exist ing litera ry and cpig rap hic evid ence. well as in later Creta n religion . Quite apart from such problems and the
how and when of her ap pearanc e in Att ic religion, she seems to have had
.14. Coll. G,•e,m, no. 382, originally all th e eleme nts of t he pre-Greek Goddess, even if she was
45 • l'"arneU, C,!fls'.ii , ~62'. a nd 754c. J/1S, 8 (1888 ), 223. later forn1ulatecl cliffere n tly by th e Attic spirit. These elements remained
46. T":Chnau, D ie Gl!ttm a uf dcm Stier", /di. 52 ( 193 7) 93, A nm . 6-7. Otto,
D1onysos. 18,/(. especially 183. · alive in popu lar celeb rations and festiva ls such as the Arrhephoriai.
47• P~ 1:!;liis, "The Syrian Ast.arte Plaques", Bcrytus, ix ( <9-f8·9) 69-90, especially Farnell 5 in sisted on her being a state Goddess who "protects children
7 ,1. · As a matter of fact, the Syr ian plaques of sty le p hase r , depend upon because of her int erest in th e state but she is not directly concerned with
caster~ . models .as do tl,c Falcstinia 11 a ncl-mo re indir ectly- the Cypro•
~hocn~c~an spec imens" . _The Syrian ones represe nt the Lady o( Byblos, tile
hofmc,a_n ones Atargatts , or Quades h, or Ash6ra h and Ashtart. both perhaps 1·See Type rv .A.t .a.i and ii. The verses II. B 546-66 have been sometimes
1oca vers ions o( the same deity of fertility and mothe rhood.
regarded as a Pe isist ratian additi on since ancient times; see Diog. Laert. A,
57S a nd N. l(ontoleon , To Erechlhtio1' (Atbens 1949) 3(. For Athena seo also
Verm,eule, Got1e,·k11lts4u. .. _
0
,.,,a
•· I<. r,e renyi, Die f ·11·1,gfraTt 11'f11
tler der Grit&l1isoht11 Rel,gwn ( 957) ~If.,
1
541!. But R. J. Hopper, "A thena and t he Early Acropolis", Gr,ta a~ ll_""!4•
to (1 963) Supp l., r-16, 5: "I n prim itive thought, it is to be suspected, ~!rgi~
~nd fortiJity are two sides of the same medal". In the Islan_d ol Fip I with
told that they traclit ionally mak e the ceremonial forniented hava dnnk
\:aves t hat have been chewed by virgins.
3· ;~r(:nyi. Ju,ig/ ra-u1111d111 ·11/ler,3~-3~. .
~- c"ilsson, 111.lVIR,488ff. Pre ller, Gri,chi,;c/,c Nfy/1,ologie',I, snf., n. 1 '
l • Tri/$ , i, 303.
 102 J,OC. \I.. Cl 'l ,TS .\XO H.EPllESE:-!TAT l\lE S
ATTICA
lOJ
a, ,,i, 1111,.,
,, with chi ld-birth, ru,cl th e epithet Locitia is only metap1 . al
. . . . . 10nc ly cnos. J·fc str et ches the po int by concludin g that Athena was am _
applied \(, hr r by An st 1cles 111con ncc t 1on \\•1th th e p robab ly lat e n, Pa r tl1 • b . . . oon
that shi· pr cn·i<lc d for th e safe de livery of I-e~o" (~ist. I, p. 21 , Di~:~ Goddess. -~here 1s a 1so a~ o scu1e point 111the_above series of arguments:
l(!'rC'll).; more n,ccnUy showed in a rath er 1nge n1ous seq uence of •, r s 1,c received the e 1nb1ace
. . . but
, y the seed feU 111 the earth, why the need
rru mrn ls that lh e epithets ni eler, "' L oc Iu.a,'- PI1yla x tou paidos s ''IV ar- for rest oration of v1rg u11ty. out 1~s accompanied her statue named
~ · . • n en p~Jlas 1 1 to Phal eron f ~r '.he celebrati on of _the l(alynteria and Plynteria,
by ancient wri~ers . arc no t alw ays n1cta 1~hon cal a nd that the myth of
.\ l hcnn and En cht homos 1s not Jus t a n a 1b on for the Arrhephoriai,o So connectecl by I{ereny .
Q
7 with those of th e Sarnian Hera. The archaic (?)
· • • •

Kercnyi, cmnb inin g t he ev idenc e for ce rt a in Ath eniat1 feasts, can1e to the .1115cripl ion J.C . II-, 841, lines 9-10, 1nfonns us that a sheep was sacrificed
I PI t .a: a m inor . sacn"ficc like those sometimes
following conclusions : tot \th ena dur ing t 1c . )m en h'
According to th e myt h of t he Chalk eia , I-Tep haist os e1nbraced Athena
fferccl to l{ourot rophos, ,v
1le a cow or a cornbination of victims is
: tllcrwisc con1n1on for Athena. _ln Locds ~oung boys and girls were
bul his seed feU in the ear th lron1 wh ere Er ichth onios , "the Very Chthonic
lcdicated to her sa nctuary as pnests and priestesses. The rite of Koura
One" was born. Th e sec ret th.ing that th e A rrh eph oroi take away from
c(offer in"b of ha ir), chru·acteris tic of kourotrophoi, as of Apollo and the
th e rock of t he Acropo lis t he night before the feast of the Panathenaia •
rivers, was practi sed for h er. Her pri estess on the Athenian Acropolis
is the child Erichthon ios, beca use th e two Arrh eph oro i ,vere directed to
was not a virgi n. 12 In Ath ens the new ly 1narr iecl couples were blessed by
the Aglat u·eion (Pau s. i, xviii, 2: th e c h.ild ,vas giv en to the Aglaurids to
the pr iest ess of Athena with the Aegis. It has been noted 13 that as the
be guard ed), a.ncl rinally t o th e sa nct uar y of Aphrodit e and Eros, wl1cre
cult-statues of Eil eith y ia were cove red a11d not accessible to men, so
lh ere were sto ne phaUoi a nd ot her sacr ed sy1ubols, lik e snakes and male
were th e Pa lladia in T roy . wh ich blinded the man that would dare t o
part s , which indica te th e child. 10 Sub seq uently th e Arrhephoroi were
cast his eyes on t he111,accord ing to Plutarch. Athena of Iii on was repre-
cha nged for th e next yea r. Th e peplos of Athena ,vas changed too and
sented with torches as the birtl1-Goddess Eileithyia and the Kouro-
she was rebo111as a virgin , aft er n1ater nity. l<erenyi pointed out the
trophos (see S'npra, 'f ype IV.A.r.e).
fact th at th e Panath enaia, d ur ing wh.ich th e bi rth of Er iehthonios took
Plout os was conn ect ed ,vith Athena in Boeotia and Rhodes; 14 Diony-
place, were nine 1nonths aft er the Chalk eia , ,vhen th e child was con- . is Sb e 1.s
sos-la kchos was nur sed by Athena acco rdi ng to 1ate writers.
ceived. Th e Pana t henaia was a new n1oot1 feas t. 'fher e is s01ne relation
referred to by the post-c lass ical tradition as the guardian of the child-
bet ween th e new face of t he moon and th e rebirth of th e Goddess as
Dionysos (son of An1n1on, king of Libya and Amaltheia), in Nysa,
against t he evi l int entions of R hea. 16 Finally in the Roman Theogo ny 17
6. E urip . Hera/II . 770-72 . Athena-i\finei:va is the actual moth er of Apollo "Hersos", wh ich, accord-
7. AeLius Aristidcs, ' ..\0-,1,,i (ed. Di11dorf, Leipz ig 1829) p . 21, Jjne 19. ing to T(ere nyi, conn ec ts him as a divine chi ld ,vith Erechtheus; however,
8. D iocl. 111. LXX .
there is not enoug h evidence for this : the epithet n1ay be due to the
9. As Nilsson, GG,·R• i, ·H2 : M. Ja meson . " :-iotes on the Sacrificial Calendar from
Erc hi,;", BCJ-1. 89 (r9 65) r5.µf. espec ially 156. Hoo ker . "The Goddess of the vicinity or an altar ded icated to Herse or the Aglaurids.
Colden Ima ge" , Grecco ,wd R ome, 10 (1963) Su ppl. r 7-22. attempted to flo<l A then a pr otected the children Telephos and Tyr rhenos aod helped
historica l ba.~is for the sto ry o! E richthonio s, rega rding Athena as a 1<ouro• and guided yotu1g hero es, like Herak les and the Athenian hero Theseus.
tropho s of roya l children .
10. Snakes becau se of their app ea,·ance t o t he di sobeying Cecropids. FGfl' ,63. 11. ·r,·er6ny ·,. j1111gf1 •((,1J ,,.,uz !Vf1,tter, 37: p a lias rrom pa JIes. y ooth. ·.. buth one
thes could.
no . 330F. Atth is by Ame lesago ras, 300 B. C., relat es t he incident of HephMSi:?5 equally wel.l adopt t he othe 1·derivation, from pa llo to dory. br,.n<lis pear
a nd Athen a and tl,c birth of Erichth onios from t he E arth: be was g,veo 1" !2 . Schol. Eur. H ae. 4 67 .
the cista. to the Cecropids. who opened i t aga ins t instructions and sa"' '.'b~'? 1
3, Gerhard , /1,it, Bihlw .. 3Y, n. 75.
snakes around Er ichthonios". G. \V. E lderk in, "'Tbe Cu lts of th e Erechthe ion • •~. ~rbard, /111/. 8-ildw. 52 ; Paus. ix.26.5 . Philostr. lto.,.,U. 27. n ·1•J \'01inus
l·le$pcria., 9- 1 0 (1940-.p ) 12ff.. assum es from the Hesioclic tradition about th e rs., • ..S11d a. s.v. " I«xxo~ . ' 6.w'>0aC1t;
• • • - -- Gerhard «w,
ern -r<:>µ«a~<:> · ,J;,I. • k h nursed'
•

,e.t,\
birth or Aphrodite from the 'medea· of I<rono s t hat the Arrep horoi in proceecJ,ng 0

1
xlviii.237.953(( . t ha t Dionysos is ident ified with Bakchos_ a~~ ~5Corresf>.
lrom th e Th a lassa in the E rechtheion to the Ap hrodite in t he Garde ns rnenac(ed by Athena; Stark, "Ate ne I<ourotrophos", N11ovci11emone 1 s · 1
~he birt h of the goddes., and so pro moted agr iculture . Fo r the Erech th ei~ llr cl, , l 86s.
and Uie Aglat1nds and the Arrhcph oriai see Ari st . Ly sistr . 641; Faus.
Eur. J o,i , 496.
,.,s.•. t6.
I
Diocl
. •
III . -o
/ •
7, C1coro, De N"'""' Dcorum, IJI.22L
 p
I IJ.j LOCAJ, CU I.T S ,\l(J) RErRT :.SfiNT AT J VE$ ATTICA
105
Bul she is parl icularly a,socia tcd wilh th e c l1ild-a ncestral her \ tl1"•ila Pand rosos" is 1nentio ned in Schol Ari s/ Lys Th
. • 439- c cult5 0 f
of th e ,\ lhe111.ans E"nc. Iit hon1os-
. E' rccIl t heus. 18 Accordingo, tsnake. ", . . • ·' · ·
king ·ei:roJ>Jds have been connec ted with nuberty- ,·n·,u t· .
the l' . ,.. a •on ntes and th
traditi on l·fcrakJes is also connected 1vith th e c hild in some way.rn A:J one ·tom of dedica tion o f g .1rls an d boys. 25 They were also . b e
cu• . . b k . given y Athena
gave the child in a basket to the thr ee daughters of l(e krops, th icna l I,e (:lescrt ed ch1ld-1n-a-
. .as ·et Ion, according
. to Eun·p·d I es, 1011 I61f •
Jaurids, with the express con1111andnot to ope n it; the curious gir~5 : g- .,
tI11>, however, nugh t poss ibly be a satynca l adaptation by th e tr aged1an
. ·'
not obey, and th e known disasters rollowed .20 Th e carryi·ng a nd OJJ • cl 0 I tl
,c tradit iona l 1n.r
26
y th of Erechtheus . Significant for th Cir • nature .15
· . Clllllg
of lh e sacred bas ket was ceren:io n,ally repea ted every year on the ;' ~lso the fact that l,ou rotr ophos was worshipp ed in the Aglaureion (JG
po115. by young no 1i·1e A tl1en1an. ·a
1na 1 cns, th e Arrh ephoroi, who, ,aft cro- JI/U [2 5152). All three are closely connected in myth, cult and icono _
stay ing in office for one yea r, dedicat ed tl1eir whit e gannents and jewe~~ r•p
" t,v , with · Ge l(ourotrophos
. . a nd Athena ·27 The Kekrop·,ds · • gd
receive
lery to Ath~na a nd P anclrosos; ofte n, after the e nd of their office, the sacred dinners (cle1pnophona) conn ected \Vith the meals offered to them
parents dedicat ed a sta tue (or statu es) of the a rrhephoros-g irl to sue] by the others of the fo~rteen boys and girls sent to the riCinotaur,and the
deities as: Ath ena Po lias , Chloe Th e1nis , Eilcithy ia iJ1 Agra i_21Th~ thanks-giving celebrations and n1eals offered a{ter their safe return
Arrephor ia (: ar retophor ia; a rrcta pherein ( ?)) was a fertility feast for according to Philocho'.·os : FGii 2 , iii B, 183 (164a) Lex. Rhet. p. 239, 7 Bkr'.
1nen and crops and the l( ekropids' c ult was of that natu re. In the deme Erechtheus, ac~~rcbng to !he Homer ic traditi on, was actually born of
of Erchia Aglau ~os rcce'.ved sacrifi~e togetbe r ,~ith I(ourotro phos (Ge?) liarth: ft . B 548. I he worship of Ge as I{ourotrophos was widespread in
and Athena Pohas; their sanctuanes Pandros e1on and Aglaure ion were Athens accordi ng to the literary evidence and the monuments. Solon
near th at of Athena a nd th e anc ient oljve tr ee.22 In the sanctuary of named her tipare l(ou.1·o t·rophos.28 Euripid es : Gaia ... is consideredas
Aglauros the ephebes took th eir oat h 23 and Pandroso s togethe r with motlier of alt.29 Accord ing to th e Atthidog raphers the ancient Athenians
Kourotrophos and Ath ena Polias received sac rifices fron1 the Ep hebes; 2, believed tha t Ge and I-[elios-Apollo were their remote progenitors and
that the first 111en fro111then1 tvere their "tritoi pateres" (grandfathers).30
The late lexikographers in S•uda provide evidence for a most ancient
18. H~rrison, Them;s• . 2641(.; H . J. Hopper . Th • A cropolis (London 1971) 53;
Ntisson_. ili iW//, eh: .xv i ,_ "Th e D ivi.ne Child " ; Ill. Schmidt, "D ie Entdcckimg cult of Ge I(ourotrophos on t he Acropolis, establis hed by her nursling
des Enchthomo s. Zu emer Neuc n T,ekytbe tt des Phia le-l\-falers und seincm Erichthonios w:ith prothysia. 31 Th e latter part is confirmed by the
u~gedenkte n V~c,~b i.ld::, A 1W, 83 (1968) 200 - 212 , p ls. 7+ff. a nd bibliography; Alth idographer Ph ilochoros (swpra, Introd. p. ro). A prothysia or
\\ • Potsc ber, Athene . G)111111a s11011,70 (1963) 39,1-. 118. F. Brom mer, in
Chanfes for E. La,iglot: , 1571.. Athe na gives to Ericbt honios to drink fr om prothyma (preliminary sacrific e) to T(ourotrophos is also attested by
a cup : see also \V . Burkert, "l<e kropi densage uncl Arr hephoria i", Htr mes, the survivi ng cale1idar sac rifices.32 Ther e are several instances where
9•f (,9~). _, ff; a fragmentary ,J Att ic ky Ux from the Acropolis . iJJ Athens. the chronologicall y earli er deity has priority in sacrifices; e.g. Hyakinthos
with a s11nllar scene has been recentl y inte rpreted as :Erichth onios. not being
fod by Alhena (although he is actually represent e d dr inki ng from the cup)
but m";1'mg a liba tion to her, t he very first libittion , after he esta blished 25· Burkert (s••Pra,n . 18) 12, and bibl. For Arrhephoria see also \V. Burkert,
13£f.
A th c_nas cult, her xoa non a nd the Panathc na ic festiva l : Chr. r<ardara , "E ricl1- H_omo 1V~c/'11s(RGVV 1972) 171!:f. •
tho n,os Spendon " Ch~ristcr ion for A. I(. Orl andos, (Athe ns ,966 ) 22-24. >G. l·or the interpre tatio n for Eu ripi des ' Jou as a comedy see .B. l\l. \V. Knox,
However , tbe forme r interpretati on is more s ati sfacto ,y· the painter would " l~urip idean Co,ue cly", T!te Reare.-Action . Ess1>ysin!,011011r of Franeis FergusoH
have bcell more c~--pic it if he meant a. libatio n. Tn the "f ~reweJ1to -warriors" (New Brun swick, N.J. 1970) 68-96.
011
scenes . vases the woma n making a libat ion t o a. warrior neve r drinks from
~he ph,al e, but holds it away from her towa rds th e one for who m the liba tion
!k S~Junidt (supri,. 11. r8) 208 ff. and bibl. . .
• · :Siilss~n. GG,·R3 I. 45 6r. Solon fr. +57 and fr. 42, apd. Chonc1us, Enkonuon CtS
. .
1s mt ended. nlark,anon, Episkopon Gazes. Logos B', ed. Boissonade, p. 108.
1 9· Schmidt (s11pra,n. r 8) ,o6f p i 7. • 29
•...o. / b"d .. . ~-- · · Eunp . Pltrixos C!irysippos , Na uck -Snell, Tragiconim Graeco_rmn Froi:nuNJa,
t • s••PPl.633, fr. 839, line s , 7 · fr. 1023 : I sing o( Aither and G:ua. mother of all .
2 1• Bu_rkcrt (supra, n. l8 ) .Jf., 6(. and bibl. 30· ~GN•. iii B, 182. For the 1.'ritopato res sec also Cook, Zct1s,iii, 112 •1 4o; L. R.
22 · lbul .• 5 n • a nd l>"bl · "b"tl · · tl
1
l\ slo ' ( tl) -~ 1 1 •• r2 • n. r an d 20 , u.for t heir shrmes u1 1e
1; arnc ll, G?·eckH ero Cu lls (Oxfo rd 1921) 343-6o, esJ)'lcially _355·.
31· i"·
.
2 3• r_·n:' 0
,° Acro~o)is sec_also 0 . l3roneer , in Hespc.-ia, 8 (1939) 428.. \ ourot rophos Ge. Rosc her , Lcx iko11, 1574. The prothys,a_ will be cliseussc;d
A. S 1 ~rt . .ftud es ep,g.-ap!11q1<e s et p!tilologiques (1 938) 2 g6ff. l'IL N. "Joel, bte l?w; see also Daux , in BCl-f 87 (r963) 631; Sokolowski 1969, 32, scMIUJ
'"'• IC '11•i,011 o, ~re•k rlislorical l,i sc,iplions, ii (194$) 303f. o ins~·npt,on
· ·
' • • ,o39, :,7-58. 32 ]) no. 1 5, line 11.
· aux, P>a511 . n. 31. Jameson, s••Pn•, n. 9.
 LOCAi, CL"LTS ,IXD IIE J' l{ESENTA TIV ES
ATTICA

i,1 ,\ 111vdae
. receives pr oth\'s. ia before a sac rifice. to Apollo .a3 ·rhe in.. tur) ' proto n1ai ar e app rop 1;ate offerin"s to the K
sc-r iptions JG u~-1869, 4757, -1756. are furth er evid ence for a cult ol G rith cer1 . . <> ,ourotr ophos ire
I 5O nsc tile terraco t ta frgu nn es of women with the child on th h '
l\ (llrrotrophos or J, ou_rotrophos in Athcns .:i• Th e last two have beer~ :111( ' [ )) Th Cl · c s oulder
hr/1 nos. [453), 454 ·
( su,, · • . e asSical. and. later terracotta 1,·gun·nes of
c-onn cctcd with the shn ne of Ge l(ou rot ro phos and De11 1eter Chloe near tl
entr a nce Clf the Acropolis, rnen~ionecl by P a usa nias, I. 2 2 . _a5 A1~
inscription found nea r lhc Pr opyla1a on a n archa ic ( ?) Bounda ry ston
3 I stJCh
,.11.11o., kourot ropho
.
, 01 ko urotropho1 with swadclled child f M .
.
Tanagra and 1\ lt1c typ e, fou nd_1111864 to the south of the Propylaia,3;
, o , ynna

11.1vc been .ex-votos to thi s sanctua ry. Classical sherds ''"lh d'
tLlso uam es n. Kourot rop hion. (JG 12 859). B elow th e Ni ke Tower wa: musl • . .
.. ns 10 Aphroclrte poLnt to th e na tur e of the second sekos.
·, <Ie rca-
t
found the inscription: " Ent ra nce to th e sekos of Blaut c a nd J<oupo- 110 I. h t 'd . r· 0 on as
ggeslcd tha t the 11t er o uni enti 1cd shrine of Aphrodite Panel
trophos . . .'' elating fron1 the 1st centur y H.C. or Is l A.D .36 Th e infor- su BI (S . . . emos
,nu~t be p .lacecl here. ~u te e1n1tic Balaat) is an appellative for Aphro-
mat ion referri ng lo a shrin e of a Ge I( ourotr op hos seen1s however to be
dite,'' " as kourot roph os 1s one of Ge and othe r deities. In this most sacred
a ll of later dal e. Th e ear liest inscr ipti on n1enti onss in1ply a I{ourot rophion
spot, near the lVIycenaean shrin e excav a ted under the Nike Tower,u the
and so do the Rornan ones : the last na 1nes an en tra nce, dedicated to the
culls ol its successo rs Aphrodite, Den1eter and Ge I(our otrophos con-
people, to a double sekos of Bla ute a nd l( ourotr oph os. Two problems
arise from e.xam_ina tion of the evidence: tinued th roug h the centur ies to the Ro1na11era. This must be the shrine
r. The location of th is shrin e or sekos. referred to in the Sac red Law IG 12, no. 840, lines 9-11, from the first
t,all of th e 5th cent. B .C., ,vhich prescr ibes among other sacrifices to
2. The identi ty or the I(ou rot rop hos worshipped in it in Classical and
later times. Zeus N[cileichios, the iVIoth er in Agr ai and Dionysos, a sucking pig for
the Kourotropho s in the P olis. 42 The probl em of th e location of the
Fo r th e locatio n of thi s holy shrin e which Pa usan ias passed by quickly,
main J<ourob·oph ion in th e P olis havin g thus been solved, there still
refer ring us to the pri ests, having had appa rently one of his wa rning
remains the problem of the ide ntity of th e Kourotrophos.
dreams prohibit ing profa nat ion of sac red thi .ngs, th ere is some good
\Vas l{ou rotr op hos already in Classical and pre-classical times iden-
evidence fron1 th e excava tions of D r. Donta s .31 Th ese revea led a double
tical with Ge.'' 3 or tvas this fusion on ly the result of late syncretism,
sckos below the Nike Tower: one at tl1e west , whose folu1dat i0ns 1 cut
whileKourotrop ho s ,vas a " Sond ergottin " in Ath ens? 44 Further examina-
into the natu ral rock, incas ure 3.80 x 2.90 111; at 50 cn1 distance from
tion of the literary and epig raphi cal evidence for her cults, shrines and
the edge ol the rock cuttin gs seem t u indic ate a pedirnental r0of. At
,Lltars, in th e city as well as in the demes of E leusis, Piraeus. Sounion,
2.50 m a \\'ay arc the foundatio ns of lhe seco nd sekos : 2.95 X 3.40 m,
.llarat hon, Erc hia , s ho,vs tha t in n1ost cases both in Classical and in late
a nd furth er to the east the re a re niches cut in th e rock evidently to
receive votive offeri ngs. Th e Ii.nds go back to the arc haic period. The li111 cs she is ca lled simp ly R.ourotr ophos, without a noun following, and
• her shrines T{ourot roplt ion. Occas ional early references to I{ourotrophos
Ge such as the procla,nat ion of the E leusinian I(eryx in Aristoph .
111// 1md l.h 1Mcrb/ ichl,eil$glnubc tic,· G1·icclte11 7/8
33. E: .. l(oh dc, P sycj1c. Seclc11/ !'he.<moplt. 295££., hav e been criti cised by philologists as glosses ~r
( lubmgen 1921 ) •• 143, n . 3. 11
•k rpolat ions, oft en ,vith out suf ficient grouncls.45 Evid ence from leXI·
34· Dr. G. Qu inn kinclly informed me that the Grsl inscriptio n has now been rep orted
as lost.
35, I. T ravlo s'. H e p oleollomik e exeli .ris lii11 Ath,11011(At he ns 1960 ), 22, 28, ~1
•he;,• 3S. Dontas con nects t he m in s tead with Apluodjte.
3
de1.a,led _bibl. ancl pl. 11. L. Bcschi , "Co ntribu t i d i Topogra fia Athemcsc • 4~·~"P''.
'· no . [25r] a nd F;g, 22. . ,. .•
6
A'.'.""ari o 29-30 ( 196;-8 ) :;,7U., espec ially 517-521. . · bo ntas , P,-a./1/ik t, (1960) 7 where further bibl. Also H. OLivcr, G~k lnscnp
3 , Kobler , A ilf, 2 (1877) 177. /IE 1830. JG 11' 518 . O. J3roneer, " Excava ti ons
3 lHms" . Ncsper-ic ,, 3 (1935) fr.?f[. He conne cted w ith the cult pracbsed here~
on the )I , Slope _~f t~ e Acropolis. Cc l<ourotrop hos ", N cspcr in, 2 (193~} ~46 · l(onia n colu mn a r base origina lly beari ng a ded icat ory statue-he sugges
,1//,c,,,a., Ago, 4 , m , \I ychc rley. Tcstimoni11 (195; ) s. u.. where deta iled b1bhog• 4 , ",~~ourotrophos . in sc rib ed with a coup let.
1
rapb )•. 1st- 2 nd ccnl. A.D . Fo r a similar Cragmcnlary insc rip tio n in the AS0 ;~ ,' I J ( I 9J 7) 790•92 .
~ e SEC, •6 ( 1958) no. 187. Sec a lso G. \V. J!lde rkin , "The He ro on a Sa ndn l • •I.. Sokolowsk i r , .
•IJ, As I{ 9v9, no. r, A a,icl b1bi. h u.,a
,res,Perw,, 10 (r94 r ) 381-87; Beschi (sup,.a 11• 351 $TSU., figs . • a nd detailed 4 F', oschcr, Le.r-iko11 , 15 73, • ·"· Ge . P hilostr. VA 8.7 ce koiwolrop O h · "La
35
37 d0 1sc uss ,on ; he accepts the identif ication of B lau te ' with Ba laat-Aph rodite . •· G;~ncll, C1t/f~. iii, r7f . N ilsson, GGrR', i, 389, 457. G. Daux nnd ot en;.
'1:•
" (r960) 1011. and fig. 10. J>nd1tiha(1960) 4 .9. Beschi, s upra, n. 35·
0,;~~
.15•
10
. Demarc hi e", especia lly p. 63r.
,s pa ss age sec he,·e, infn, ..
rn8 LOCAL CULT S AND RE PRESgl- TATIVE S ATTI CA
tog
kographc rs snch as that in lhc Suda for the Prothyn1a to T(ourotroph ils as lhe At tic State Laws a re available Anyb d
11ou11n1~1 G . . . o y amiliar
Ge established by Erichthonios on th e Acropo lis ,t c ha s b een clis.rrijss:~ • B ,,anti ne or 1noder n reek religious art and lite t 1
111
."[h )'u• . ra ure would
as lat e and susp icious. Th e only solid evidence, tbe Class ical in scriptio ·-t, n<l the situation bet ter. If n1oclern Greek religr·on . .
of the sac red laws and State sac n·s· ices o f an c ient
. ' . 17 is fraginen.
htttca,' ns und<,J,.i f . l . was red.is-
. d some thousands o yea, s a ter 1n as fragmentary a stat th
covete . e as at
lary; nonell1eless lhey prese r ve muc h infonn a t ion on th e ritual. In these 1
.·,,nt Grecce, son1e sc 11oars wou ld be busy with such Sond ··t
inscriptjons, which, how eve r. e>nly .range behveen the lat e 5th and l11id
,,r:J.ilC l . • - G. . . ergo -
tincn as: l{ecl1anlo1ner~e (th e 1aceftu One) a VIrgin~l ~pect of ~lary,
+th cent ury B.C ., apart fro ,n son, e very Jragn1e11ta ry ear)jer sacred Glrkop hilnusa, a n~ater '.1al asp_ect o~ ~ia~y tenderly kissing Christ, well
laws, 46 th e epit het kourolrop hos is used with out a n ou n, D1o reovcr, often l;i;own froni I cons 1nsc rib ~cl \V1th tlus ep1the!; Megal6chare (the One of
in a case of p reli,n ina.ry sacrifi ce, Pr oth ys ia or Prothy 1na, which, accord. Grc;i.l Grace), used spec ! r,cally for the V1rg1n of Teoos, Gorgoepekoos
ing to th e S uda is offered to "l{onr ot.roph os Ge. Based on this evidence (the:One thal liste ns qu ickl y to yo_ur pr ayer), Eleu_therolria (Delivering
philo logists a nd epigrap hists ·10 concluded th at the Attic I<:ourotrophos froin Pitin, in pa rh cu.lar that of cbild -b1rth), I{ap11.1karea(the patroness
is an independent deity fused \1>.i t b othe r Godd esses s uch as I-Iekale, or the J(apni kar ioi), and so on. All these very popular epithets denoted
DeLneter, Artenlis, Ge, on ly in late ti n,cs . Accorcl ing to th e n1onumental, different aspects of Nia ry and \Vere used, and still are, instead of a noun
arc haeo logical and iconograp hi c ev id ence th e I<:o urotropl1o s was once /or the pa rti cular church \vhere suc h an aspect is worshipped, or for the
an aspecl of fhe i<finoan E ilcithyia; •0 she was also an as pect of Ge who celebration or Icon. I{o uro trophos , the ad jective become noun, has
in ea rly tim es a lready was inv oked as 11 1ctcr 01 lipare kourotrophos ils cx;i.ct para llel in th e Byza ntin e Theotokos (God-bearer) and the later
(Solon) and 111 611 (Eu r., Plzrixos, 7). J-Iowever , h er iden tity
.cfer pr111/ P:u1agia(lhe AH J-Toly On e) , ,vhich never appea r accompanied by the
shou ld be cons idered sepa rate ly in eac h Gr eek regioa , s ince differ entiation name,as th ey shottld: Th eo tokos !'Ilaria, Panagia \\:[aria. 1n fact the
and variety is the non n in a ncient Greek life and religion. F or the pa1iic- name pf th e Christ ia n Th eo tokos is very rarely used in Byzantine in-
ular case of Attica, where epigraph ic, lit erary, n1onu1n ental and iconog- 1·ocations and h y n1ns. Another ele1ne11t common in the pagan Greek
raph ic evidence point to a strong cu lt of the Kotu·o tr ophos, especially in
Kourotrophos Ge and the Byzant ine Th eotokos !'Ilaria is the Prothysia.
Classical t iines, cou ld one be ju stifie d in bas ing one's understanding
In the canonic al Liturg:) ' of Ioannis Chrysostomos the congregation
of the nature of tbe deity an d the cult on rhe n1ere " lett er ' ' of the Attic
stands up and offe rs a " hymn-honour" (Axion esti . . . hymnois time-
inscrip tions? )[ ore pro bin g of the ,natte r lea ds to the belief that this is
some n) to Theotokos before proceeding to the Communion. In the canonical
not possible since it is a case of sen1ant:ics , and that for a real under•
Hymn "Axion es ti" the na,n e !'Ilaria is never mentioned; only the
standi ng of cults a nittlti-discip linary app roac h is necessary , even if such
epithet Thcoto kos and such invocations as Despoina of the World are
used. No Greek wottlcl eve r invoke t\'Iary by name, in contrast to the
.16. S.v. J<ourotrophos Ge; see here, supra ..
47. These will be discussed in deta il below. Fo r general bibHograp hy see L. H. Latin use. Th erefo re it n1ay be fru itl ess to try to discover the "identity"
Jeflery, "Bo ustrophedon lnsc,ipt ions from the Agora" , H c.spcria, r7 (1948) of lhe ancient Kourotrophos through such uncommunicative sources as
86-11r. S. Dow, "'The Law Codes of Athens", P rocettl. 111asst1ch11sssts His/. Soc., th
e votive a nd calendar in s criptions; a clear-cut answer may have evaded
7t (t953 -57) 3-36, where detailed bib liography especia lly pp . 8-ro. ;a,m,
"The Athenian Calendars of Sacrifices", l1islori11.'9 (1960) 270-293. especially ev~n the Classical Ath enians !
p. 292. Sokolowski, LSCG, 26, no . 9 . S. Dow, "Six AU1enian Sacriiicia l Cale.a· fhe san1e att itud e ,vas prevalent in Classica l Athens: epithets "'.'ere
dara". f3CH, 92 (1968) 170!(. J. 1-1.Olive r, H rspcrio, 4 (1935) .5-32. S. Dow, I 11
~~nnonly s ubs tituting nouns 52 as e .g. Thesmophoroi, Thesmopho1;on.
H,sper'.a, to (194 r) 31-37. B. :0. i\loritt, Hespcria, 3 (1934) 46. no. 34. Fer~,!? 0 •
Hesperra, 7. (r938) 31f. SEC. 2r (1965) nr. 527. J{endricl</Pritchett. Ih_e r •esniophoria, for Demeter a nd !{ore, their Sanctuary a~d f~tival
An~1cnt Att ,c State Codes". Btrlieley Public. vol. 4, no. 4 ( r963). Th e pub!•· t':ipcctively; IG 112 1363 Th.reptos the fed one or foster child, 15 used
cabon and commentary of the Sacred Calendar of the iraratho nian Tetrnpohs, lor Tri1itoIen1os.63 In this ' sa me p enod . ' Archegetcs ·1s commonly used for
TC 11• 1358, is being prepared by D r. G. Quin n.. 1
,t8. As the JG T' 840, for which see here. s1,p,·11. akchos or for the loca l hero. In th e Marathonian Calendar, IG 111 IJS8'
49. S<.-e sup,a. n. 44.
so. Sec s1<pra,p. 811., 861-f.
52. ~~o lowski, LSCG, 30 -31. 0 . I,ern, Dit Religio11tier GrieeheN, i, u6, 16'.I.Seo
sr. See also lnlroduction , p. 41. for the early ln clo-europcau Ge Kour otrophos. l- 3 0 1. lntroduction p
· 1ve · J ' •4•
, . ·lcs-J,cria, 4 (r935) 26.
JIO L OC.-11.,C11J,.TS ,\ND REPRESEN1'AT1VES ATTI C;\
Il l
and elsewhere in pub lic inscr iptions, sacr ifices a rc offe red to B "" a sep ar ate de ity. as a Gree k peasant woman may co .d
. . .( .. . al cl a· . .
Heroine, w1lboul sp cc1 y1ng na1ne , so · e 1ca tton s s 11np ly ''To the
ero or opt~~
1r
I
·otria as a d
.
1 f(ere n t sepa rat e i\llary. Nilsson
.
and m
~~~
f iculhC1 .. • .. any other
Hero" ar c conunon. In this cas e 1t see rns that t he well knO\\fll local h , _ cceptecl as Son c1ergott 111a person ification such as E'
. 1tola.1, a . _ . • 1rene, who
)l arath on is 1noa.nt, therefore his nan1e need not be n1ent ionetl . Ot~ro ,c . ,orshipped s r.nce the :,t h cent ury 111 Athens .6&However f
,ras 11 . . H . , some o
secondary heroes , h owever, (IC II 2, II col. I. 15), are sp ecifically de ~e~ _. , ,,enea logy 1s k nov,n even to es1od , as one of th e Horai Wh
nat ed . Pausanias (Li.4) ca n1<0 to s ucl, an altar in Ath ens. inscr ibed sirn
51
f Errcne so . . .
kouroLrophos 1s for H es1od only an ep ith et for Hekate : 450r.Here the
• ereas

J-feroi; he says, however. that an ybody who kn o\vs a nyt hin g here wo~l~ . cons1 .s·tency
.
0
• st ressed. . by son1e n1odern scholars," mau, be clue to th e
111
und erstand straig ht away that Andr ogeos, so n of il'linos, is meant. . : ,g of severa l trad1 !Jon s.
111111
There is no tra di tion or n1yth for I(our otr opho s in th e known Thcogo- ~t is notab le that •111t 1 , e 'I
1va r a tl1on1an
· Calenda r a sacrifice is mentioned
1
ni es. where l{ou.rotrophos is only a n epi th et attac hed to a Goclcless Kourol rophos "before the i\!lysteries"; in th e subsequent sacrifices
(Hesiod. Theog. 450L); nor is the re a ny s ucl, sepa rate d eit y in epic or LO
offered to Ge the place 1s •
spec 1"fi ed . F•or K ourotrophos no place is in-
tragic poet ry, where kourotrophos is on ly an epith et descr ibing even dicated, lh ercfo re th ere n1us t h ave been only one altar or sekos for the
such personificatio ns as those of the clislr icts of D elos , Ith ac a or Hell.as : cult of (Ge) l(ou rotrop hos. Th e fact that further sacrifices are mentioned
Callim., liymn Del. 2, 276; Eur ip., Troades, 566; Hon1 er, Od. 9, 27 for in Lhc same in scrip tion for Ge does not at all mean that Kourotrophos
I thaca . It is a lso used for deities. as in Eurip. , Bacch. 420, for Eire ne. could not be herself id ent ical with Ge. Th ere are such parallel uses in
!\o pub lic festivals ca Uccl Kour ot rop hi a are kn own , no r eve n a temple other Attic insc ription s for Athena Polias and Athena Nike: Ditten -
proper, apart fron1 sekoi altars. a nd prewninar y or i.nexp eJ1sive sacrif ices, berger, Sylloge3. 271, I. r gff., Attic 335/4B.C.
si111ilar to tl1ose offered to chthonic deiti es and 1-Ie roes . The epith et is One thiHg is ce rt ain about the I(ourotropho s and her cult in Athens:
usually conn ected 11'i tl1 Ge. Artern is, Athe na, and D en1eter, th e clifferent she was very popular, a n d must have been po\verful, even if somewhat
aspects a nd functions of whon , often in te nn ix. So in Ath ens and the humble. The fus ion of a pr im eval l(ourotrophos with later chthonic or
tlemes the epithe t was conn ecte d n1ai11ly 1vith Ge \vh o is il'leter Panton si Ol)m1pian Gree k Gods ca n exp lain the lack of genea logy for her, when
and was conside red in Athens as the mot her of Zeus , Aesch. S11,ppt. even the iVlinoan Eil eit hyia '>Vasfitted into the Greek pantheon by Homer
89of. Ge received also specia l worship by th e Att ic ge nos of tl1e Lykomi- asa daught er of H era .
clai, in thei r lioinon telesterio·1~in Ph lya, as "Great l\Iot her". 55 Also ga1nes Thal the I(ourotrophos of Attica par excelle nce was Ge seems prob-
were celebra ted for Ge in Ath ens accorcling to P inclar and Did y1nos.•• able for th e [ollowing r easo ns :
Nilsson insisted tha t ' 'die 1ofuttergo ttin cler Griechen ist nicht Ge sondern 1. The religious-historic a nd linguistic ones already stated.
De1neter' ',S7 Thi s, h oweve r, is not co1nplete ly tru e. One 1night consider 2. The evid ence for prothys ia to I( ourotrop hos Ge coincides with the
the poss ibility that in cu lt pr ac tices l(o ur ot rop hos was conceived both public pra ctices attest ed by the Sacred Laws. 61 The hero Erechtheus or
as a Sondergott in and as an epith et for ot hers, as I·Iesyc hios states that Erichl honios is conn ec ted "''ith Ge, his pr imary mother, in Attic iconog-
the nan,e E leutho (s.v.) was used both as "an epith e t for Demeter, raphy.r.2
among the Tarent ines, and (she is) one of the Ei.leithy iai". The name of
3- Aristop han es' passage fro1n the Thes1nophoriazousai,_ 295ff. The
the Goddess Eileithyia itse lf becon1es a n epi thet o'f Hera in Thorikos,
5 argument lhat -rij, I''ij, after Kourotr0phos is an interpolati~n ~r g~o~
Att ica.• Poss ibly t he less sophi st ica ted Athen ians conceive d J(ouro- has n0 so1·Id ground. S01ne have argued that te1 -· n·eme·t n· kai tei Kore1
54. Nilsson , GG,-/1, P , 460(. after loin Thes mop h6roin is a gloss to o. In the latter case however nobody
55- G. Busolt, Griecltiscltc S tmu slttuulc, ii (in \ .Y, Otto , Ha .,,db. A ll. 11/-i
ss., Munich · rp ret the Thes 1uophoro1 · as separa te cle1·11·es
has tr·1ecl t·o inte , so whv
, do
50
1~• 6) 957, n. 2, where bibl. Plut. Them. r.15; Paus . i.3• ..~: ix.30. 12.
• . . for th e l(o urot rophos? Epig rapbic ev idence fron1 the sth century(see
>6 · Pind. Py /11. 9.177; Schol . ib. Fa rnell. C11lls ui 309 note 17. Seo also ibrd.,
308 for Ce. • ' '
57. Nilsson, GG,R, P, 461 r. 59. liar11dorf G · , · •· ·
Go. ~I. \V . . • ,r,~e,1:sclw J(ulbperso11if1kal10-m·11 s.11.E'1reoe·
5S. Scbwei~tr , "Eilcitbyia Kourotrophos" , Feslgabe 011 l,Vi 11eke"1u'1msfc s/e. P!ti/o· 61· Sc:cuest , Hes,od• s Theo"011"
~., (Oxford r966) .
log11s, ~. F. 23 ( 1911) 6191. 6,. See ·r'·17 a nd 1,i/ra, d isc uss ion.
l'{){:sIV .A. 1 and rv.c.
 Tl Z ATTICA
113
111
/rn) attest, the c,ull of Ge in co nnec tion _with th e rest of the deit ies Gree k inscriplions o f Ron1an dale on seats of (L Th
,n, ntionNl in Thcsn111ph. 295 f., a nd estab lishes A ris topha nes' passa Sonie ' . . . uc catre of
OS rcservccl fo r. s pecific priests and priestesses ou·,,lit •
as ,,xtr,.,nely accurate . Tn JG T2, no. 5, fro111El eusis , sacr ifices are in ge pionys • ' •_ .. . • o raise some
. t'ons · JG JI· :,131 states that the seat 1s . l(ourotrophou . .
tionccl in Pro teleia of lhe E lcus inia, a nd Pr oc rosia, to th e follow~; obJCC1 • d f , 0 emetros
Perl. 11ou·s · This should 1)e trans 1,a te : or the p riestess of J{ourotrophos'
Corl~:
pcme[er • and Pe.itho (t he latter s cult was housed in the sekos of Ap hrO·•
"G(', HrnncsE nago nios . Char it es : a goa t. ·t Ivhich was
ciJC . •n ext to tha t off Kourotrop hos Ge and Demeter Chloe)•
Posl'iclon: a ram \Vilh the onu ss1011 of J)onctua 101~_one 1nay ;rgue that J{ourotrophou
Ancmis: a goa t Dcmctros is one and not two deities. IG II· 5152: J(ourotr6phou ex
Telcsicl.ron10s, Tript olemos : a ram Aglaurou, Dcn1et ros, s hould ?e trans lated: (for the priestess) of Kouro-
PJou tos, J)o lichos, a nd Th e Godd esses : trip le sacri fice headed by a cow." trophos, th e on e fro 1n th_eshru 1e of Aglauro s, and of Denieter. The same
argument as in the pr~v1ous cas e could be emp loyed here. However this
These correspond exa ctl y , ac; Lenorn1ant p oint ed o ut 63, to Aristoph.
would indicat e bvo p n estesses for Dem eter l{ourotrophos and none for
;u1cs' de ities where l{ourotr oph os or l{ourotroph os Ge acco n1panied by
li crm es and th e Charit es cann ot be anythi ng e lse but Ge on the in- Ge Kourotrophos. The rnost p laus ible explanation seems that: one seat
script ion, and E.alligencia is Art ernis.'14 A I<.o w·o tr ophos is not ot herwise was reserved for the p ries tess of th e famous cults of Kourotrophos,
Demeter Chloe and P eitho on th e 'iV. slope; another for a priestess who
menti oned in the sacred inscripti on fron1 Eleus is ; if s he is not identified
, , ith Ge, there is no pla ce for her. l-lowev er vot ive inscriptions found in oHiciatcd in the Agla u reion on the N. slope, \Vhere, besides Aglauros,
El r usis are ded icat ed to " l{ourotrophos''. J{ourotrophos and Demeter ,ve re worshipped at a ltars, or even shared an
+ An ndd iliona l arg u1nent for the frequ ent identification of l{ouro- altar for sac rifices . De n1ete r Chlo e had also another special official named
Diophantes , accordi ng to anot her inscrib ed seat: IG II 2 5r29, 2nd cent.
trophos \\7 ith Ge, and th e lack of characteristic attr ibut es of the form er, is
a. Classical ~1il esian relief (supra, no. [657)). Th .is is th e on ly su re represen- A.D. Furth er ev idence for the c ult of the l{ourotrophos in ancient
ta tion o.f the I,ourotropho s Godcles.<;kno ,vn. 'fh e identity is testi fied by Athens cornes fron1 the following n1onu1nents:
an inscripti on. The figures accon1pany ing her are also inscr ibed; from °
An inscription of Roman date, IG 112 , 4778 0 recording the dedication
left to right one reads: l<otLrotropho s, Le to, Apollo, Arten1 is. 1' he last is of a statue of a I<ou rotrophos to Dern ete r Chloe and !{ore after a dream.
offering libati ons to her broth er. I<ourotrophos ho lds a big torc h, a nd This ded ica tion stood in the ten1enos mentioned by Pausanias at the
were it not for th e inscript ion she could be inte1·pretecl iconographica lly entrance to the Acropo lis. Th e d edication of a l{ourotrophos to Demeter
as Ge, 1-fe kate, or P ersephone. 'fh e lwo last have no close lin ks with the and her daughter can be explained by her affi nity to Ge Kourotrophos
Triad, while Ge was t heir primeval predecessor in th e De lph.ic cult a11d wit h whom she was ,vors hi pped in the sa1ne sekos, and by the maternal
oracle, as Aeschy los informs us (Eu,nen. 1ff. ) nature of Demeter (De1nete r: Ge-meter) . .
5. It is nota ble that in A.1 i s toph ., Lysi:str. 835 the s hr ine of Derneter The n1ost ancie nt s1u·vivin g ev idence is prabably the mention of
Chloe at the entrance to the Acropolis, io which th e cu lt of J(o urot rophos I<ourotrophos (not a bsol u tely certain, however) 67 in the fragment~
Ge was celeb rated, is mention ed as "sekos Chloes", using only the epithet, ~rchaic boustrophedon inscriptions from the sacred altars of the El~usm-
as the nam e was easi ly understood by everybody. 6 • • ron near the Ago ra . It is possible that there was an altar for her ID th e
For all the above reasons I believe that by l{our otrop hos a ClasSJcal vic;n·t
u,i Y o f th e E leusuno . . n (see S1-1pra t h e 1nscn
· 'b ecl seat in the Theatre
.
Ath enian, or an Athenian of la ter pe riods, wou ld nonnall y und erstaocl lor a priestess of Agla uro s I{ourotro;hos and Demeter). The conn:iti~n
th e Chthonic Goddess Ge. th t t 'fr
of e l(ou ro trop hos with Demeter and the Thesmophoria is attDeS
&3. Rt<herches A, •chtol ogiqu cs It Eleu s i$ , Rec, ui/ ties f,, scr. (Paris r862) 80: Pro tt •
other eprgrap
· h ic evidenc e us v,hich inforn1s us th a t a PT!! ·estess of eme e
Ziehcn, l.egcs S1t<Ytw (1906) 7/f . n. 2.
64. Art..cmis ,,·as well known as concerned with chiJd-care. baby-n ursing, nn
d
~~- f lt •er, 1-lcspeyifr, ,1 (l935) 63f. J{en1 , AJl,f r8 (1~_93) 195.A line 5: kor[otrofoa].
ns a r<ourotrophos: Uiocl. Sic. 5 _73. _ · S~ ery ($1"f>1•a, n . 47), especially 93-4, Block 11, Fnce •
5 6S J Cr'llso Sokolowski, LSCG , rJ , no . 2, Aa. !IlB lines 2_.-5:
65. AIJ,, ,11a" Agora, iii, \Vycherley, Testimo"fr•. 8 11. whe re bibl.
· c_r •ry
stcss($11,P,a, n. ,17) 9 4 ; Herzog, Jfsili gc G,5eue, ~ • ~ hos In caseof pol·
2 8
r,;;~
1011
of Demete r ( ?) performs the ritua l to I{ouro P
o( sacred ground.
 LCICAL CULTS AND REPRESENTAT lVE S ATT ICA
115
pcrfo1ms the ritual to l, ouro(rop hos in cases o r p olluti on of sacred . · t in Aris toph . Ly.~istr. 835, who places tlic
' poss1) ' I Ie sire . 0u ro t rop I10s c ul t 1·s near th e Erechth
. o f ,l I '1. ground 5choIJf\S sanctuaru, 0 f ChJoe
A tlurd .- · (. Kourotr op hos on the Ac ropoli s itself .n
•111cl ,r f I I .
wh,,re probab ly a small a ltar was dedicated to her, as the Suda st 0 ' 1• ' \ fourt h place o 1er c u t 1n Athens , probably only
(s.v. " J(ourotroph os Ge"). In the area oi t he i\i y cenae a n ine"'a ates . '1. t ·d by a n ·1nsc11 · bccl R 01nan a lta r, found in seco aclsmall altar
. • ·15
. . bron~J 1nc,ea " . •2 . n ary use in th
Lhe chl hon1c cult s of local ny n1pl1s a nd h eroes were celebrated tou c r the Thea tre of D1011y s os , ' wluch was originally cl d' e
. w,t · l1 t he o 11ve
· t ree, t 11e s uccessor of the pre1 , .,ct11 er •1rcaO e 1catcd to th
with lhal o r Po1ias · t . · _. ,. of ·•1{011rot rop hos 11ear Arteinis" : JG If2 50,, It e
. 1IS~ c s111J11• • • • " 4• must ha\·c
Goddes.-;,111a nd around the doub le sanct ua ry of Athena and Er h stood in the prcc1nc l oJ AJ·ten11s Agr otera, near Ilissos.73
U1eus .69 Atilena P olias a nd her hero-n urs ling corr espond to Eileitlcc. · · .1.11c main kou ro troph os cu lt of th e city therefore seems t 0 h b
• · ave een
a nd Sosipolis, of th e dou ble shrin e of. Olyn1pia . Po lias• h ere , as Cl iyt,)'a that of Ge h .oLJrot ropil os on th e \.Vest slope of the Acropolis, probably in
pa tron ess a nd p rotect ress o r h eroes, has a 1naternal cha racter. Th dir ricinity of the Old Agora .
chthon ic Pand ro~os _had a slu·in e next to that of P olias (Pau s. I, 27 , 2 )~ Ln the New. Ago ra at th e I<.e ra 1neikos the re was probably also a cult
An epheb1c in scnpti on fro1n the r st cen ttt ry B. C. 1nenti ons sacr ifices of of kourotropl11c natur e , how ever, ther e is no surv iving evidence for the
th e Eph eboi, " in the Acropolis" a fter co11 1ple tion of th eir traii,ing, to the use of the epith e t kourotrophos in conjunction with it. Terracotta
two above Goddesses a nd .Kow·otroph os: IC II 2 1039, I. 58f. Here the figurines, ra nging in da t e fro111th e ,Lrchaic to the later Roman times 74
expression " ii1 the Acropolis" is usually ta ken as 1nean iJ1g jus t outside, were found in the ar ea, not in s itu but dispersed out of their conte;t.
at the entra nce, an cl inside. H owever, th e l{o ur otrophos sacr ifice is unless l11ey .can1e fro~ c? rop la~ts ' workshops, they are most probabl;
mentioned bet ween the oth er t\vo to Athena P olias a nd Panclrosos. Tltis 1•oti,·c offenn gs. A prun1hv e s11nple sa nctuary with small square en-
means tha t the tl1ree cults were very near to each oth er. If what was closure around the altar s tone, excava ted recently in the Athenian
really ,nea nt was a sacrifice for P olias a nd P a nclrosos insid e th e Acropolis, ,lgora, may hav e belo nged to a I(onrotrophos cult since the offerings
and subscq ueot sac rifice ou ts ide it in th e I( ouro trophi on, on the vVest found in the depos it were jewe llery fe,nal c objects , loom weights, baby-
slope, then the seq uence of sacrili ces in the inscripti on would be with rcedingcu ps and polish ed knucklebones with which children played (used
l(o urot rophos last , as clari ty a nd exactn ess cha racte rizes such documents. as dice).76 This shrin e, according to the finds, fell in disuse during the
But as the three sacri rices are rnenti o ned toget her with I{ourotrophos carlv Hellenist ic period. A Ro1nan votive relief from the Agora, copy of a
in the middle, her sacrifice s hould have ta ken p lace in th e area of the 5th century origina l, d epicts t he enthroned llfoth er of the Gods as a
Pa ndroscion . No insc ript ion or a ltar dedica ted to her has been found in Kourotrophos holdin g phial e and child; 76 it should be connected with
this area; tb.is could be du e to chan ce an d th e many foreign occupations the cult in the Old ]3ou leuter ion-lv{etroon. 77 \,\Tith the same cult should
a nd destr uctions of th e a rea in la ter tin1es . I t is also possible that the
1'- \Vychcrlcy , Testim-0ni«, s4 .
sacri fice was perforn1ed on th e altar or a noth er d eity as in the case of 1, . llcina_ch, Ch,.on i911 es tl 'Orienl, 306, erroneously refers to th e inscription as
Erecht heus, for whon1 there was no sep ara te altar in the Erechth eion :'."C~l;uc. It is in fac t o ( riadr ianic date with archaistic elements: cf. H. Schrader ,
but sacrifices were perfonn ed on the alt a r of P oseidon (Paus., l.r6.5) . Die A~sgra bungen 11111 Westa bh a ng e der A kropolis, 11I. Funde im Gebiete des
Pe rhaps the offerings to I<ourotr op hos were given on the same a ltar as !.J'.onys,o n" , A .l'vl. 2 1 (r896) 266, pl. ix .2. ..
13· {; av los (>'11'/> Yt<, n . 35 ) 4 ,1r. O. Bronee r , "Plato's Description or Early Athens •
those of Pandrosos, ii1 the P anclroseion. Th e exis tence of an a ltar to . .':spcriu S- PPI. S (1949) 47-59.
11
l~ow·otrophos alo11e, or shared with olh ers, would justify the informa- N, .:.lie earl y o nes are most ly u n p ub lished. See Type lll.A.4.a.i. late 6th cent. B.C.
tion of the S uda, (supra, p. 105) s ince Ge was the n1oth er of Erichtho nios 7' -/ ~ Roma n figur in es a re ve,·y numerous. of. Type fU.A.5.e. .. .
' · ( · LllShe S bea r . J r . "T h e Athenian Agora; Excavations or 197, , Hesptrta,,12
(Eur. , Ion, 2 67f.J. A cult of I(o urot rop hos in the ar ea of th e Erechtheion
would al~ explain th e con1positio11of the Class ica l frieze of the po rch,
;o.;,~7,3;,5· 12 1
34 , es p. 12 8 , fig. r. . .
nd
rmission
p • no. [630). l'ublishecl here for the first time '"th the ki pe
oI Professo J' I
~Toin which several groups of kourotr oph oi ha ve sur vived, in spite of 17. J T . · rs ave yn Harrison aud Homer ,rhomp$ Oll. • and
its very fragmenta ry s ta te.70 It could also expla in th e confus ion or th e b:b . r,w los, Pictorial Dictio,,a.,-,, of ,1ncie11 / Allie11s(Lou don 197 1) 3/l, BC
69. Sec !<0 11toleon , T6 Erecll f/ieion , pn .,siu, .
(-~c!:o~ra p hy; J. S. Bo e rsma, Al/ie11iM1811iltli11 g P?licy 56 ~1~:;'~~tniil~
, I ''O P a A YC/1/wo/., (;r o n in gen 1970) r92. no. 59. D. Burr-1 homp,o ' ble ,·otivo
7o. Stt f y!)(;-s I V.B. r.e where b ib l. Go·
• " ':l ' /.11 / 1•1u;1e
, tatt, · 11t 5hopp;.,,g
. Can/er (Prr. nceto n r971 ) ,f'g
1
• .•
mar. ted \\'ilh
c te of t he Mother ol the Gods 3rd cent. 13.C.. ,,•,eh ph,a e. sea 1
, . 8
116 LOCAL CU LTS AN D REPRE SEN TATIVES
ATTICA
117
be connc,ctt"d the voli" e lerracottas, acco rding to th e existing ev·a
,,.1 inscript ion of the sac rifices by the genos of the Salaminio· f
Ai1i1arcnlll' tht" Ro11uu1reI.1ef copies
. a Classic,
. al stat ue which stood.J ence· 1 lC . .t J I 0
· .
1\lctroon and \\'as subsequ ently pillaged or dest royed by the Byzanti
ITI~e _
J~ptap1J)
,lai and
.
Sou n1on,
, .
,vn
uli
ten on t
cl bi
le walls of the Stoa
.
of
us, is
ze .
•nforrnative. 1 lus pee ar ou e-branch genos living in th
Tltt>re is late cpigraphic evidence that the Ep heboi of Athens offnes. niost I • S . e
, 78 cred . El1 taphy11.1 and at oun1on, agreed on co1nmon sacrifices in several
vearlv a cup lo th e ?.Iolher of the Gods. j\[I IC . d 'f'
places. Ainong these are state sacn ices Ges Aglauro kai Pandroso
- Jn · Athens th e ancestral eponyn1oi heroes A ka1na nt es and espcciall
kai tcs Korot rop ho (1.12). All thr ee ,vere served by only one priestess
th e ancestra l forefath ers Tritopatores received sac rifices the san,e da~
11
:ho ough t to belong to ~be genos of t~1 _e Salam~i~i but could marry
of Skirophorion as the l(ourotrophos, accord ing to an Attic inscriptio~ 81
outside. She held the office for Ii Ee. I hese sacnil~es evidently took
JG 1r2 n. 1358, 3off. right, fron1 the ear ly 4th century B.C. 79 To the • c in the area of th e Pandrose1on on the Acropolis; there is literary
I'I,IC
latt er, according to the Attbidographer Phanoden10s, the Athenians . r nnation about co1nmon ce Iebration . . A
m thens for Aglauros and
sacrificed before their ma rri age so that they nlight be blessed with in o , 1 . t· . s• M .
Pandrosos, such as telet«s {a1 mys ena. • ention was made above of the
children: FGif. 325F6. In scriptions bea ring the tex t of the Classical Ephebic si1crifice to Athena Polias, Pandrosos and Kourotrophos.
Codification of the Calendar of Public Sacrif ices thr o,v s01ne light on the Both in that case and in this of the Salaminioi it has been assumed that
ritual: where, when, and what kind of offe1;ngs were prese nted to the Lhc sacrifice for l(o uro trophos 1vas at the entrance to the Acropolis,
Kourotrophos. Fron1 th e three i1nportant t exts dating fro1n 410-362 as " the I(ourotropheion , Pan clroseion, and Aglaureion lay within the
B.C., ,vrilten on 111arbleSlelai in the Agora and on th e ,valls of the area circu1nscribed by the peripatos which defined the Acropolis.113
Stoa of Zeus,80 one learns that sacr ifices of a sheep ,vere performed lor However, as state d abov e, it is very possible that there was an altar in
Kourotrop hos appare ntly in her best kno,vn shrine at the entranc e to the the area of the Pan clroseion, and th at these sacrifices were performed on
Acropolis, as the sacrifice following is for Let o " i11 the Polis" . In the it. According to the Sala.minian Calenda r, for their genos the first sacri-
month Skirophorion a pig was offered to her 1vhile a bull and a series of ficeof the year in i\Jlounich.ion month took place at the Herakleion at the
other sacrifices ,vere perfonned for Athena; the place is again not stated, Portlunos, a te1n enos with many altars, on one of which "the opening
and one cannot be sure 1vhet her the sac rifice to I( ou rotrophos was act of the first gentile sacrifice of the year was the immolation of a goat
perfonned in the sekos of the \•\/. slope or 011th e altar in the area of the to l<ourotrophos" ; 84 the anin1al cost ro clrach.mas, the next cheapest
te111pleof Athena Polias.
price after t hat of the pig, which was the usual victim for heroes and
cost only 3 clrachn1as and 3 obols. A basket-bearer 0-46: kalathephoros)
adorers on either s ide; she assu mes that it comes from a domestic shl'inc in was associat ed ,vith her cult; she also played some part in the Oscho~h-
a hou se-co urt; however, it cou ld eq u:,Jly we ll come from a sa1JCL, 1ary. oric procession . So t11is peculiar genos, or, according to Nilsson, relig-
78. Fra,er, Pcn,sa.11ias ~ed. 1965) vol. ii, Comme n tary on At t ica , iii.5 p . 66fl., ious orga1li;,,ation, held sacrifices and kept a priestess for the Kouro-
seve ral !ate mscnpbons. \V. S. Ferguson, " The Att ic Orgeone s" . The Harv11rt l
Tl,~ologrca/ Retnew, 37.2 (19+4) 61-qo, especially 124,lf., Oil t he 01'geones 0 1 trophos, bot h in the P olis and at th e Porthn1os of Sounion.
the i'Yfother of the Gods, and r3 7f., Appe ndix 4 : the records and s hrine of tl,e
Org~~nes of_t h_eMoth~r oI t h: Go~ls.connect ed with Cybe le and Att i~ and the r. Eleusis
lest" al _A~•de,a, m Piraeus; mscriptio11 from ea. mid 3rd cent . B.C. 1 he name · · Wt'th out .a
711
•te, 1 hem Pla-te- re-te-i-ja) has been read in a Linear B tab let fro,n Pylos Another cult of J{ourotrophos outs ide the city, again
(F• 1202): Venneule, Goller/111/ 1, 6,µ., and bibl. One does not know whnt tcrnple, was appare ntly celebrated at Eleusis. Aristophanes' passage 111
exact ly. she was a nd it may be a little rash to as,<,ume that we have here a 1'hesmoph, 295f. informs us about a cult of J{ourotrophos (Gc),15 wor-
~lcler 1 heon. For the Great ll{other in Greece see E. \¥ill , "Aspects du cult~
•t_de la legcnde de Ja Grande lllere da ns le mo nd c grec" . Elemtttls ol'ie11tnt1> 8 ' · Scc bibliograp hy in vV. s. Fel'guson, "The Salaro1nro1 °
· · · f Eptaphylai and
ft-t n, esp. 97f.}or the ~thcnia n iMetroo n s ince the a rcha ic period.
,, 7 (i 9J8) 21 r1,, :ind 5 rr.. and SEG 21 (1965) nr. 5 27·
79. . ~cmberg, Tp ,~omt~c.,p uud Tp«rl)po 1:;", £,anos, 52 (195,:,) 172-190, 8 , ~ou 11j o n", 1-fesf>erit
especially 183-85 a nd n. 13. .. fc~gnson (s11,p,-a
8J. , n. Sr ) 2tf.
80 1brd., 2 r,
· S~kolowslti • LSCC , 2 6-9, 49-53, nos. 9, B li11e · 10 A line 24; r9, lines 12' 8,1, Ibid •
t1;1!4 4
or th? Sala~1inians or Eptapbyl,li: SEC.'.,, . (1965) nr. 527 and new
graphy' Schmidt (suf>ra, 11. r S) 2oo fJ., especia lly 208il. see also supra, n. 47· 85· Scc 511
· ,P>afor the te xtual cr itic ism. Also ,v.S. Ferguso
, n • "Orgeonica", "'"'"•
Supf,l., 8 (r94,9) 108f.
 118 J,llC, \L CIJL fS \ 'i I) 10:.l' JH,S EXTA Tl VE$
ATTl C,\
II<)
,Jii)'p<·d t11g1·[ h('r wit l, l·lcrm .:, Enago11ios a nd lh e Ch,ir itcs. Th· .
. . the E lcus ini a n l\(ys terit:S, "anot her cult with 1l vcc.nacan ..
,·onrinn 1•1I bra n insc ription fo und 0 11 th e s te p lea din g frorn lhc Pr 15 .•s thal I ll . f . • ' • assoc1,1-
. ., t here 111ust aga in be a c ult o . th e clulcl not reared br his tl
t n t ill' :lli•garo11 .~G ·1·11crc ,Ln' a l so sc:1·era I 1nsc
· · ·ons from Ele
npt1 . 1a1a
· opy · uon . . . . O10 1rr
. • . R . _ • - usrs on (:15 ,✓11
"· 'chth onios on t he Ath enian Acropolis), in this ciisc Plout ns ,, , W 1lO
a ltar, derhca lecl lo l\ ourot rop 110s 111 on1an t1n1es .8 ' fh e first alta I·
.15' dcli,·ered by Ge t o D cn1e ter or Athena. If so, Brimo and Potnia should
an c·srhar a on the· lop, a nt I a roun rl .1t rel'f1c so f l)ird ' s ·111folia"e A -rias .
• • • • • t> •
al tar " :1tlt ded 1ca t1un lo l\ uuro lr oph os as with csc har;:i. bea rs relicfs of
1ar
511111 be COnnccted w ith Ge• , his . rea l n1other, . and. not Demete r, th e nurse.
. k hos is of ten 1ne nt1onec1 111connec tion with th e El cusinian Mysteries.
b11cra111a and wreath s . A frag1n ent a ry 111arble pat cra 1nsc nb ed with t ,
~; : Suila calls l'lin~ " D.ionysos on th e l~reast" and _Arrian, Alex.
. (> 11 , x6:
. or arc I1a .1z1.ng '1) Jclt ers, found in Eleusis, wa \los 1
rc111 ai11i11 g a rchaic " Dionysos son of Zeus- and th e mystic Iak chos 1s sung Lohim, not to
app a rently dcdicalccl lo her: (1-:oro tr o)ph o (i).so
the Theban one" . . . .
TI1e abov e evidence docs not s up po r t th e th eory that the ear ly Kouro- Usually eith er Pl out os or Iakchos 1s mentioned 111connection with the
troph os beca me Cc J-:our ot ro phos in !al e per iods since th e Roman altars Eleusinian Godd esse s, no t th e two toge th er . ln th e abo\,e mentioned
mentio n si1npl y K our ol.rophos . Consid erin g her assoc iat ion with H ermes decree fro1nEl eus is, Pl outos is absent; inst ead there.is mention of "Plouto-
ant ~ f ha rit:s in_;~risto ph a ncs a nd th e s ub stitut ion of I{ourotrophos by dotcs l a kchos". This s ugg ests that the two refer to one person, differen-
Ge 1n t he l~lcus1nian 1nscnpt 1011(sec s11pr11) , I belie ve that here as in the 'tiated only in the inyth s .93 Th e perfo nn ances and the 1nytho logy of the
city Ge was th e Kouro troph os. Elcusinian A'lys t er ics a re vivid desc riptiv e episodes that put in pictures
In lhe E leusinian i\lys teries . as in oth er cult s too . the sacred Birth deeper philosoph ical beliefs, so as to n1ake them understood more clearly.
is th e climax of th e Telctour gia. Acco rcl.i11 g to th e Chri st ian writer Kourotropho s, Ge, Demeter, I<or e, all refer in son1e way to the above
Jlippolylos or, lh e Hi erophant cr ied out at a cru c ial 111 0,n ent: ·' th e Lady idea of th e Str ong one giv ing birth to a Strong son. Th e name Demeter,
ga ve bir th t o a sac red boy Brimo B ri1non' ' . Brin10 has been explain ed already exp lain ed by th e Orphics as Da-~f ete r, Ga-1\Ieter, points to her
both by ancient and by mod ern writ ers in va rious ways. It is taken affinitr wit h Ge. A ll ar e 1nanif est at ions of one creative power: Ge has
eit her a<;a na me or as an epi.th et. The earl ies t so urce, Apollonios Rhodios the origina l ele1n ent s , De1neter di stribu tes the1n as a phy sical mother at
(llr go11 . ITI. 86 r ), see ms to think th at il i;; t he na1nc o:f a Goddess (Brin10 least of Kor e, and J(ou rotrop hos, a noth er as pect of Ge, helps them to
kourotr ophos).
develop : Pcrseph one-J{ore adds the n1obil izing motive: flowering,
J-lowever, th e Christian wr iter wbo quot es th e sacr ed say ing explains: decay, rebirth. l)c n1et er is othe rwise known as th e nurse of Damophon,
" Th e Stron g one has born a Strong son". Th e Cho rus in Eu1ipidcs' I·Iikc- the ~hild of 1<.e leos, kiJ1g of E leusis (or Tiipt olemos according to o~her
t idcs. which ta ke.~ place in El eusis, says : v. 5 4 : " you also ga ve birt h to sourccs).9•1She is s0 11 1et in1es clesc1ibed as th e n1other of Iakchos, who 1sat
a son, so1nelin1e, 0 Lad y " (pot nia). T1cre is a noth er in sta nce of lhe use
of app ellat ives inst ead of nan1es . Th is pa ssage h as bee n exp lained by 93- The evidence for the cry of the Daclouchos in the night celc~ratioa , ''Se_mele's
son, la kchos, giver o f l'iches". acco r ding to Schol. Artis. 1-rogs, -H9, ~• late
modern scholars as denotin g th e chi ld Plou tos (\"lealt h), born by D emeter, s,·ncretis m wit h D iOll\'SOS · cf. Otto, DiOIL)'SOS , Sof. ; ibid .. 187({.. 233 for An nd~e-
as referr ed to in t he H esioclic, Hon1eric and later Attic tracl iti on and by ·. gne :.is nu rse and · love' r of D1onysos.
:\. n,1 . SI1e ".as remem bercd . in the. Athenian
a la ter ecclesiast ic writ er. 9 L However th ere has been s0 111 e a rgument fcslival o( Oschopho r ia when two boys dressed as girls earned the npe grapes{.
• ., f . . tl p•rts o{ the mothers o
ab out th e identi ty of th e mys t ical cltilcl.92 Ni lsson ca1nc to th e conclusion ''."u cmale cle1pnopho ro1 were supp osed to p1a_y lC ~ . s Q cl al.).
the childr en who had been ma rked for dest ruct ion (P lut . Vrl. T/re · -3,
CJ. also Tcchnau. "D ie Golti n a uf dem St ier" , Jdl , 52 (r937) 93, notes d.;· 6
86 . See sup, « a nd n. 63. and the r ed- figur e pelik e by t he Chicago Pa inter, ARV'. 63o, where, acHcormr 'esg
$7. El eusis Muse um, inv. no. tr 7. JG, II ' , no. ,1755 _ A£ , 1 896, 54. no. 60. t,, t l1e mscnp
· · tion
· •
Ariti"1U: 1s readv to ta e c 1 k b'lcl J)ionysos from e d the·
88. AR, 1896, 54, no. 6 1. TIie mother lv ch a racter· ofc Ar iad ne is 'a lso sho"-n ·1n t I,e Ill) 1:h of Theseus an .,.
89 . IC, I , Sr 5. 11
,\U 1
: eman youths whom she helped and saved; th e rnscri
· ' · . ' bed name . d on 1cofv-lhe
9o. S~e Nils~n: ,w ,~!(I. 5§9, al!ovc . :Llld n. 88 !or bibli ogr a phy. i.s Ariagne. "the ve1-y1~r0 Jy", or "the very Pure Oncuand renun s one
9:- \~_ahc r, ?• c He1hgc l-a m1h~ von E lcusis" , OJ1t, 30 (r 937) 62, and notes3 , 44· Hamclorl. Gri,d 1i,<eht
9 7 0~• 91 Aphrodite Ag ne of De los. .
-- ~ '!•son. ,1/N /J ? 56of., ., 62. Hose, Hm, dbool, C,•. ,, ,r ytlwl .. ,o r. See also E. 5 1111 · '.~om. l-l y"! ·"· to Dem•l&1·. zzoff .. 235-37. but see .,!so Tri tolemos. For her
).;c,ue JJcut.ung lw cicr E leusinischer J)enkm illcr des . en Jahr h. v . Chr. • 11
A1111c, \I ( 1966) s,r.. 1,1. , 9 .,. 1 t llfJe,soniJUu1ti o11 e-u.. 3(£., unde r Co, as mothe r o_f. ;.i/diflg Policy. 135.
cm pies ancl t ha t of Tr ipto lemos see Boersrnn. Allro111"" 8J ·•e C"utoi el
Fo D · · , · see eaama1, , v
r Cnteter l(ourotrophos and he r cult at E 1eus,s
CorrY e/es, 296f.
 J. OCAL Cl' LT S ,\N ll llliPRE5ENTATIVES ATT ICA
lll

..nu r 1,n1,. , her husbancl, or llte son-and~Jovt-r o f J{or_e.95 But Demeter 3 . Bra·1iron
,s ;,]so th e mother ancl J{ouro tr oph os of !, ore. A Class ical ~ype ooshows
h<•r holrling Kore tenderly on her knees as a gro,vn -up g ir l. Pau sani The inlcresl ing ,nat e~ial from_ the tc1nplc ?{
Artemis-l phigencia anti
,nrnlion s 5 t 3 tues of Demeter with her child, in Eleus is (Paus., r. .; 1-I . oon of Iph 1gene1a, especia lly the votive terracotta figurines is
A relief in Vienna daliag froin the 2nd centu ry B.C. 97 depicts Demeter
37 1the 1:r ,ipubli shed and inaccessible. after the deat h of the Dirccto; of
rgcvu
a ·.. vations Dr. I. Papade,net n ou. From the published reports and
sea ted, l( orc with th e torch es ap proa chin g a Little c hil~ in a Liknon (?), the Cl'CJ I 'd f
. 1 • 103 one can get a genera I ea o th e topography of the sanctuary
and a ,nan stand ing at the oth er encl. It has been e,q)la, necl as the purifi. aruc cs arch,uc• ( ?) bo1nos un de,_ · tl1e rurhal CLlahp~
•· I o { St. George on the
cation oI a n1orla l child or paraslasis, presentation, to the I<ourot rophoi- with the
. 1 t point. of th e .rock; . n ea r ,t to, t e nort 1s the... Temple ' further
Goddesses ; or oth erwise as the Holy fanlily of Eleusis , ])emeter , Kore, h1''1CS
nor"tl 1 tlic la rge Classical Stoa (the• Par th enon of the 1nscnptio11s?) •' to
the inystical ch ild and Zeus. In fact l( orc has th e torches tu rned towarcls
the south-east, belo,v the Acropo li~, h a ve been l~catecl th_eHeroon of
the child, and th e examp les of puri(ication or im1nortallilation tbrough
T hi"encia and the house of the pn estesscs . The hnds confirmed Eurip-
fire are not rare in Greek mythology. 98 Th ere are ded ica tory inscriptions
. pi .."' ·cfcrences to t he rich offerings to Iphigeneia by pregnant women.
from Attica wher e the par ents dedica te the ir child to Demete r and ice.;, r . . . ,
p I licat ion of all the finds, especia lly the votive terracottas and women s
J<ore, one of then1 ou a 1narbl e bas is signed by l{ephisodotos. 99 ln
je~v:Uery from the bot hroi, is necessary for th e determination of the
Eleusis, in lat e periods, De 1nete r was also vene rated as the 1nother of
Artem is.100 , ·act natur e of the cult, a nd the kourotrophic aspect of Artemis-Iph-
:; ncia, th e Giv~r of Good Offspring, 11H sin1ilar to K_alligeneia.The
2. Pi1'ae11
s ustom of dedicat Lon of ch1ldren to her, known fro1n the Literary sources,
~0 ,,ether with th e 'find s of stat ue tt es of standing and crouching childen,105,
The only surviving evidence for a cult of the l{ourotrophos here is an
so~1c terracotta figurines of sea ted kourotrophoi 100 and female pro-
inscription scratc hed on a Boeot ian An1phon1 (Hellenistic?) found in
tomai,101 poi11t to t he kourotrophic aspect of a Virgin G~~dess. A_Clas-
N[ounichia: Nikostrat e J{ourotr ophoi.1°1 It ,nay co1ne £ro111a n unex-
sical votive relief fron1 the sanctuary 108 shows four farrulies corrung to
cavate d kourotroph ion or could probab ly be con necte d with the local
sacrifice to her alta r bringing four you ng childr en and a baby. To h~r
cult of th e )'[other of the Gods and the Metroon . Th e Great Mother was
women dedicat ed apact fro1n je\vellery and votive statu~ttes;, ~heir
popular in Athens and Pira eus, especia lly in 1-lellenisti c times, when she
gannents or th ose of th eir husba nd, or a child's piece of clothmg, hima·
was worshipped as Agclistis together with Attis . An Attic votive relief
depicting her offering a flower to a young seated Attis bears a dedicatory
inscr iption by Ti1nothea, the 111other, \vho offers it for her children 103. L. G. Ka hil, "A utou r cl'Art emis att iquc" , /1,it/(, 8 (t965) 2ofL, pls.7~ 0 •
"afte r an order", apparently by t he Goddess in epiphan y or in a dream. 'M Praktil,·a (1956) 761.; ibicl., 1957. 42ff., figs. 1L See det~ll~d
plan or the area, etc . in I. D. l(ondis,. "Artem is Brauron,a ' t '°_ Plan
;j
J'~~•~(1~ 6

95. Hose, H,u,dboo/1 , 101, note 78 where bib !.

5;
:',', 156-206, in Gree k, with summary 111 French PP· 221· 6 · ~ 1 1.~ Skri/llr
2 6

111p. , 67. See also l"1. P . Nilsson, Culls, M yth~, o,:acles (Lu 0 (~o~e )
96. See Type IV.B.1.k. Utgiv11.aInst. A 1/ien ) .fof. !11. Guarducci , Ejngrafu, C,,eca... 11 1969
9-
97. Walter (s.. pra, n. 9 1) 5off., pl. T, and fig. J-Z. 2 4.5-250. Boe rsma, A the1i,rtt1131< ·il(li1ig Policy, 129, xii, 3 xu,,
1 1 , 21 4 005 • 8 90
98. Sec also N. l(onto leon. "H e Genncsis tou D ioo", f(r c/Clwon 15-16 (1961-62 ) I, (Stoa, compl ex) 238, no . 13<1(To,n b of Tphigeneia).
283-93. 0
'101, For furt hct bibl. see J<ondis, s11,pra, n. ro3 t8o£f. . i82tf.;
99. 'vValtcr (supra, n. 91) 6t, n . 27.
roo. •~A. 9 (1899-1900) 03.1, n . 4. Pre ller, G1·iccldscltc ;'t,Jythologie' I, 332 ; Pau~
5- See 'Price . III, pass/,,,. Ab out tho Arkteia: I~outlis, ."P;~
5
111 9
A. Brelich, Prtides c Pa•lhenoi (I1101tuab11/aGra~ca, ~xxv\ber than with Arte-
103
: · r i;,;)6 ((.,
2 2
v ,11.37(. A statuette of Is is from the lir st ha lf of the 1st mill enn_iun1 l3.C. ~o~nt 23.of., 2.io f., 266fi ., h e connects them with Iphigeoe,a ~~/ rieahisch•Miidc/r6N•
U1 _a tom b or ~he cc111etcry or Elc11sis, H.uish, c, ,ee/1 Tm'I'., 89, IS not s uU,c,~ ' 01
'.s;.RC/·f $4 (i9 60) 666ff., figs. 6a-b, 7: H . Brinkmann, IJ
ev idence for inrJuence on th e local cult or iconograp hy. Fo r the sa□ctua l 1
" C•11(Bono 1926) 121 [
of Demeter at Eleu sis sec Vcnneule, Gollcrltult, -,.4 1rr.and bibl. 6
ro1. AF. , 1884. 194, 6. :~ · StiHun pu blished. ·
102 10 ~· Sec ·~11J,·a, Offerings, 2 u n. 52.
- N. _D . Papahadzi s, P11tWm1fos
J . ,IGhrtil,a (with Comme1ttary) (Athe ns 1967) · Dcltron (1967) A' . p l. 102, a.
s 7, f,r;. 12.
 1.0C, 11. Cl' LT S AND REPll l,S E:<ITATll ' ES t\T TI CA
lZJ

11<111 p,1i<leion" or ''c ll lanis ko11 pa id io11". rno Clot hes of 1, regnant w e
0111 11 . cri·r·1cc in th e n, onth Boeclron1ion is designated [or "b cfore the ~I
wt•n· hun g vn Lhc pillar s in Lhc corr idor of the Stna. J 10 ,~ .. " 110clea r case of Pro thy n:1a.
3
"Ys-
,\ ll Jl:t rcntly. sonic kin d of con1n1011 1nea ls or D eiJ)nopho 1·ia' 1·, 5 -1111 tencst l, , ·amc Calenda r t here .is mention of a yearly sac "f' f
1. 1ar l 0 In '" , .. .· . n ice o a sheep
l ho;t• 11! l hc· Sp artan 1'ith eniclia iu a nd t hose attested by recen t e. ., ,,nd hir rosyna to I 11topato1.es , t he a nces tral heroes (sec siipra).
l ions al G,c Ia, ""- l oo k paI ce .,n LI1e p I ai' n o f B rau ron. A f1ncl
· in th e f" xca,Id a-
. 1e to 6. Erchia
th~ eas l or th e toa co11s1st cd o f hun clreds or pottery mug s mostl , f
t he a rchaic period, 113 with simple band ed decorat ion or only s1·1.JJ f roin . . C-dcnclar o f the Den 1arc hia of Erc hia 120 is ()quall) • · f .
. . · 1 . ound 111c ., .. . . . m ormat1ve.
toge th er 1n a sn1all area as 1f t hr own th ere a fter loca l use, as in the . ~-. diffcren t sacn ftces a i e off e1eel to t he l{ourotrophos ther e as Pr 0 th
of lh e Th esn,ophorion of Gela. case • 1~ • • h G I . yma,
iu conjunction with ot er oc s: 111 a plac e of Erchia called es Sotidii,i
4. Aegi1111 ll'hcrc Arle rnis wa s_ honou re~l, a nd l( ou: olro phos probably had an
,,ltnr; in the Acrop? lts ~f Erch1a tog_e t_her ~v1th Art emis ; in the Sanctuary
Sever,11 Mycenaean kour otr op hoi in terracotta were found in th'
of Hckat e in_E1:clu a; 111the Delph 1~11 on 1n Erchia; in the Sanctuary of
s1nall island, whos e for tun e was co nnected with that o f Attica, one und~; Hern in Erch1a, 111 the 111 011tit Ga,ne lio~, t he month of the Theogameia,'n
th e east terrace of th e te 1nple of Aphaia , a nd ,1 few in gr ~ves .1"' Onlv
when Hera was honour ed together with Athena Polias, Aglauros, Zeus
one frag n, entary Class ica l ex,unp le in a peplos is n1ention ed as found i~
Policus and Poseidon, a group of d eities strongly re1niniscent of the cults
th e tem ple. 115 Tfowevc r in th e te rnp le \vere also found relief-plaques of
011 the Acropo lis of A t he ns. Th e victi m is always a pig. The fact that
tl1e Goddess wit h han ds on th e breasts, 110 therefore th e kourotrophos
sa~riC ices to J{ou ro t rophos wer e perforrned in t he Sanctuaries of Artemis,
must ha ,·e also been vot ive to the Goddess.
Hckatc an d }le ra sh ould make one co nclud e that none of these was the
5. 1llar11flto11 l(ourotrophos here. It is interest ing ho,veve r that in one case in this
1 do not knO\\' any rep rese ntat ions of kour ot rop h.o i found in t he same Calenda r t here is a sac 1i'fice to Arte mis 1-1 .ekat e in the Sanctuary of
Tetrapo lis o[ i\[ar ath on; no shr ine or alta r of a l(our otr op hos has been Hckate (Is. B 16), ,vh er e t! e kate is only an epith et of Artemis! One
locat ed specifically, as ye t , by d iggi ng. T he Class ica l insc ribed Calenda r need not the refore ass ig n a ll such sy ncr etis111 to late periods and late
of Sacrifices 1" howeve r gives signif icant infonn atio n about th e sacrific es lexicographers. [ t is poss ible, but not provab le, that Kourotrophos here
lo her. According t o t his there were t-wo series of alter nate-yea r sacr i- is Ge, as usually in th e c ity of Athens . This would mak e sense for her
fices,us besides the year ly sacr ifices , fou r for eve ry odd a nd six for connection with Art enli s, Hekate, Hera and Th cogameia, as well as
.,,·err even yea r. Apollo and th e De lphi nion. Evident ly th e Orphic phi losophy of the
Th e offering wa s usually a pig; so1netin1es a shee p , a pig a nd hie rosyna 'fhcssaloniki Papyru s (" Ge and !Weter a nd Rhea and Hera is the
(sen es of sacr ifices?) , or sheep a nd hi erosy na, and in one instanc e a same ... "), 122was Ltnknown to th e State R eligion.
sheep. a pig a nd hierosy na . A co" · is never sac rificed to her. Th e first
7. Other l( o1/.1'
ot1·o
ph-ic Culls i11Attit11
109. U . . House, Gree/, Votivt Offerin gs (CambridE;e 1902 ) 3961.; Gua rducc i, Epi•
grafia Gree" LI. ~4Sf., lor t he inve ntorie s . and I G, 11/ 111' 1514-1531. In Lhe city as well as in th e D ein es of Attica there is evidence {or
110 . l<onchs, sup,•"· n. ro3, 17 ,1(. cult$ or kour ot roph ic natLu·e connected with several dirferenl deities
111 Sec in/•·•. r39 (f.
ll l See i11f1 •a., I 8 3lf. , I 8.1r.
113· L"npublisl.~cd. l ca ta logued t hem whi le work ing in J3rauron in 1962. 11
,russcrsta•·d.
PoY, Solders , /( ·ultt.t.50. See al$Osuprn, ns . il7, 1 18 • .
,q . ·s•
\ , Furtwa~g ler. Acgi ,111 , 47 1. a nd 373 , typ us C.4. T . 108 3·-1 and ,0 9, r•.f-
t,fn 'o , 19, .?<1
]- ' · ·1P''.""·
. "La Grande Dem ,:r ch ie", BCH. 87 ( 1963) 6o3-34 where fu~t!ier b•~!·
115, Fu_rtwangler. A egj 1w. 3 s4 , fig. 3 16 .
. Salv,at . ·· Les Tb eog, L11ties Att iciues Zeus Telcios et I' Agamemnond J;schyle •
/IC// 8 ( . · ' ·h . ntnrt• an<1
116. Ibid ., pi I I I, 2•J . recc,' ? .•963J 647[. Soko lowski 1969, 3611.. no. 18, w,t comme ·,
117• IG , I J• 13·8 Sokolo .. k 1· 1 6 ,,, S· 1~ b1bhogr:,phy.
r8 . . ~ .: \\:, 9 9. •l 6 , no. 20 , w ·ith so!,.ol. ;.tnd bib!. · ,,l"ml , p,,
1
· (; · Do" . lhc La w C:lendar s of Athens", Proceed. 1Wa.s. li ist. Soc., vol. 71 t.:i. S C ·: 11 a, n. 120 . . . " D /{()H
1 (9
')53-57) ro-11: / G, 11· , 358, lines 6, 1.1. 3 1, 37, 42, 46, 56 . 11; · h apson1eno u, "Ho Orph ikos J>apyros tcs Thcs:;alomkc< · ' '
04) 'Pl. l, 2,1, Stele rS.
 J,()Cl l. r.t"LTS .1:-iD llEP RESENT Am ' ES ATTICA

, 11rt,a, Eilcitll\·ia, <Jr Hc-ra EilC'ilhyia , Ei leithyi ai in plural , the N _ the dedicat ion of the parents of Neiketes froin Lhe cl f
.. lhr- Rivers,
1Jl'Jll'lhha1, . ·- 11y I{ ep 1·
e~pcc,a 11ssos , an d other m .inor deit' YTnphs ])tars ti t the ir son under t he protec tion of Eileithvia etml coGAraphcn,
" ~t uary rlcd 1ca
· n1ei1l'ions a .,_an ' t ed to E 1l · eithyia (Pa
ies or· ,rho P . . • • 1e oddcss of
,Jc,nr,11,.Pau,a111ai: ·i J-birlh and ch1lcl-ca 1e.
J 18 J") appa rc:nth· of grt·at ,Lnl1qtuty as two ve nera ted Creta n US. cill l
_. ilar shrines o f E'l
• 1 . hy1a
e1t .
1nus t have been common •in the d crncs
· · ·. •. . Xoana :,1111 • • .
rk<licat1r,11sof Phardra, and a most a 1Jc 1ent xoano n brought by Er . l ' . there is ep1grapl u c evidence fro1n a bottndary slone f
. . . ysrc1- since . . . , . T h 'k 121 or a temenos
h l 1 1
t hnn fro111JJclos, were ousel 111 1l. n us usual 1vay he is rath er va of Hcra-Ei le1thy 1a_ ,tt on . os, and from an altar frorn Marathon
~l)onl its placing. l l is n1enlioned after th e Serape ion v,luch is "on ~~~ .111--riberl 0 11 one side Ar tcni1.dos a nd on the other Ei/eithyia,i l!S
,._ E'1 . I . I .
way (frorn the nrJrlh slope) do,vn to,vn"; "not far" frorn it is th e place f The of[cri11 gs to 1.e1t ,_yra n1ust 1a~e- been similar to those of the
PeirithoL1 s' and Th eseus' pact, and " ha rd by" t he ternple of Eileithyi: . Kourotruphos, perhaps 1v1th some additi onal delicacies such as nuts,
As th e Olyn1pie ion is n1entioned next one m:ight tl1iok th at th e shrine of sesame, honey, . cabbage (!), wreat hs_, '.v1n~, etc. which, according to
Eileithyi a Euko line (Easing the Labor of \¥omen) in Agrai is meant. delailcd inscnption s, \:•ere offered to E ile1thy1aat Delos (see infra p. rso).
Lllis las t has been idenl iJi ed by a dedicatory inscrip tion and dedicato; H('r ancient At heruan xoa non was repr oduced for centuries in the
stal ues of croucl1ing ch ilclren.123 Ho ,vever n o te 111ple has been found ,lifl meaningful gestur e of th e right hand , extend ed open to denote an
there as yet. Pa usa1i.ia s refers specific ally to a te 111p le not a shrine·
•
easy delivery (see s11 ,Pra, 61, 'I ype IV.A.r.c).l 29 In Roman periods she
1noreover he describes Agrai and th e 'f e1npl e of Art en:tis Agrotera well was worshipped in t he Sa rap eion (near th e 1nodern ~fetropolis) together
alter the Oly,11pieion. I t seen1s t herefore that the fan1ous old ternple that with J'sis (lG I l l, 926), ,vh o ,vas also a pro tectress of child-birth and
Pausanias saw awa its excavation and lh at i.n Agrai th ere ,vas only a J,ourotrophos and as hea ling-Goddess was invoked as chreste epe-
ininor shrin e wi th altar, as there was also in th e sa 111e dishic t an altar koos.130Jn Christian ti 1n es t heir cult s were replaced by those of St.
for th e l(ou rolr ophos; l 24 neither of t he last tw o ,vas mentioned by Elcutherios (a Del ive rer, like Eileithyia) and Panag ia Gorgoepekoos,
Pausa nias. ll'ho,accorcling to son1e scholars 131 owes th e latter title to the previous
There is also a se1ies of ded icato ry i_n scr iptious 125 fro1n th e 3rd cen- cull of Isis. Ei leith yia ,vas ,vorshipp ed in Classical tin1es at Phaleron
tury B.C. to Ro111a11 tin1cs, by pa rents ,vho dedicate d statu es of their together with a group of oth er deiti es of sin1ilar nature as we learn from
children or votive colu111ns to th e ·E ileithyia i or E ileith yia. Couilloud a late 5th century B .C. cleclica tion to I-Iest ia, l(ephissos, Apollo Pythios,
followed J udeich in placing two sanctua ries oi E ileithy ia in Ath ens, the Leto, Arternis Loc hia, [leit hyia (sic ; the spelling varies, the name is
principal one seen by Pausa.nia, at th e N .E . of th e Acropolis and one al non-Greek), Acheloos, l(allirr oe, Geraistai Nymphai Genethliai and
Agra.i near Ilissos attested by arcl1acological fL11 cls.12 s T o the first Sanc- Rhapso.132 This is fou nd on th e beautiful inscribed relief of Xenokra-
tuary she at tribu ted tlvo of the inscriptions on the evidence of the find- teia,133 fron1 c,L.4 00 B .C., v,ho established a shrine to Kephissos and
place : near th e ~{etropolis and nea r the Lys ik,ates ~10nim1ent. I-Iowever,
anoth er inscription was found built int o th e P aste ur In st itut e to the 127• l<oscher, L c:i:-i l,on, 209r. Schw e izer (sHp1•,i, n. 58) where bib!.
north of Lycab ett us, quite lar fro1n either of th e Sa nctuari es. This last
::s,
9
s tiid. K11lt,.2 ~- n~. 57·
Bau_r, Eilei f/,yi t< r.1, whe re fur ther bib!. Solder s, Jl11sse~
• · Sim,l~r mea ni ngfu l gest ur es are m et in eastern religious tracli~ions, t~e
123· Prk~, lll , _pa ss!"'· For Agrai: Fu l'l'wiingler, A JIil, 3 (r878) 19 7. A E (19°7) Bud dhist llfother -Goddess Ary a -Ta ra personificat ion of the savmg P0 "er
1
pl. •· _Jude,ch, rop?g,·. von A.then. 380, u. r , 46o. Solders, A usse rsliid. 1<'.• 11
:, of wisdom and co mp assio n is rep rese;1ted with the left hand held palm out-
311. ep1gra_ph1can~ literary evidence. See also here, it,fr", n. r 25. For beahngs ll'ards a nd t he ri,...ht pa lm e ~tend ed outwards but pointing down, "' th tbumb
by t h •~d-birth deities see 0. vVeinreich, A11tike Hcilnngsw nnder , 0 11tersHclumgell ;i~d li_nge r form in g a c h·cle to s ymb olize p;otectiug power: J. Blofeld, Tht
zttm '1 tmdergla11ben clci• G,·ieche" w11dR i!> ner (RGVV VIJ I , r Giessen 1909)_9/f.'. 7 111
n 1 " n c ,11,,stfois•m of T; &ct (.New York 1970) 88.
lla tlaun,cben , Handausstrec kcn, H a nd iih er balten b ei Gebu rtsgo ttheiten, /3~· Roscher, Le:ri//on, 5or f., 5 2 2. .. , .. ~1 1
124· qf( ., 1;anclauClegcnund 13eriihl'e1>bci Gebu rtsgotthe ite n. · l<. Michcl-1J. A. Stn1ok, "'D ie Jl,littc lbyzaotinischen hll'chen At bens ',1 , ' 3
ICH- 5004, and sup,,., ns. r 23 ,
125·_<_:ou,lloud 73
. I (1906) 315(f,
, "No uvelle D~dicace Attique aux Hit hves " BC li 92 (196S} 7' • 32, AE (tgo ) ~
,~. and fig. 1. , • ' 133, ;J£( 9 - 44 · . G,11'd Jllt1slrl J,farblu
1 26 · 1 &it/ 7+ ,•·here f rth , 1 ,, r 9o9) pl. 8 : Nat . l\Ius. Athens , inv. no . 2756; Stais, _ • te th c~nt. .B.C.
CRBs" (' · " er I) ·bi
i
·
• H . E. ,vyc herley "Pa usa nias at At bens, 11"' 8
Th ~'.izesd,. 11 1£. Na-t. At/w11es (19ro) vol. l, no. 2756, P· 4~f., laX 5 tbos leaving
4 1963) 156-t75 . '
c '!,'lire t hat t u ms to the mother is here interpret.eel as ou
 1.oc-,11. rtr LTS AXD REl'Rl ,S ENT, \T IVES
•
ATTICA

tlnlical<'rl thi• relief lo l1in1 and th e olh er Gods "that share b. ,3, The ep.ith.ct Geraistai was also connected with tl\ N
. o r I1er so n. altar'' .
,o f z
IS
as a ~ift for the cd ucat ion )Janna. •,it Gort"S in Crete .13 8 e · Ymphs,
..r. .,cus,.. .J
From Lhesr dt·clications we get very valuable info 1·111ational unr,c- f ' b. tl l
. c1e1l1
. .es o·f c I11
' Id-car e a n d f or a practice of
' )Out Gcnctyllis, Go~clcss o . one s ir l~ 1our and ~rotectress ol child-birth,
clt·ili~s and sc1n1- U som
. e later assinul ated w,th Aphrodite. S01net1n1es,however sh ,
to them for help for the edu cat ion of ofrspr ing. Hestia as a Go~den~g s ,ras ' . . A ·t . cl . , e was
. t'fied with H ekat e or I e1n1s130 an according to Hesychios ( ,
the house is appropr iate for this, a nd so is Apo llo ,vb o killed the p e~ 01 1dCII I 'f ' l h f
Gcnrtyllis) a dog wa s sac n 1cec to er or ~a~y delivery. The nanlc was
s.\ .
1
and lo "·hon1 you ths dedicated th eir hair.l 34 Leto as n1other of 1~ ~n often 11secl in the plural for a group _ of cliv1ne nlidwives especially in
and Arte1nis Lochia (protectress of child-bir th) a re very simil;o / ,\ltica, where wo111 cn 1vere sup_erstibou~ l~ attached to her cult, while
E ile.ithyi_a, who is n1cntione d n~xl to t he1n. I<e1~hissos, Acheloos an~ !heir husb:Lnds rega rded her with suspic1~n.uo Aristophanes refers to
,LU th e nve rs, as weU as th e Springs, such as J(alhrr oe 1nentioned next her with cont c1npt (Nn. 52) as a theosxen1.kos, and it is very probable
were 1vorshipped as l( ourotro phoi not only in Phal eron but everywhcr~ that there was an influ ence of th e cults of the Oriental Astarte_1u
in Greece:, ll'here already fron1 I{on1eric t in1es yout hs gre w their hair Aphrodite was also co ncerned with child-birth. An inscription on a
and ~edicate d it to a river (It . 2~.I4 1). This p rac tice, according lo votive tablet stat es that all Atl1enian lady decEcated models of her
schohasts , was due to th e connectio n of ,vater 1vith growth: Schol. hrcasts to her aft er a successfu l delivery, and at Daphni, on the way
Pi. P. ~.r-1,5.13• ' frnmAthens to Eleusis, her small shr ine received offerings of models of
The Nymphs are also oft en connected ,vith t he upbringing of divine female part s; the site of tl1is sanctuary has led smne scholars to believe
or mort al children, such as J}ionysos in Nyssa, Zeus in Arcadia, and that Aphrodite as a birth God dess play ed a part in the Greater E leusinian
others, accorcli□g to dif-fe ren t trad itions. Philochoros nan1es the three Fcstival.1·12 On Attic red figure vases Aphrodite appears offering her
l\y 1nph s Thriai as nurses of Apollo: (f(;H. 2 III B r95 (196) ZENOB. breast to a winged Eros. M 3
Pr o,·. 5, 75). Eircnc, one of the J-Iorai in the Hesiodic Theogony, was worshipped
The Nyn1phs Geraistai Geneth liai and H.hapso 1nentioned last in the in Classical Athens as n1other of Ploutos 144 and the Roman copy in
Xenokra teia in scription, as well as all the Ny111phs, are l(ourotrophoi: Munich, (supra, no. [659)), ba s been accepted by most as the Attic Eirene
Eur. Et. 625f.136 with Ploutos.
Pausan ias (I.i.5) inenti oncd th e Genetyllid es and Ge1111a ides and The Athenian da ughters of }Iyakint hos, Parthenoi Hyakinthides or
G~ncthliai , a_lldifferent fonn s of the sa1ne gro up o.f cle1nons connected Hyaclcs: Protog cneia, Pandora, Chthonia, have been interpreted by
w~tb cluld-bn:th and olfspr ing. Lt has been suggested recently, but E. )laass, 1•1• in a shre,vd etyn 1ological argun1ent, as kourotrophoi and
with out adequate evidence, that such a cult existed in the city itself alsoas nurses of D ionysos, ,vho, as Hyes, Hyakinthotrophos, is Paido-
on th e hill of the Nyn1phs, surviving no,v und er the a uspices of Aghia trophos. too.
Zeus is son1etin1es connec ted ,vith ch ild-birth deities, as in the Erchian
~:,:c.~ ~1~isult ing the orac le for not havin g c hildren . U. Hausmann. GriacMsdir
13 c' "" ie/s lBerlu! 1 96o ) 6.ir. ; Sokolowski. LS CG. 441r., no . r7. •37. _M._Ervin, Pltt ton, 2r (1959) 146 -59 whe re bibl. Also R . E. \\' )'.cherle}', "l\linor
+·1' or Apollo as h ollrOtrop hos: l' rice . Ill , 9·-1 r,; \Vest. 1-lesiorl's TheogDIIJ', Sh_~mcsin Ancient Athens", Ph oe11ix,2.1 (1970) 283-295, especially 287·
me 347 a nd commen ta ry p 26 J 138
135- See furthe r refere nces ,·v 4
~ H· . • • • co11roi , · N;lsson, i\f1WR. 558 , note 84. . . . . , . , Yale
et Couretes, p assim.,. ' CS • cs1otls 1 !Mogony, 26,t a nd Jeann1a ,re. 39· I\ · A. Jayne, T!te 1-lcalimg Gods of ,h,cis11t C1v1h:a110,is . (Ne" Ha,en,
1
136. However \\'e.,,i (H • I' . . - in 925) 323[.
line J•6 I<o . f cs,o, s 1 heogony) has no evide nce for su bst,tut,n~d . '-10. Farnell C I1 .. 1
" uraon or thyuatc - A I N"cre1c, •11. Se, . . • " !• "• 5 9, 6 55 , "Foreign
so the daught . · [ "' ron. s t 1e da ughte rs o{ Nere u s were · . r I, e ,tlso Lucian , Pseudologistes . r r and A l/10l'BS, +2· SeeJ· H · Cowell,
,
l<orai is used::~ Occa~u.s sho llld be Ocea n ides. The collective Koura! ~ 1 , ifluc ncc on Creek Re ligion" Pcgas11s(Nlarch 197 1) 8-29, esp.- ~·
or Chnritcs A • O~·spcc1hc collective !or the t riad of ::-lympbs or Eun1e1nd ,1 •. llaur, 1:.i/eit/tyi(, 65 ,
• · n a rcha,c ret· f d · • • . d Jlo>'ers 43· Arias Sh r
resembles relicls of E' ,e ep,ct11lg t h.rcc ma idens holding fnut an • J-1r· ' · · S
·
nson. "llclphika " jl .u·I S
mc111de (
s a 1,a ·,s •mscnbed:
. . ; see J· E(. ther
l(on,s Sot ,as a 114_ M · c to n, HGV P, 389, under exp !. to Cig. 2 3 ·
I 1c
tailed bibl. for
, anillor(
111Cn r , Griechisclte f(111tpel'sonifi
/ u,lio11e11,53 where
b1bl. · ' ' \I 1 8y9) 2 , 8 and Price, 11, Type 1, 7 wbere ur f
115. 1,. ~ Y re s . cult and iGouography.
·· ..1,•n•ss , /J·,ermes, 25 (r890) .,05f., n. 3·
 ,....
rzS LOCAL CULTS A:-;D llEPRESENT ATIVES A'IT1CA
t2~

Calendar and in Arcadia as Zcu!; Lcchcates , and has been proved t _ Classical At ti c grav e-sto nes. I t appears in a vari t r
a knurolrophos ,u1d 111aic11tcs by ilfaass. In Pnyx Zeus Hyp sistos ~ be type>on . I t d l . e y o postures
. tt'tu<les
1 both 111t 1e sea e anc 111the standing po 'ti
. 16 received a11da • cl • SI on, and the
vo(ive o!ienngs or n1odel5 of breasts.l' • . g· are cha nu 1ng an vaned (see s1,pra nos [426) [
0 upin , • · 429-3·]
l-Iermcs is often in Allie iconography a l( ourotrophos,141 but th gr $") seated; nos. [549ff.) sta nding; Fig . 40). ' :> ,
is 110 evidence at present for any sort of sepa ra te k ourotrophic c It efrc [.JJTI earliest plastic kourotrophos fotu1d in Attica ·15 th
. '•· Ius
. wors I11 ' p in
. c1ose con nect ion
· · the Char'iteu or 1c , . . . · · e moulded
lum apart uon1 with arcIHl 1,G_ •ae•iled terracotta hgunne 111 Athens 'from Megara, (si.. '"'
yra
·• ' . S~d 7
' •
Gr l, ourot rophos al E leus1s (see supra, p . rr2 f.). H e comn ionly ap 'no. [I 3,J)
., ·
At prese nt At ti ca lac ks the .
variety of Daedalic
·
and •
arc hate
.'
\\~th three nyn1phs or Cha r:ites, and th e archa ic relief fro1n th e Ath~ie~rs ·n which Cyp ru s and Crete are r icher.
. Jf . 11an typeS, l . . . .
Acropolis, representing · enne s 1ead 1ng t hree Ny 1nphs to the da However, 111th e 5th ce nttLry, a flounsh111gpen od of the cult accordin
followed by a child, could possibly be interpr eted as a dedication":~ to the exta nt ep.igrap lt ic evid e~c~, ther e is a var iety and finesse in th!
parents for thei r child. 1•18 rcprcsrntations of kour o1:.t·?p ho1 111 marbl e and terracotta, which have
An inscription fso1n th e end of t he 4th cent. B.C. fou nd in the excava- survived in great nu 1nbe rs nl 1nonu1ne11talstatues, reliefs and statuettes.
tions of the south slope of the Acropol is, is a dedication to H er-<1k les b)' Tlic standing type of Ionian inspiration ,vith child on the shoulder
a 1nother who put her children under hi s protectio n: "L ysys trate dedi- (T)llC IJI.D.1.a .tvJ, is kno,vn_ fron1 several classical examples in ter-
cated this_to Jferakl es for t_he protectio n of her chil dren" .14" According racotta from the h .ourotr oph1011at the entranc e of the Acropolis, and
to Pamphilos (apd. Athen. x1.88, p. 494f.; a lso Hesyc h. s.v. Oineste ria) uo from some l'Icllenist ic examples. Anoth er stand ing type with the child
the Ath enian epheboi before cut tin g th eir hair in order to ente r ephebeia, heldtowards her left should er has 1nore Attic flavour (Type III.D.z.c).
offered to H erakles a large cup full of win e, which th ey called oi'llcsteria, No. [-185 ] from T egea (Fig. 36) is of Att ic Pheid ian inUuence but in the
and after making libation s offered it to the people gat hered there to drink. old Ionian pos tur e. Th e seated exa mpl es are the 1nost numerous. The
D e1nons and l-Ierocs, N yrnphs, Spring s, R ivers, the Apollouian Triad, ~landing terracot ta types ,vere most probab ly intended for mortal
Chthon ic Gods and Goddesses as ,veil as the city pat roness Athena, mothers or nur ses. In the sea ted type there is no clear distinction.
guarded, protect ed and educated children; in t heir turn th ese deities However, when th ere is grea t intima cy in th e grouping it is more probable
were well cared for by th e Athenian ci tizens and pare nt s in sanct uaries thal it represent s n1ortals, ,vhil e a more hieratic posture, or a type
and shrines, with public and private sac rifices and dedica tions. repeated in great nun1bers of votive figurines , is likely to indicate a
divine Kourotrop h.os.
S. I co11ogr11p
hy The unique lat e archai c exa 1np le of n1other kissing child, from Olynthos
Th_e earliest representations of n1ort al kouro tr ophoi appear on Gco- (supra,no. [317], Fig . 29), is of Attic type and inspiration; however, the
nietnc craters : a n1othcr ,1>itha child grasping her breast (see supra, child is hand-n1oclelled, add ed aft erwards to the ruoulded iigurine, in a
no. [36]). most lively and original movement never met in this period in Athens
:er_haps th e finest archaic represe nt at ion of the n 1ot her-child relation- itself. The early Classical exan1ples, (s'11.pra , nos. (233!.))_and_ th~ later
ship 15 l he group on th e fragn1entary relief frorn Ana vyssos, Attica 110; (373] with fruit, fro1n Oljmthos, also show Attic 1nspirah?11•
(Type I V.B.2.b). fhe seated suckling 'fype III.A.5 .c.iv.1) is a pure Attic creation of
The inortal l( ourotrop hos or l(ourophoros is one of the n1ost popular P~r!henonianbala nce and grace; it probab ly derives from a monumental
146
or'.gmal and had far-r eac hing influence. vVhile the tY_Pem~y owe some-
·2~~/~ur~~mi o~s and I-I_.Thompso n. "T he Pnyx in Athen s, Snnc~ary ~r lliing to the la te Agypto-Phoenician Isis representations, it has a co~-
tionary )~stos , Hesperr,i, t (1932) 193 !1., fig. 59. Tl'avlos. Picf{)r,nl D1r·
pletely new characte r a nd content in its iclealized-realist ic fonn. T~
::~-
;;:~~:r
' .)V'j•

y l:.a~ule/des l~erm,,sgesla/1 77!!., a nd swpni, Types V .A.1-3. l!rpcwas diffused to Corinth Apulia Campania, Sicily (Fig. rS; v_ana-
·110.70~: , g, Avtluuc lvfarb/e Sc11lpt11Yefrom the AcropoNs (1950) pl. 128. 3 1ons F' ' ' d 1 tem provmces
Wit · rgs. r9 -23). It ap parently also reache tic eas stelc
IG, 11' 4613. Oikonomides T' -, · .ff k]es. ,ve 'find it again on an engraved 5th cent. A.D. h
(ronih Hellenisn1.
l4(1.
1,so. See E Sa,ntc r 1' . , • ,,. woAgo,·as46L , !or the san ct uary of era
· • a,mhe,ifesle tier Gric chc11111,dRihner (13e
r(jn 190 1) 721f- F , .' . .
a~ urn, 111 s11n1lar posture and general atb u e "<>'
•t d (Fi" 30). As t e
 LOr AL CULTS AKO JlEPllJ ;;SENT AT I VES ATTICA
l l'' 131

t.,rracolta figurin es of the Class ica l lype, nO'il' in the Acropolis i\[ in Olyinp ia (Type IV.A.r.j}, the ear ly Hermes w·ith n·
f zcus · [ · ]) . 1onysos h •
wi•n· found in lhe a rc·a of th e Kou rolroph ion at the entr a n · uscu111 , o I ·-oclotos (s11,pi•a,no. 71:, ' poss ibly Iakchos with Pi >
. . I I .. . ce of lh f(cp_1)1s Prokne ,vit h I tys (no. [673]). tlledea with Son b oAulktos (no.
•\ ,ropohs, one 111aysuspect l ,at t 1e 011g1nal of thes e vot ive f', . c
. . • , . .1gur111cs (I--HJ [· I _ 3), a nd ot 11.er s1111 · ilar types known from RY a111enes
.
was a s Lat nc, or the cu 1t-st atuc 111t 11e 1 _\.ou rot rop h1on (see supra. (110s.6 0 13 )) on1an copies
'6gb . Fig. 27). A 111onun1ental stat u e of [1.. y bele fro111 the lVIetroonO'r no.
(511
pro, no. [ 6 74 · . . . .
. ·1
.\ gora, uf s1111 1ar typt' , I1as s urviv· e d ·1n _R·"on1an reliefs (Fig. so). the . lt stat ue of E1le 1thy 1a 1s pr obab ly attested by a Classi·ca 1t erracotta
,\ cu . .
.\ sma ll 1na rble cttc of fine s tyle a nd a l-Iadna 1uc 1narble statuette (F'
. gro up of Den1ete r. ho lcl1ng on her knees a gro wn-up stal u . . Vill . . igs. 46-47).
Korc, at El eus1s (suprr1 , 110. [695]) 1s p robab ly based on a lost statue The beauti ful Ro 1naJ1 copy in a Albani (Fig. 52) is of Parthenonian
of the la te 5lh-early 4th ce ntu ry B .C., pe rh aps th e one Pau sanias sa11. . ,irat ion and probab ly exac t copy of a Classical statue. The V ti
1ns1 . . . t· (F' ) a can
but di cl not describ e i 11 detai I. sl~1tieisalsoof Att'.c1n.sp 1~a ion_ ' lg . 27.
The Classica l Atlic seated kourot ropho s is kn ow11 bes l, in a variety Altic Vase pa int ing 1s nch 1n iconography of different scenes of mortal
of attitudes and group ings, fron, the n1a rb lc re liefs of the Parth enon kourotrophoi (snpra, nos. [42Jf .], (558ff.]}, and of several divine or
and the Erechth eion. Th ey represent appa rentl y 1nyt h ological figures mythological ones s uc h as P eleus ,vith Achilles, Euphorbos with Oedipus,
such as Orc ithy ia wit l1 the chil dr en of Bo r cas, possibly by Agorakritos Hermes with fle rakles or Ar kas (s11,Pra, nos . (723], (724), [74o), [74r])
(\Vest ped iment of th e Pa r thenon, s11p 1·a, no . [683]}, Praxithea with a Nymphs with Dionysos ~no. [558 ]), Iris ( ?) with 1-Termes (Type III.D. 2 .j'.
daug ht er o[ Er echth eus ( ?) (\•V. P cclin1en t, no. [684]), I(r eousa with ii).Auge with T elephos ( ~) (no. [561)).
Ion (\V . Pecli1nen t, no. (686] ); n1ortal n1others a t a fest ival (?}or n1ytholo- The +th ce nt ury is also rich in monun1 ental types, but especially in the
gica l l{ourotrop hoi connected ,vith Ge and E ri chth onios in three groups :-lurses and Pa edagogues of th e now popular genre character (Types
fro1n the fragn1cnta ry fri eze of the Ercc h the ion (supra, nos. [687-89}, \'ll) . S0111 e fa1nou s g rou ps ,ver e c reate d in this century and copied there-
Fig. 5r) of great d elicacy of Corn, , a nd gr ouping; also the lan guorous ~fter: Eirene with Pl outos (1'ype lV.A.1.g}, Hermes with Dionysos by
Aphrod ite with Eros on th e P a r thenon Frieze (no . (690)). Some Roman Praxiteles a nd othe r types of Hermes Dionysophoros, Selinus with
1narble statues , (Nos. (693) , [694), [696), [703 ] and [704 )), are adaptat ions Dionysos-child (Type V.B).
of Atti c origina ls. Anunusual kou rot rop h os , known only throu gh later writers, is Glaukip-
A. bust of Ge wit h Eri chthon ios (supra, no. [70-78 )) appearing on coins pc (Type IV.A.2 .e), ,l'h ose ho norary bronze statue by Nikeratos was not
of the ally of the Athen ian E n1pirc, I<yz icos, fron1 460-40 B.C., must dedicated to a sa nctuary, but set up io public as an honour to an Athenian
point to a well kn own Athenian ,vork. Tl1is type is a lso co1n1non on mother of a porte nt ous child.
vases and a class of reliefs (cf. Typ e l\ T.A .r .a .i). The types of vo ti ve offeri ngs to kourotrophoi include sta tues and
Th e sta nding sta tu e of Athena with E richt honio s, kn o,V11from the statuett es or cro uching children, enth roned ,von1en, protomai (s1tpra,
Ro1nan copy in Potsdan, (snpra, no. [652), Fig. 4 8), although of Classical note 38),votive relie-fs, alta rs and escharas and various kinds of inscribed
type, 1uay not have or iginally held the ba by-Erichthonios , which 111 ay columns and oth er n1onuments (s1tpra, note 125), and kourotrophoi
be a Ro1nan adaptat ion. The recog niti o n of a Ge with E richthon ios in mortal and d ivine in marble aucl terraco tta in relief and in the round ·
the Parthenon Frieze (supra, no. [653•]) , is on ly tentative. . The host of insc~iptions, literary referenc~ and 111onumentsof va~o~s
. Th_e stat ue of a T{ourotrop hos which , accordi ng to tbe surviv ing ~inds show that there \Vas a strong cu lt of various Kour~trophm ~
1
inscn becl base, was offered to De111eter and I{o r e "alter a clrea 1n" (siipra, · ttica at least f rom th e 5th century B.C. Th ese cults continued unb
no. (658]), ha<,unfor tunate ly nol su rvived . It n1ight have g iven us a bett er . Roman tun
late • es, in so me cases in the sain e place or general area'' as
11 th
id';:1 about how the Ath enian s of la ter pe riods visual ized a'' I<ourotroph· ;at of Ge l(ourotrophos in and outside the Acropolis of At bens,. a~
0
os ·. Ot.b~rwise no inscrib ed r epresentation of the Kouro trophos has ~I the i\lother of the Gods in the Athenian Agora, etc. The populant~
surv ived 1n Att ica . ic:cults Or l' · . . d b ome interest111g
rf ,our ot ro phos in later times 1s atteste Ys L .
. Various 0th er ty pes r>f l{ou rotropho i or l{ou r oph oroi ,vere also created c erences .111 .
IJ •
.
di alog ues or parodies of cult 111 comic P
. assages • uc1an,
· ,
1115th ce:nturv- Attic ,t, . g N iobe with so n on t 11e Throne
· s uch as t 11e sta ndin e1t11r D · , h t is the matter·
· ,a1,. 5.1: Klon: "For I{ourotrophos sake, w a
9
 •
J,OCAL CUJ, TS i\:,./D REPRE Sl,N 'fATlVES

or wltal does the wo,na n wa~l"? Plato Co1nicu,s'.I{ock r _ : "If Chapter Twelve
74 5
want Phaon to see preparatio ns for t he inyste n es you inust f' You
. , ' irst d0
1nany llung-s, such as: f1rsl of all one n1akes a preliininary .,
(prolhyet,H) · to n1e as 1', ouro trop l10s: a n cnt u·c
· (unca strated!)sacrif1ce
.
B oeotia
thC' 'pregnant' finest incal; eleve n ,vhole thru shes 1nixed with h cake; .Epigraphic and !it crar y ~vide~ce shows that there were several
, . ,( d oncy·
twelve fc:n1ale11are- croissants 1110011-s 11ape cakes , "episclina". all . '
, . us1on kourot l·ophic cults U1 Boeotia n1a1nly. . . under the names of Eileithvia
to gem·t·,t Is ( .?))" .a 1
J • ,
,;J

,
[ t
i\e Ct,
. Demete r. Th e cult of
..
Eile1thyia was practised in most places. ,
· assimilation with Arten11s 1s 1nost common here; the cult of Artemis
1

speech : L. n. Far nell. "P lato ComicHs: F rag. Phaou Tl : A Parody

rtitual" , CQ. 1.1 (,920) r39.14.6.
~;:\:p
151. Sec an int erpretation of t he sati re, as im itati ng a d.runk arcl's m·. d

,c
~~~ c;t,;yia has been traced in.Th espiai, An_th~don,Chaironia, Orchomenos,
Tanagra, Thisbe, Lebade1~.• In ,u1 111~~n~t'.ou(r~:~ Lebadeia Artemisi11
l'rtilli s probab ly stands 1nsteacl of Eile1thyia1 , often occurring in
the plural.'' T'ran is app ropriate for her as chthonic. The well known
archaic Boeotian pi tho s,'1 \Vith the representation of a Goddess wearing
a polos, with arm~ rais e~, between two lion~, while two fe'.11al~ ~gur~
support her on eith er side, has been explained '."5_Arterrus-Eile1t~yia
giving birth \\1hile the atte nda:1ts press her worn~. ~11n1_lar repr~entations
occur on Tenian vases (see i1tfra, p. 15of.). Eile1thyia was invoked as
genclcirntell-non in Pinc!. N ent. vii, 1-2.•
A cult of Pha1makides (Paus . ix.11.3) near the Herakleion, where
Pausanias sa,v thei r sta tues, was appa rently similar to that of the
birth-demons E ileithy iai (in phH'al) or the Attic Genetyllides (Nicander,
af)(l.Antonius Liberal is 29). 6
The l\Iother-Goddess par excellence in Boeotia is not Eileithyia but
another Goddess also ,vith most ancient associations, called just
'
"Mother" 1, sung by Pindar (Pyth. iii, 78ff.). Pausanias saw near the
ruins of the house of Pindar the sanctuary of iteter Oindymene, and
her cult-sta tu e cleclicated, allegedly, by Pindar. 8 According to a Hercula-
neum Papyrus of Philodemos about Piety, the nan1e of the Theban

1. Uaur, E ileit!tyia r4 .
2. Ibid ., 191.
3, See Pr ice, I I , 48 -69, pls. i-x. .. • h ·scheSacen•
4• Alexiou, 290 , below. A£ (rs 92 ) pls . 8-g. J{. Schelold'. Fruhgruc •
biltle,· (Munich 196 4) fig . 12; Price. op. oil., 67, Type III. 6 (b). nJ as ocldess
t/;I'
.>· lovoked ;cs goddess of child-birth and upbringing ,_ra th er th an Yzu i>ind:u,o
o{ child-11pbringing, as H . Franke l, "Scbrullen 111 den Scho
Nc111cen7 ttnd Olym p ie n 3", flsrmcs. 89 (196r) 385-97, esp. 39 ·
6· Hzach in RE VA 1:,-
I' ., ' 4 ., "· v ., where bibliography.
A , ,. h t·0 RE • Vil.
661 · Iuac - •
7. ·~r tbc 13oeo_tian n'lothc ,· see ~- Kern , AA (,937) _. nci'its as.~iatlons with
1 2
J3 fl., s.v. 1 hebai where detai led b ,bl. (or the cult a Sh .• ·••Ac·,•ted with
p· '
!nda r a nd l1is fragmentary hymns fr. 95 ·• r.
a~so · Meis-~ ende de In Grande
hybcle . Sec a lso E. Will, ''Aspect s du culte et de In g If
~~eredan_qle moncle grec". Eleme-nlsor;e11ta11x 55-JJ 1• esp. 99 ·
8· hern. A A (lgJ?) .
 _,.,
I"
LOCAL CULTS AND REP RESEN TATIV ES
BOEOTIA
1 35
-'!other is not Dindyn~ene b ut ~{?'be le. Th is_ 11'.T oth er .is_depicted on a
i.:ahirian phialc, wra nn g her ~-e1l as d es cnb ec~ by P1ndar, together . f ,•ases of a di vine figure in labour, or giving birth to an arm d
011 rcl1e '' . c
with llrnnes wbo leads to her lus so n P an. 8 S he 1s also represented in a av de no te s uch a Godd ess or semi-Goddess giving birth to a
u1an, 11 1• . B I f} . . . .
-. ripide.s ( ace i . 135 . , 111a pa ssionate nostalgic Chonc, sang the
\'ol ive relief from the sanct uary of the ;\>la th er of th e Gods in Tanag 10 hero. J~u f · d' · S
enth roned ,vith P an seated at her feet and I<orai app roaching~- .
1\ \' 111 p11S
Th eba i as Nur ses o · se1ru- 1v1ne en1ele, the rnother of Dionysos'
and a bearded man son1et u11 . es ex p 1a u1e
. d as D'1onys os . This i\>Ioth. ier, ' · l'kc 1 th e heroes, was bego tten by a Goel through a mortal woman.11
is a lso a hea ling dcity , 11 as E ileit hy ia is a hea ling d eity in th e island: ;
whtl,
For a cult of N1o •
bc •111 1'•11e bes tl l~re 1·s l'tt
J
l e and disputed
· evidence.is
paustL ll·i·ts (i'x 06 8) sa ,v 1n Thesp1ai a statue of Athena Ergane with
Pa ros and ha s a sac red well. 'z 1
c. ..J - ' _ • •

lout o.5 (see swj) ra , n o. [664]), a fndI 111Thebes (Pau s. tx, 16.2) the Sane-
Aphr od ite was i1l\ ·oked as llieter in Th e bes. Iu Aesch. Sept. LJO the r T),ch e a nd a st atu e o 1er carry
. P
ing loutos
.
-chilcl (s11,pra
woincn of Thebes in1plore her as "t he fil'st iviother of th e rac e, for lroni Luary 0 1 ' no ·
thy blood we a re sp run g", (beca use h er da ught er Hannonia was the
·c·]) One ca nn ot kn ow. wh eth er thes e sta tues were close in dat e. to
~ I).

wife of t he ancestra l hero l{ aclrnos) . I>aus,an ias , or mu ch ea rh er;allh owever, .

th ey stem fro111the lat e ClasSJcal
d 'fi .
and J-lcllenis tic fas hion for egon es an person r catio ns. . _
F rom Ta nagra conJe also archa ic terr aco tt a figur ines with the lower
From Boco tia co111 e qtut e a few rep resentati ons of kourotropho1 1n
part of the body a nd th e a rrns fonnl ess a nd ext end ed wing-like, with
terracotta sta tu e tt es (s1tpra Types l.A.5 .a.i and I.C.1.d). Several of
the bl'o breasts en1phasised and tw o hea ds, a fonn of th e doubly con-
these figur ines ap par ently. repr esent a Goddess and not a mortal,_ as
ceived inot her-goddcss .13 Thj s n1ost a ncient cult d eveloped here to the
the ltigh polos see1n s t o 1nd1~ate ; also because the sam~ figure, standing,
cull of the ·•nan1cd toge th er " Goddesses, P ers eph one and Demeter,
appears on a i-ing- kerno s, \1•1th three doves stanclmg 1n front of her _on
,1·ho according to E uri pides (Ph oen . 683 ) found ed Thebes, together the ring. 19 Nea r th ese figurin es is the group of bread-makers attendmg
with the '' Nu rse of al.I", Ge. Th ese thr ee d eities ,ver e closely connected to a dea d or d iv ine ( ?) l( ourotrophos (swpra, no. [18)). In front of her
also in Palra i where th eir s ta tu es stood in th e sa cr ed grov e of Den1eter,
Ge seated ru1d the other tw o sta ndi11g (P a us. v:ii.2 r.4).
are placed ca kes sh a p ed_ like rings or rosettes. Such_ rep~esentat ions ~!
cakesin clav ,vere f otmd 111abundance among the vottves tn Perachora.
De1n eter 13 was worshjpped in L ebade ia as D e111eter Europa, "trophos" Bread bun; wer e n1ade for the celebration of Tithenidia in Sparta,
of T rophonios, "t he Kur secl One" , a ch th onic lo,ver deity who had his the feast of the N urses to th e honour of Art e1nis Korythalia (Athe11ae11S
oracle in Lcbadeia (Pa us ix.39.4-5) . D.16). In th e ea rly part of the 5th century date also statuettes of the
1-Iera had s uck led H er aklcs in 'fh eb es acco rd ing to the tradit ion Type II I.A. 2 .b . I t probably repr esents Demeter and Kor~, the founde;s
(Paus . Lx.25), a nd a la te epigra1n of a n unkn o,vn p oe t describ es a statue of Thebes. 1\_no th er Classical seated exa1nple representing apparent Y
of Hera suck ling l·Ierakles (see supra, no. (692 ] and Typ e III.A.5.d ).16 a genre group ($'1,,Pra,no . (420]), has the child stancling on th_e lap of
A siJnilar case of a ;\{ot her Goddess nur se of a h ero (as De1n eter 11•as of the mother. turn ed to h er and en1bracing her. The early standmg tY!_)e
Tr ophonios and Hera of I-Tcra kles) occ urr ed ap p a r ently in Ptoon, where continues hand n1oclellecl but mor e shapely, with moulded head, 111
near the sh rine of the hero a san ctu a ry of an unid entified fema le fer-
t I1c5th century d own to the second quarter (Type I · A<>· • a ·iv) • and then
tility Goddess ,vas excavated .16 I t is a lso poss ibl e that th e representations wholly 1noulclecl, lik e th e example in l(estner i\fuseum, (snpra,no. [512 ]
Fig. 39). •
9. 1/iid ., fjg_ 3. ·1-11e la te Class ica l terracottas sup pos ed t O re present Alkamenes f ds
ro . S~oronos, Das A l/ien. Na tional 1llf11s.363 f., no. r -1-2 1. "'"ledea Group" (Typ e 111.D.6.a.i) are of Athc 1uan · on·gin · but arc ound
TI , h crn , A.4 (1937) -1- 72f.
12 . Kilsson, NI .i\rlR , , s. also in Bocoti a . ri ellen.istic "Tanagraean ~fothers" as well as Nurses an
5
13. Price, n . Type n .3 .a.
1
tie /' Assoc. <lcs Et •u<les Gi•ceq1r
4-• Hc.uzcy , "Figure s des femmes vo ilt':cs", i110111<m. e.•.
r· I,-' · -~so Gerhard, An t . ./3i /dw., so. note . • ;~- Sc~ S. A. Ba rlow, Tl w 1,iu,gcry of £11rip frl,s (Loudon 197 1) 331.
70 1
,. ~c \\ • B~rkcrt, " Dcnrn.ratos, Asl,-abakos H era kles" 1\ll11s l-lcf v. 22 ( 196') 19• 1!~ach, RE . VA, 1532 f. . . where it is erroneouslr
1 61
0 .• cspec,ally 168 n 6 · ' · ·11/u,., d111•cl, das T<cst·11er Nh1sem11 (1963) fig . ,n P· 43•
i <,. F. Rober;, T' / ·(....; -' dated i,1 the 7t h centu ry. . . Is 47, 54·
• ,iyme • ran s 1939) 110/., and hibl.
•o. Perr,cl,01·1
1, i ' pl s. I 6, a nd 33, , , ; ii' , 27. 130. Also Corw/11, xv,, p .
I .,•(, , t'li l, T S ,\XJ.) J<EPJ<£SENTA'f lV £S
LCJC-,\1

J'acdagug~e, lia,·c_ bt'ell fon 1~cl j 11 B1Jcolia11. to1ubs (Types ru.n. Chapter Thirteen
\'. B and ,_II.A.). l•r~lm Boeoba conics a lso a f1gu1: ~1e of a nak ed N ,-~-b.
Tyro J1old111 g her t:v111 s, ~nd other Kourot ropho1 (Iype 111.A.7.c). lFll(lh Euboea and Centra l Greece
Fro111Ll1e archaic period 011,varcls there are t erracotta fig •
monkeys wllh . !hell" ·c l I) . One exa 111pleis seunnes
. young ('I' yp c \ 11· I--.. t d of At present the evidence Ior cults an~ representations of the Kouro-
th e □oor with legs open and extended in front , wher e th e child idae . on tro1
11105 in E uboea and central Greece 1s rather scanty. We ma h
._ . . . E. . . . Y opc
,
. • cnt1ca1 (liHt the new excav ation s 111 ret na will bnng some more material.
to the mother, co1nes out of th e won,b 111 the sa n1e position as if 'tI
·
iust · c u1ns lances o f ·t 111
born. ·1·11e c1r · di ng are unfortunateh, tink were The only kourot rop ho1 kno,v11 to me, reportedly found in Eretria are
. , '.nown two st h centur y ter ra cotta figurines in ~tbens (supra,Type Ill.A.z.b).
~o we cannot know wheth er th ey were vot1ves to K ow·ot rophoi a th
· cqu1· va Ient s. Otherwise the only certa in cult evidence from Euboea is a late
S.1c1·1,an s e
inscription fron1 Er etria, JC, XII, .!asc . 9, no. 269: /iieronl{owrotr6plwn,
"Sanctuary of the I{ourotropho1 . vVho these kourotrophoi were is
unknown; howeve r, it is interesting that there is a collective plural
which 1nay denote t,vo or more. 1 Recently an excavation on a plot of
land on the 1nodem Artem idos Amarysias Street brought to light a
deposit, whicl1 belonged apparently to a small shrine of a deity of kouro-
lrophic nature, since the finds consisted of figurines of children, standing
women and a larger sta tuette of an enth.roued Goddess.2 The name of
the ,noclern str eet probably gives a clue for the identification of the deity,
because street -name s are rarely completely fortu itous in Greece.
An inscription fro1n Aetolia, JG, IX 2 I, line 96,mentions Materton T/Jeon
kai P(l,rt/1e110s a t Phi styo n. 3 One wonders whether these are t\vo aspects
of a Mother Goddess or a pa ir equivalent to that of Demeter and l{ore.
Fro1n Delphi one wou ld e:-rpect a cu lt connected with Ge or Apollo
Pythios as pro tect or of youths. A Hellenistic dedication of a mother
from the 3rd cent ury B.C. relates in hexameter on a stele how by a
1niraclc of th e Pythian Apollo she gave birth to a girl after eleven (!)
months, and had no disease or labour pa ins thanks to "Kourotrophos,
Lochia, th e Fates, protectresses of marriage, and Phoibos"; she was
called Delpnis after the birth. Moreover, the mother had another daughter
111.four years t in1e, being pregnant only half a year, and the girl had long
hair down to her ki1ees as soon as she ,vas born; she was called Pythias.
After nine years the grateful 1nother dedicated the inscribed stele comme-
morati ng the 1niracle.
According to one trad ition Nysa, the place where the Thyiades called
UponD ·ionysos, a\vake ning hin1 as Liknites, the child ' in' th e "Jiknon " •
Should be identified with th e location on Mt. Parnas 5 us.•
1 ,Sec p·
• 1" 11· rice, l [. Passi,,.,
.. ,, 1011 6 (
3. Fe r . · 4 ,.!P69) Chro11ika, 197. p ls. 204b, 205a.-c. . ~ ( ) 61•
g\lson. I he Attic Orgcones" Harvard T/,eo/og. Review 37, • 1944
l4 o, especially 1 s . '
•I, Otto • ])'1.011ysos, 3SoU.
 PELOl'ONNESE
1 39
Chapt er Fourteen .1n Elis as Ph.ilomeirax and her temple was near the Gymnas1on .
JeCI
1• 1 . .
shP·Pus. v1 . ..2 ~.S).
) In r954 a. votive deposit, coining . apparently from a
Pelopo11nese (a ·v of a fe1nale deity, ,vas excavated in Olympia to the east
..
,nctuai,
'"I J\ Ip11e1
" cl
•05. ·J of the u n s repo1 e
·t cl h·om t'·,le A reha1c · and Classicalperiod
There is 1nuch literary and enough archaeolog ica l evidence for 1, . 0 t1 . ,
- . anous t one represe nt ,vo1nen, 1nos y protomai ,vearing a polos with
cults or the Kourotrophos 111the Peloponnese. It seems that th.e111 eni • ·1·1ar rroin d epos1ts . o f Kourotrophoi (Lindos
• • •. • or1 ·,111bu th e breast, f arn.1
of the fo111ale deity of l\Iycenaea n c1v111zahon ,vas never ext inguisl - [lands on f I '
. t I1e f'1rst 111
'Jj 1 '
Brau1on. . Olous). Th e statuet tes are
. . o ocal manufacture.
. There were
here. J·lera Argeia is her nam.e u1 1 en11.1un1 B.C. Examples
IC<
found 11
i11iat ur e vas es po1ntu1g to a n1yst1 c or chthonic worship.
3150 1
or the ~lycenaean God~less__as l( ourotrop~1os ,vere fot'.nd in the royal t nple or sJu;ne ha s not so far been located.
to1nbs of .\frcen_ae_an~ lll l1r yns (s11,Prrr.,lyp e LA.5_.1~.l and l.C.2.b.iv), The er ~· . • . .
In Messenja Eile1thy1a ,vas worslupped_ and her connection with
I n Arcaclia E1le1thyui was, accordin g to th e trachtion, more ancient the l(ourctes r e1n inds one of her prelustonc predecessor with her fol-
tha n Krono~ (Paus. viii.2r.3).
lowers (Paus. iv.31.9).
Four great Goddesses or the Dodekatheon were concerned 1vilh child Jn Korone Arten1is Paiclotrophos shared a temple with Dionysos
care and upbringing in variou s pa rts of the Peloponn ese: Artemis in and Asklepios (Paus . iv.34.6). The temple of Artemis Orthia in i\1es-
.\fesscnia, Elis and Laconia; De1neter in Arcadia a nd Coiinth; Athena cnia • did not yield any votive terracottas, but only marble statues
in Elis; lf era in Argolis. Several Nytnp hs were I( ourotrophoi too.
In Elis th ere ,vas a sanctuar y of Ath ena j\[eter, a-pparenUy very old
:r priestesses, one oi whorn holds the_xo~1on of Artemis Orthia. _],1ess:nia
might one da y provid e more matenal if the temple of Artemis Paido-
(Paus. v.3), established a[ter a wish of the El eian wo1nen to bear children trophos were to be ide ntif ied and exca vated. I.n the Agora of i\iessene
(after the destruction of a war) was granted by Athena. Athena is else- have been excavat ed lately dedicatory inscliptions, "on behalf of my
where described as tl1e adopte d (or natural, su/n'a, p. rorL) 1notl1erof son", or "fo r in y son .. .". 0 H o\vever, it is uncertain with what cult
Erichthonios, Te!ephos and Tyr rhenos.
they are associat ed. 'fh e na1ne o! a i\'1eter The ia (~Ia-te-re-te-i-j a) was
An archaic Phoenician bo,vl with the representation of a seated Isis read in a Pylian Linear B tab let (Fr. 1202).7
suckling Horus was found in Olyinp ia. 1 I ts exact provenience is not In Sp,Lrta Arte1nis I(orythalia \Vas the protectress of male children.8
known, but it is not i111 probable that it was an offering eithe r to Hera Jn her sanctuary in the fields near IGeta the Spartans celebrated the
or to Eileithyia, wllose sanctuary ,vas in the Alti s. The terracotta figu- Ti!hcniclia, the feast of the nurses, with /iopides, ritual mcals.9 The
rines of two swadclled twins fro111Oly111piahave been considered also malechildren were bro ught there by their nurses . They sacrificed "~u~king
as votive oiferings to Ei leith yia.2 She shared her t emple with Sosipolis, pigs", ani1nals dear to the chthonic deities and the l{ourotrophoi. fhen
local child-hero, who was considered her child and brought on her breast they held 111calsin th e eve ning ,vhere they ate buns of baked bread together
when the Eleans were fightin g against the Arcacl.ians. This baby, left
naked before the hostile army , was seen by the soldiers as a dragon
and they were frightened and finally defeated (Paus. vi.20.4). Eileitbyia, ·I• He.. sques, Ten•es-cui tes , 48. J!'n,kti/u, (195~) 292f.
5, Pr(l/tlil,a (t962) pl. Ir7; AJA, 67 (1963) 281. . .,
virgin and un111arri ed, is referr eel to bv Callin1ach us also as ~feter.3 ~- J. and L. Jlobert, REG, s3 (rg 7o) "Bulletin Epigrapb1que , 394-5: .. ' ·'a-trei
Arteinis, Goddess of a siinilar natur e t~ that o'f Eileitl1y:ia, was wor- •, .. G'
• •rar_d -R, oussca u, L es 111entio11-s re /',g,euses.
· 1 3Sf·• ma· te-re-te-,-Ja.
.. p· l /stir,u ,
-. ,).
1honu, to ll'(cter Theia or Goddess 171eia (.Hes. 1'!,eog. 13~· me·. thtrc is
th Vermcule, Giifl er/1111/ 64, ll1cter Tl1eon. For the latter_ interpceta:~ there is
1. Jn1 A cn~, 1':at. ,Museum. Snijcler, De Fonua 1'1atri.s, 3 . Pe rrot-Chipiez , Hi;I.
111 1 not enough ev idence. This is the only nient ,on o! tb,s Goddess , Id (tQ?6).
' ( ; _•· '''· ?.~3; E; Curtius-1°. Adler, 01,,mpia ff/. Die B,•onzen, 141, 00 · 5: nothing s ure about her. See now J. Cbad"~ck, The '.i~_yc~,raea/f ..110 ~ Pt/of>on-
r,· 5;• Rus, . f bc Syriall Asta rtc Plaques", Berytus, ix (1948-9) 77, and n. 9•
G~u~.en, Orum/ 1rnd friiltgdccl,.is chc /( n,ust, 24, no. r2. J. Boardman. Thr
8. Harrison, Tliemis' 503f . I Chirassi ,Vfiti c G11lli arGtuc,di ,1,1,1111~"6"·),.,.,..:,,,•
1 50
"'
• •
e Grcci(, Gent-l't,le ·' •
(U11fo. '
Triesle. ,
Tstil. dr. S/orw• •411,·,ea., nr· 3• 19 4 r-~~· ·
2 BaursEO·",•~•,•as (Penguin. Harmondswo rt h 1964) 87 pl. 3b..
u , "' ., , 1yra18 A ,11 , 0 ( 1 88 -) s F
· ' , , I-f rinann, ~I. J. ll[e llink , l-lya//vnthos (Utrecht 1943) 53tf. . . ,\lkntan". in Ftsl-
"Zur altes·· c· · . · ' :, 3. ·or bertempl ca nd cult , 1-I. ,. e 9· · vor1dcr ll'liihll, "Kultische und andere ll1ahlzeiten beS-h .·• Archit•JiJr
3. Baur E;t ~ n · esch,chl:<;von Olympia", AM 77 (1962) 6ff.
8
' • er""'"· ' · C«hm . F,·g. """"· 340 (Schne ider).
~~/,?J
0
t fiir 1<«-d NlcrtN zm " 60. Geb111-lslag(So dern:: kc 11 ;:;,~kiwthos. 53lf.
ksl""'"'"• 47, Basel 1951) 208ff., especially • 1•: JI. rn •
 LOCAi, CULT$ ;\ND JU!l' JtESENTAT I VES l'ELOPONl'\ESE
l.jl

with [hi, sacr ificed pigs (Po lcrn~n rrpd Aflt en. D, r39A). ~folpis in h' ,1rble st a tu e oI a k,nee ling na ked wo1nan ' supported by t wo small
(on 5 titut ion of lhe Lacedac111on1ans (rrptl Atlzcn. 4 , 17, p. 140AJ3) •s ,n, either side. fh e one , a fragm entary figure, has its arm h
.,, ,cs on on er
furth<·r deta ils for th e Sparta n kop ides: FGi-112 Ill, B, 590F: " Ko . g~ve 11o 11 tlic otbe .r the band on the mouth. 17 Th e statue has been • t •
11,0 111b, , . . I·", b' th 111er
.
d innt'r . · bar 1ey ea I·,e, lJrea d , 1.nea t , 1aw
w1Lh . vege ta lJes, is a
1 so up, figpisdri Ei leith y 1a 1n c i.uc,- .tr supported by two attendants ( :f
retcc1 ,Ls " ) TI (' . c•
fruits, lupin e (fruil of the plant Lupi 11us ,tlb us)" . Se veral of the
.b. ls . I . m
b~d ia P . 11 pithos , supra, p. r3;, . 1e 1gure with the hand on the mouth
l3ocot1a 1t 111
·11 er ,vors hi p , " ' hich 111
. many places was only
fragn1ent;, of Aikman descn 1ng 1nea wrt 1 vano1L~ de licacies 511 h ic ,nol e Lhe occ u
. . . , c as 111 av <lc · • l I
1noon-shapcd buns with Linen an d sesa n1e-see d a nd S\vee ts o.f honey · l women, and h er cut -s tatues cou d not be seen by men (c:/
open o f) . .
. S n,ian cult , i'lljrtt, p. 152 . , some tun es not even by women except
linen-seeds for the cl1iJdren (fr. 53), have be en int erpr eted as refer~n~
to such sac rificia l n1eals as the koJJ.icles of th e Tith enidi a and the
kinth.ia.1° Th e exist ing evidence for an Arte ,n is l{ourot rop hos of th
H):~ the a•,.slesses is A voltve
the pn..: ·
. re L'1e f to b er rn was f ou nd at Hippola
. . . .
.
iarta the re ,vas a sa nctuary ,vhere Etle1thyia sha red a cult with
in Laconia ·
1 5
hero-child HyaJ,inthos (Hya kinthotrophos) or for a n Artemis -Polyboi: .; 01J0 J(a rneit1s and Artentis Hegemone, the "Leader of children" _20
Hya kinthot rophos 11 (conn ected with l1is s ister who clied a virgin and 1 -iic cull of 11..po llo Hyal-."inthos h ere has been interpreted as one of a
went to hcan ~n, as well as her bro th e r) is very lat e (Hesych. s.11.;Plul. P.iidotrophos-l(ourid ios, con nected with chi ld-birth a nd upbringing.21
Au1. ·11arr.,J). 775c for the feas t in th e n igb.t by wo1nen for her).12 \Vide•a Hera was no t an Ei leithyia here as in Argos, but connected only
suggested an H icros Logos ce leb rat ing P oly boia, since she was also wiilt t he mar riage o f gir ls, so tnot h ers sac rificed to her for their daughters
celebrated durin g the l{yakiuthia with an ngon p r esided by a wonian. (Paus. iii.13.S). Th e Ny1nphs ,vere o ften in Greece the nurses of gods
However, at th e present s tat e of literary a nd a rcha eological evidence an,1heroes. In Bras iai, a Laconian to,vn near the sea, the people believed
both .i\.r le1nis 1-fya kjnthot ropho s and P olybo ia Hy a.kintl 1otrophos are that Semele, af ter beari ng Diony sos fro1n Zeus, was put by Kadmos
nebulous figures. with her child i 11 a coffe r ·which th en was thrown into the sea. The coffer
Artenus was th e Goddess or La co nia in th e sa111e ,vay that H era was landed in Bra siai where the dead Se111el e was buried. The surviving
the Goddess of Argo lis . She was concer ned nol o nly with the upbringing child was broug ht up there by the nymph Ino, ,vho had reached this
of ch ildren but with chjld-b irth too, espec ially at Boiai ,vhere she was land in her wander ings (Paus. iii.24.3), and thu s became the trophos
worshipp ed as Sotei ra, a nd ha d n1y rtle as her sacred p lant. 14 u1 Sparta of Dionysos. In o-Len k ot h ea is so metimes confused with Eileithyia and
ne~r th e sanctua ry of Artem is Ortllia was a s luine of E ileithyia. 16 \1/ith is also concerned with chi ld-b ir th. She is chth onic and i.nSouth Laconia
tlus should be connec ted the figurin es of ,von1en in child -birth ancl she possessed an orac le-seat where th e consul tant slept on the ground
kourotr~phoi (supra, Type l. A.5.b .i). An1ong the archaic votive ivories to obtain prophetic dreams. 22 She was also associated ,1>iththe child-hero
to Ortlua th ere were representa ti ons of two Goddess es and a 1nonkey llelikcrtes. She ,vas often conceived as a marine or chthonic demon-
with her yottng. 16 Fr o1n the sLte l\Iag ula , n ear Spa rta, co1nes an archaic heroine, received offe1ings of barley -cakes in a pool, and her d~ th was
23
la1U ented in the same \vay as th at of Lin os, Adonis and Hyakinthos .
ro . v. d. ~Im,_11, supr11, n. Y. 208f., 212f., and deta iled bibl . For the /10-pitlosof the She was a lso venerat ed in wiiletos Thessaly, and Pyrgoi, near Caere.
Hyak•~~lua ~e~ Nrcmnk, l·l yaki ntho s, 6ff., a nd F. Bolte, "Z u Lakonischen ·r· I
1e Arcadia ns bel ieved th at Zeus ' was brought up •111th e 51 ·t e K re tea
Fcs~n , Rhc1'.11sc 11m, 7s (ig 29) T<?8-r 0 _
ftcs 1\ofttse
ii ..ffh ,trem1' D ie. ga111·
lI · S '
tc,rcn z· wi·111n
4
· gc bc1· de,· Grieclwu (Christiania 1902 ) S2 U·'· ' 7• Matz, A.M, ro (i8S 5) 179 , pl. iv . NL N. Tod •A. J. B. ~Vacc,_CaJ_~-
8
~f>/l'~
Pi:c:~k,_ !,Y"_kml/,os, 3£., 48£., 51ff. B relich, Pt<itles e PtWll181tOi,_141Lf, J..
1h• Hacerche sul culto d, Hyaki nthos" Sl11<l;Class et Oria11f<1it, 16
Mus"'"" (Oxford r906) r 7 1.2. figs. 50-r: J. P. i\Ucbaud: "Chroruqu: • 1 •S•z~)
9
(196 7} 99·116 . ' . . ~19? 1 ) 878, fig. 165. CJ. Sparta, Orthi a: R. M. Daw.kins, BSA, 3 ( ;ewly·
th
12 . Eit rem, D ie g61tliclu,n 7.willince 83 n 2
13. S. \\ ' id_':: Lakonisc/,c /(ufl e (Leipzig 1893.) • Cf
i8. t~ri
,
)O ·)t , f ,g. 29, daeda .lic, "pair of birth demons supportin g a mo er a:i
0
cb~ld'.'. See also child-b irth groups from Cyprus , supra, P· 96, no 3 ·
aur, l:.1lc1thyia ..,3
, 4· Paus . m.22. 12 \Villetts C 29. . ,is l9. liJitl.25.
with plants andth . ' ul/ s, r6o. Fo r the various conn ectio ns of Arton_ ., - .
,,u~Afor "'?men' s diseas~s. c hild-bi rth etc. cf. J. R. Harns,
The Ori•i,i 0 r ,, Cear 20. lbicl. 2,
0 11• u o, rtemis esp -n 6 •• r ~ f .
· ,... 2 ·
,
15· BSA. 30 (1918 • . . ·. ,,: 1*~,.~:ass, in Hermes 2 5 (1890) +os , note 3. below.
,<;. All in Athens. ;t;~;l.l,rligp
. 9: ibrtl.• (1908 -9) 21-22.
2
2 _ Ibid, II, Greek l·lero Cults , 361!. and bibl.
, • ass,m and Type v n r. 3
 I f2 LOCAl, CULTS AND REPRES ENTAT I VES E'EL01?0NNJ1SE

nf lhl' 11101n1 tain Lyka ioo, in Arcadia (and that the na me f . . rea. un cove r ed n1any vot ive objects, main ly fcmal [j .
•11
1 the a ' e gurmes
e,1used the confus ion that he was brought up in l{reta) In l{o l be site dcls of pigs, coc ks, pomeg ra n ates, da ncers etc. ; the male fi . n •
had a.-.nurs es three n)711phs: T l1eisoa, Neda and Agno ·after rel
· • . · •
Zct1s
· w \lch 11.
!ea 0
10
rare Th ere was a temenos a nd a temple and a I gun es
•ire very ' · · . . •' < c iasma two
nan 1ed l he s n,all tow n The1soa, near iVIegalopolis, the river N d erc , 1.. dcCJJ.29 Th e finds are 1n amly fro1n th e 5th ccntu r BC
the sp ri.ng Agno qn Lyk a ion n1o untain (Paus. vii i.38.3). On the and :r: 111ete "
_. c lo Ron1an t1n1es.
cont1illl
• 30 D
{"
{d" . Y • - but
en1eter 1sgu 1sed as a str anger)
s· Was
also
before the entrance of the sa nct uary of Dem ete r a nd !{ore in i\i eg 'P~a. the uurse of the _so n _o f th e l 111 ~ o f 1kyon, Ort_hopolis (Paus. ii.S.2o).31
1
tl1e ny1nphs a nd Ned a holdin g the baby Zeus 1vere d epicteda ( ~ohs, ,\ JrOJ> IJed fJgunn e of a kou r otrophos with good moulded h <ls
. l . . B I a• . ea
~-31-~- Q. that appeare d in an auallc t1011111 a sef • is a~pa rently of Arcadian type.
Jn anot her lown of .i\rcadia, Tegea , on the alta r of At hen Al
1-Iippia, were rep resentati ons of Rh ea and th e Ny1up h Oinoe w~h
baby Zeus and the nyn1phs Glau ke, Neda, T heisoa and An th rak·
t~: The child, sitt ing fro nt yon 11er 1e t kn ee, 1s a n exact miniatur e of the
mother. . . . _
Eileithyia was ,vorsl-upped 111Coru1th . Th e earl iest representation s
0
one side, and Ide, Agno, Alkinoe and Plu·ixa on th e other (Pa us. viii. •a )" of the kourot ropho s in te n·acotta fro1n South I ta ly a re Peloponnesian
· 1\_rcacii a , was worslu·pp ed as Lecheates, connect
Z~eus at Ali p l1era . 111 47-3d. imports ma.de of Co'.·inthia n clay and s0 1net!1ues found with Corinthian
with child-bir th .:i.1 e pottery. Th e archaic seated God d esses_ w~th pomegranat e from the
In Tegea E ileith yia was venerat ed as " Auge en g6 nasi". 25 Fro in Tc Hcraion near the n1ou t h of th e n ve r Sila n s and the Boston figurine
I ·1s . . gea from Sclinous, on th e one ha nd (s1- 1.,pra., no. [58), F ig . 9), and the standing
t 1ere •~ a o ar:haeolog1cal evid ence for th e c ult of anot l1er l{o t1rotrophos:
111 Aglu~s Sost1s, a villa ge on th e l1ill at the nort h of the plain of Tegea, one fron1 Ta ras (infra, no . [31)), sho ,v the hvo early Corinthian types.
a deposit of cx-vot~s was excavate d ,vhich was assoc ia ted wit h th e great E~amples of the san1e types ,vere found in Codnth. Celebrati ons con-
Goddesses of Arcactia, De1neter and I(or e, 1vho, apart fron 1 the El eusinian nected apparently 1vith a female deity of fert ilit y and child-care are
filial cult in Th elpousa, Tcgea, ~Iegalop olis, P h eneos, w ,vere a lso wor- depicted on s0 1n e i\iJidclle Co.ri nt l1ian vases .33 T here are many scenes of
s!1ipped in Tegea as l(arp oph oroi (Paus. viii .53.7).2 7 A 5th century processions of wo1ne n, ring -dances, sac1ifi ces or p rep arati ons for them,
figur u~~ of a kourotr op hos o f I onian -Att ic typ e, (supra, no. [485], Fig. 36) and offerings of tw igs a n d wreat h s to a Goddess . Also ,vo1n en are re-
froin I egea, has been associate d ,vith the cu lt of the Kar pophoroi; 28 presented seated with their chi ldre n o n th e breast or knees, or standing
De1n~ter ( ?) bears l( ore as a yo un g girl on her left shou ld er. Although holding them near t he 1n, or c hildr en walk ca rrying ,vrea ths; in other
u_nfuiished (right arn1 of th e 111 oth cr, face a nd legs of th e gir l) it is a instances wo111 en p roceed to\\•ards the ones seated or standin g with
fine exa,upl e of ea . 440-30 B.C. with st rong Attic i11Huence . Also an !heir young, and are abo ut to crown th e childre n.
"a ntr on" near Palla nti on, not far fron1 Ag hios Sos ti s (Pa us. viii.44.5), 1;ron1 Cor inth come also so me vo tive cakes a nd n1odel-ships in terra-
was s~cred to De111eter. Two unpubli shed stand .in" figu rines fron1 the cotta, app ropria te offe1in gs for th e deity celebrat ed; 34 s01n e 5th century
depo s1t of _Aghios Sostis in At l1ens are of the Tir; n thian typ e (supra, terracotta statue tt es of kourot ropho i (supra, nos. [484), [494}) ; and
no. [27), Fig. 3). In the 11ineteenth and twent iet h cent uri es excav ations also a unique exa1np le of a p last ic repr esen ta tion of a kourotr ophos on
a Classical leky thos of Atti c s ty le (sup ra, no. [293], F ig. 2 5)-
24. Baur, Eileilh) •ia · - F I- ,
a,id IVtUs ;,, G • :>1• or 11s nu~scs Neda, Agno, etc. see J. R. Sm ith, Sptwc•
'" reekiff.
a"d Roma.111-1/tt•al111·c
Thei ,-LtHends and Loo11tio11s '9· Callme,·, St11<lien
.,cw \ ' or.k 1922) . "
(Lon don·
30· 5~: s·11P•:a. n . 27 ~nd T. J(arag h.iorga , " D ie Gott in auf dem I<ani el. Die Grabung
2 5- Baur, E.iltitll.1•ia,
32_ ~ 1 Agh,os Sostis " , AN!, 84 (1969) 87-to2 .
'26. lm~e~wahr, Arhadische l( ultc, r2- 3,
27- Chnstian Callmc St d" 1
· rr · ''.'" 11' des Bear,., Aris (1880) 2t9 .
3.'·· l(mrst·ue J d B I
)!ilchoefer A ~f r, ( '" '"" ztir Gesc/dchte A rlwd is,,s (Lu nd 1943) 1•; " 33_ "I.' • r,. c, A,iliJ<B. Au /dio,i X , xii (1961) ase, no. 34·2 al E. H.
Bi;J'/18 2 1~• D ;auenfcst 111 Kori nth " A 11tT< 6 (r963) 52ff., pls. 1 7· 3· See . ?, AJA
5
2,. 11.; Bfr~rd·
" . C-YOs
l.,.,,c
82f., 941.
' , 16r ( 1$90)
stm GOtJi.,me,i. . - .'.>, 8 )
9 ) 5-1-i. llhoma ios, Pn1./<1ika (19o9) 316 -18, pl. 8; _19_
· , rInA , 2 6 19 1 r J 32 f. . n1., . St1ghtz,
· , o.. ,· J'\.aro
A l1ad1e,,s (Selbstve r lag , .Eien, sterr. Arc h . l ost. 1967)
°8
>an, "U np ublished va.~es in tiie Uni ve rsit y ~ [usenm, P hiladelp hia ·
3 3 (_r934) 52,1, 525. ..
'

• 8. :"11.J ilsi:, "Lc.-sc . 1. Con11 11t, xv " p ls - Cf \' 'ald s tein H,r11M
111t
, "• ·I'• nos.
"6
• 7·68 r · - · ~'4 · 47 ' 17 • 2 1 5 ' "- 1 7 · · .,. F "'' see s11
p ra S7f..·
liograpby, esp. •.:;de s Di,esses d 'Arcadie", R.E.4, 72 (, 970 ) 1 38-151 a od bib- i 11Jra p' •gs, 77-78 ; Po,ac hora, i 67ff.; ii , 328f. or s ,ups • P·
• . 1 8 l.
 r.OCAL C ULTS 1\ND REPRESENTAT IVE S PET.OPOl-11'-'ESE
45
The sanc tuary of Den1ete r a nd Kor e on Ac i:ocorinth yielded . . ·ta r sta tu et te '12 was found in Tcucheira, the Greek col .
recept acles, pig offerings and terracot ta figu rin es of crouching hiilnuJtipl e .\ 01111
1 . . b ony 1n
· - Pe lopon nes1an unport rought there by a pious col . t
· k l I c clrcn as Libya, a on1s or
Demeter was appa rently 1nvo ·ec 1ere as a kourotrophos · h ·
this seems lo have been a seco nda ry as pect of h er. ' owever, tridcr. interesti ng sea ted exa 1nple of th e "advanced Argive'' t I
011an · ,. . sye
The complex na lur e o f th e heroine-chthonic de1non or foreign G d [ S; )}, both th e \voman and the cluld are entirely cnvelo d
(supr(I, n0 . 3
i\1edca, has sometiJnes been in tcrpret ed as a pr ehistoric Ge ~ dcss,
11·I . 1 pe
. tl -11 !ave r of clay w 1c1 111 c udes the back ol the chair as well
subsequently fallen into t he class of th e h eroin es.30 Tllis uiterp
th
l_er, ° 1n a JI J • h ·a h h ' .
the break on th e rig t s1 e s o,vs t at the bgunnes were complete
'
. . . . re1a ion
1s suppo rted by a suggested confu sion by lhe Conn tluans betwee ll hu~1·ethe appl icati on of the layer" . Among the finds there is a fragmentary
0
l\fothe r of Sarnot hrace with the two l{abiroi, so1neti1nes consider: 1 le be •c sta tu ett e of a g irl holding a doll as another kourotrophos 4ll
~re11a1 • . . . •
her childr en, and th e "barbar oLJ s poisoness" J\!Iedea · for this thee ~ There are also n,ul t1ple terrac~ tta bgunnes. ~mong t~e very numerous
. . . • re1s
not adeq uat e evidence . I·Ier connecti on w1th J-fera, in whose shr· cntati ons of kour ot ropho1 fro1n the Arg:ive Herruon I do not know
repreS . . .
she is worshipped ,vith her childr en, ,vith a fun eral and chthonic ritu~t of anv examples late r tha n the 6th cent. B.C. They were votive offenngs
has been con1pared wiU1 th at o f Aliaclne a nd Aphrodite at Amathus' to H·cra, the p rotect ress of n1arriage (Teleia) and child-birth (Hera
in Cyprus.37 One could equall y comp a re h e r with Iphigeneia in Brauron' Eileithyia, like th e Juno Lucina of the Romans), 44 to whose sanctuaries
worshipped as a chth onic heroin e a nd ch ild -birth help er by the sid~ women went to b e b lessed a11d pu riliecl forty clays a fter giving birth
of lhe Goddess Art emis; th e tra d ition kn ows Iph igene ia only as a 10 a child (Ccnsorin , De die 1,at. C.ii); this custom is still continued in
heroin e, who estab lished there Arten1is' cult, af ter she ca1ne fro1nTauroi. modern Greece, only no,v ,vomen go to Virgin Mary after the forty days.
In th e san1e way proba bly iHcdea establ ish ed th.e cult of Hera, protectress Unfortunat ely th ere is no lit erary infonnation about the cult contempo-
of lawful man·iag e, after she ca111 e fron1 J{olchis and 1narriecl Jason. rary with th e fig urines. A lat e co1nmentator quotes a work by Hagias
Nilsson noted 3 s that the Corillthian childr en serv ed one year in the and Derkylos, "Argolika", \vhere there is n1ention of special virgins
temple, in the srun e ,vay as the Arrhephoroi served in Athens and the "Hcresides" and " Locheutriai" who brought special "loutra" for tbe
Arktoi in Braur on. Th e sanct uary of 1-Iera Akraia ,vith the sn1all shrine pregnant wo111en(see S·npra, p. 89, n. 51).
of !\ledea a nd the to111 b of her cl1ildren has been ident ified with the The archaeological evid ence shows that the strongest aspect of Hera
archaic tcn1ple C in Coiin th. 30 S01ne scholars hav e con nected poly- Argcia was that of a I{ourotrophos. The "\.Vest Builcling", the date of
plu1r111akos ~fedea with the Theban cult of th e child-birth demons which is disputed (6th or 5th cent. B.C.) '15, is an Estiatoreion, suggesting
Phariual1ides.One way or anot her she was cert ai nly connected with ritual n1eals as those pract ised in Sparta (Tithenidia, Hyakinthia),
cluldren; she was pro bably propit iated agai nst bad labour, as were the Corinth (see S1rpra), and Gela (see infra, p. 182f.). The interpretation
Pharmakides, ,vho were sent by I-Iera to !tind er A1k1nene's successful of the vot ive figurines is not an easy task. Walclstein explained them as
labour (Paus. ix.1 1.3).•o obviously 111ortalwomen 4 0 ,vith the follo,ving arguments :
T he richest archaeological eviden ce co111es fron1 Argos, probably 1 · That si111 .ilar statuettes ,vere found in Tegea \.\•here the Goddess is
because it has been n1ore fully excavated. Front th e site of the Heraion Demeter and not riera and that two different Goddesses could not be
come sonie tens of archaic figurines of kour otr oph a i n1ost of which are represented in the sa1ne' way. Ho,vever, Tegea and Argos are not far from
of th e hand model.led typ e (Typ e LA.s.b.i).•' · ~ne another; th ese statuettes, the cheapest ex-votos, like the so-called
35. AJA, 69 ( 1965) 22 ff. Pri ce ll ,Pllssi11
, papacies", were p roduced en n1asse in the whole of the Peloponnesc.
;~: 1/i;;~\11~/(orintl,iaka (Pari ~ 1955) 8r -r ~9 . esp. 104 r., " 3 1,
38. :\1 P Nilsson Gr' • · , r · t'b· iZ, Also resembt·111gN ,· 37 'vValdstein H,wae1'm .. I +•·r 1 ·
A

R .• I..· Scran
• · iecm sc,ie , ·cste' (Stuttga rt 19- 7} 59ff Herlien i1l J<oru• ·' 43, \Val J t · , . .. ' ' . ' u, P ·
ton "Te
Pt ,.. h • {l~· · P e m t C d :, ·• '
an the Sa11ctuar>' of Hera Akraia", C · //1
o,·m · i' i➔ C \ cs .e,u, rl eramm, , u, 37,110 . 201, hg. 70.
1•
- • arva rd t 9 4 1).
c · 1v :-:i ,.· 1; Vatdstein, E,:cavatio 11s i 11 the Al'giue 1-/eraeum, i9U. . d'Arg=" H,s-
39, Scram.on, s r,pra, n. 3s. ,,. • Ani• I
"" ' ry
,.
Obse rvation s sur les i\fonumen
ts dA l'Hru-a,on
~
= •
,,
40. Rzach, in TiE V A , ,
. 54 '
i1t. \ ,\aJdst<:in. l·l enuno,, ··
-
' 11, 3.
·/•tria ( ~ '
,JG. Waid 21. 19:,2) 222-7 4, esp . 239ff.
~ stein, 1-J,wamtm, ii, 13.
 #

LOCAi, CULTS AND REP RESENTA TIVE S

146 E'El.O PONNcS E

\ VhcLhcr these roug h fjg ures rep resen lcd. I-Iera or D e1nete r depended ·t d du rin g the const ruction of a house, not far from th
the decision of th e custo n1ers to d eci 1cate t 11e111 to one or the rxcava e I\ T B ') SI . e central
01 I other .., f Argos (Type . . 1.a .1 . te sits on a throne with h' h b
squa1co . . d c1· .h .l 1g ack
Goddess. . • 0 11 eit her sic1e , rap e 111 a 1g1 beleted chiton. on
and I101, 1 . ' Iier knees
2 _ Thal Hera (and th e d (vin ities of the Arg ivc plai n i1 1 general) is · . . , the legs of th e clu ld she held. The excava tor associated •t 'th
su rVII c . . • .. ) . 1 WI
rarely represen ted with an 1nlant 1n he r anns. But I<ybele, with her of E 1le 1th v1a (Paus. 11.1 8 -3 ; 1t has been considered as
the G,atc . • . . a cult
lions and the infant, was rcp resent_ecl (see belo ,v). As for H era, there
sta Iue ior the n iche of a su1all shn ne, but 1t could also be a rich ex-vot
O
. o.
are 110 inscribed statuet tes of h er In Argos an d th e P elop onnesc and The epith e t I<ou rotrop h_os \Vas apparen tly not used in Peloponnese,
lhere are few cases where rep resenta h ons ca n b e identified wilh her
aceorcling to the extant d e.vidence
. ; but. other appellatives, such as Kory-
with certa-inty (coins of Argos) . I-loweve r, o ne caru1ot believe that the 1
I ·., 0 ,- Tithe ne, ha a sJ1n1 a r 1uean1ng.
,nain Goddess of the Argive plain was rar ely represented . t Iia ' "
3. Thal th e epithet kourot rophos for !{ era rests upon very doubtful
auth ority . H owever, in Th ebes peop le sho\ved th e place where she
suckled Hera l.Jes (Pa.us. ix .25), a nd ru1 epig ram a tt ests the existence
of a H.eUenjstic statue of her suckling }Iera k les (Type IV.B.r.b). Even
if the epith et kourotropho s ,vas not connected ,vitl1 h er as such, she
had , all th e sam e, a kourotrophic fun ct ion. A specia l sac rifice for her
in Argos, called Lecherna , a nd th e "be d of H era" in h er san ctuary 47
point to her connect ion with fertilit y a nd child -birth. Th e best evidence
for th e i1nportanc e and natur e of thi s cu lt of Hera is t he sanctuary
of J{era Argeia near th e riv er Silaris, in Lu cauia, \\'here she was trans-
pla nted by Greek i1n1nig ran ts fro1n t he P elop onn ese. Th e la rge Daedalic
propped figurines with po1neg rana te and polos fo und there are represen-
tations of her (i11fr1i, p. 179f.).
In Argos the da ught ers of th e river Asterion, Euboia, Pr osymna
and Akraia were in the ir turn ntu·ses of I-l:era according to th e tradi tion
(Paus. ii.17.1-2; see swpra, nos. (52-55], for triple figurin es).
Hera was also a kourotrophos in P eracl1ora.~8 Also ,,otive 1nodels of
cakes were found in great nwub ers, lik e the ones in Corinth, and a
crouching boy in terra cot ta.-19 Appa rently her nursin g aspect was ~ot
as st rong as in Argos a nd perhap s it was du e altogether to Argive JO·
fluence. Isis may ha ve been worshipp ed in P erac hor a, as well ~ 10
Corin th, where she had 1n any precincts on th e way to Acrocoru'.th
(Pa.us. iv.6); fro,n P eracho ra co1nes a coa rse ·figurine of her suckling
Horus .so
A big Hellenistic terracotta sta tu ette of l{ybe le l(o urotro phos was

47. Nilsson, GriecllisGl,e Feste', .12r., especia Ui• -~4-r. I

48-See• sw"ra
,, •
no '·
• L.J
6] ,.,.
1
• '0r
th · . I
e sunctua1·y o f Heta 1n Perachora see a 5 O Vermeu e,
Gotlerlm// , l 3511., and b ib!.
·t9, ~e,ac/ron,, (: ll1>. 295 , pl. i 14, mid stb ce nt .
50. en,c/Jora," • 512, D 766, pl. 193.

,.
 THE REST OF THE ISLA:<1ns

Chapt er Fift een . , evidenc e for a sa nct ua ry of Eil eith yia ,6 a family possession
[ltcrar) . Cl d ' . . ·
T Flav ius 1{le1tost he nes au 1an us ITT the tun es ol Ant oninus Pi us
Tl1e R est of the I sland s of · lt 111ust have been 1nuch olde r. A Classical s tone torso , of a woma~
ThC CU . • . • ' •
. ·t
\,.,t,a na ked child found the1e 1s proba bly a voh. ve to one of these
THE COAST: ASIA ~•IINOR, N . AFRICA, S. R USSIA
Outside- Crete nnd Cyprus, the present ev idence for cult s a n de•·t·1cs . A -}th century
. 8 stone statuet
. A te of. a crouching boy is inscribed
1 l(lcoclais : Arta 111id 1. H ere aga in rte m1s seems to be a Paid otrophos
pres~nlat ions o f the l{ our otrop hos in t he Gree k islands is not l re: a.sin ~fcssenc, Pelopon ncse.
·
<:xtens1vC', .
with .
th e except ion o f I", I10des, pro lJably b ecau se Rhvery
. . 1
oces 2. J(erky ra
has been the 1nost exca ,·,1ted . In L1ndos, the 1nost anc ient pa rt of Rh od
where the ~lyccnaeans fort ified an Acropo lis , lh c local Goddess, Ath es, From the depos it o f vo tiv e terr acotta s of the small sanctuary of
· · was \\'OrsIuppec
J.111d1a, . l as I \.OUro
' t rop I10s; s he 1111e
. l n·t ed n1any element
cna
s Artc,nis in I( erky ra tl1ere a re so1ne s tatu et tes from the first half of
fro1n her ~{ycenaean pred ecesso r. Th e cult of At he na Lind ia lasted fro tl1c ·t h century rep resenti ng a sta nding fig ure in long chiton with very
111
ea rly Greek ti mes lo the late H ellenistic, as th e m asses of voti ve stat uettes " :, overfall, step h a ne a nd bo\v in th e left hand, in front of whom a
from the two depos it~ a nd t he area a rou nd the te1n ple show. Similar
vot ives depicting a kow·otrop hos ,vere fou nd in g raves in Kanieiros
10 11
5111
:u figure of a girl is de_picted in relief, advanc ing towards the right,
dancing with ra ised arms .9 Th ey a ppar entl y represent danc es of young
and lalysos (sec below). Th e con111 1onest typ es are t he sea ted one with girls dedicated to the sanctu a ry of Art e1nis, as was th e case in Braur on. 10
hi111ationpuUed over the head holding a naked ch ild to the left, ai1d
the s tanding one with ch ild on the left shou lde r (Ty pes III.A.4 .a; 3. Paros
TlI.D .r.a.i and b.i) . Both arc Ionian in sty le and \Vere ,vidcspread in Eileithyia was \Vorship ped in P a ros where she was also a healing
tl1e ancie nt world. Th ey were found in Crete (Olo us , Gort ys), Kos, Goddess. T\vO 1n a rbl e reliefs \vith repr esentation s of breasts were dedi-
l(a ly1nn os, Cyprus, Sicily, Troas and other p laces in Asia iWinor. The cated to her grot to the re. On e bear s an inscription of Roman times:
R.hodians, although Dor ians, prefe rred the softer Ionia n for n1s; sta tuett es Epikratea E ileuthya i ea ch en (now lost); th ere were also found many
of Rh oclian types were so nun1ero us in As ia ?lfinor tha t some time in . boy from Gk'
stat uette s an d a stat ue of a cro uching ree times.11 Her
the last centu ry it was believed that th ey were imp orted from there to sanctuary 12 con1prised a ca ve with a sacred spring and a thalamos,_13
Rhoclcs.1 similar to th ose of th e sh rine of l(yb ele ( ?) at th e site Daska lopetra 111
F rom the rest of the isla nds tl1e ex isting ev id ence is n ot so rich. Chios.14 In her sanctua ry th ere was a shrine of Zeus Hypatos _and ~n
altar of Aph rodite. Ap a rt from dedica t ions of mod els of breasts m relief
I. Thera. (TC, xii, no. 198), seve ral inscrib ed dedi ca tions "f or the sake of the
In Th era an a rchaic inscrip tion cut int o the natu ra l roc k mentions children ... " hav e s urvi ved (JG, xii, n os. 189f., no. 195, 1s t cent. B.C.).
the child-birth and ch ild-ca re deities : Lochaia , Dan :Lia , !{a le, the Nymphs An architrave fro1n P a ras bears a n inscrip tion of th e first century B.C.:
an~ Zeus I<:oures (: l{ourotrophos ?) ; 2 I<our es is pe rha ps a n ap p ellati ve
of Zcu;, sl:ort for I<ourot rop hos a-as Apollo's epithe t I{o ureas in Tcos 4 6. Klcitosthe nes, 150, u .d. Hi ller von Gaer tr ingen, Tl,era, iii (x9o4) 162·
and h oundio s-Hyakinth os in Laco nia. Zeus seen1s to be a 111aieuf es 7, See s-11pra
, no . [655). . F the type see
S. H . von Caertri ngen , S tndtgeschichte von 1'htr a, 58. fig. 43· or
loo,5 as most of tl1e kourotr opho i are. Fro1n th e sa 1ne island th ere is Price, Ill, ptissim.
9, BCN 15 (1891) 681., n. 68, pl. vii. .• ronia on vases
10 • Scenes of litt le girls da ncing t o t he hono ur ol Art emis Brau
t. Hujsh, G,•cck Te,·,-acolla Sh1/11elles 63fl
2 0
fo1md t here: I<ahil, A ,i tK, 8 (1965) 20-32.
· ~aur , liileithyia, 19 f., 25, and P!;.ilolag11s, S11pp!.8 (1901) 47o f., 476. 1
:· .Baur, Ei lcithyia 56 , 5rf . ,
3 · ,crm,s. 2 5 ( 1$90) ,105, note 2. 1•·
-1· 8CH 4 (1880) 168 .
"De AeschyJ; Supplicibus. Commentatio " Pro•rttm11,-Gric/sw
5. ECo,.11Mata..ss, a/1I,
13, 0. Ru bensoh,; a nd c:
0. Ru bensohn in AM t6 (190 1) 21511. JG, ,XII rS3U.
W atzin ger, "Da.s Daska lopetra au
(_1928)109-116, esp. 110 : J G, XlT , 185-86, line 6.
I Ch'105 " AM 53
' '

ec ,on or Pam 1I 1 t, A • " 1

P e so n esc:h ylus, v. 11 . no. r (1890) 33 f., 37-8. ·I• See s·r,Prt<,n. 13.
 lj O LOCAL CULTS AliD REPR l! SE)I TA'l'IV.ES
THE RES T OJ' TH E ISLANDS
151
JG, xii, 5 (i), ,vith de~icati on of a wo1nan to_J-T
era, ~ en1eterThesmopho
5 f0 flowed and a hy1nJ1of Olen was chanted during the Eileithyiaia
s•-~ Thn
11
•,nd J,orc and ZC'uS l~11b
oulcus, and Baubo. Baub o 1s the nurse of D ros · til \h e days of Callin1achus (Hymn to Delos 2
,. · ~ , · emetcr•
I)pint'tcr and Zeus are the parents of h.ore . Unfo r tunatclv ther . '
111
c:il
t Jeasl un , J ., 7)• ,
a 111n'1onest ofie.ring was sheep but also
. cult .
f 11rther indicalion about the nat ur e of tlus , e 1s no 00 . ff cheese, olives, beans, sesame,
• 11 ts ,vrea ths a nd wine were o ered to her.20 Delos was one of
f1oney u · ' I I a1n
'05 t ,incient centres of 1er cut ,
111 1ost as ancient as Crete; the
4 . J' enos th
e believed that Erys ichtho n brought from Delos to Athens
.\ thenian.5 . ;-· . l . (P . . 8 · )
A representat ion of an archaic rel ief-pith os fro1n Tenos has be · anc1.c1,t •xoanon .. of E 1le1t 1y1a aus . 1.r .:, .
11
interpreted as the Goddess Eilc-ith.yia in child-birth , with two atte ndai:t" ~ 1'.11c ex•·,stence of a sa nct uary . and .te,nple ( ?) for Eileithyia is attested
15
pressing her womb. (CJ. supra, p. r35, sin1jlar scene on a Boeotia~ 1,y11 . 1sc1·ir>tions· about repa irs, datingb fro1n .the later dis
'
4th cent. B.C.
,·ase). The representation on a relief-,111
1phora fron1 Tenos, elating from · Is ~L Its locat ion, however, 11as een various1y puted a1nongthe
o nll' ,ll C ' 22 1 . d . . h 1 . l .
the 7th century B.C.. has been explained as the birth of Zeus (the Goel ,
l•renc1 1 excava
, tors. vVhile . t 1ere 1s no ec1s1vearc. aeo ogtca eVJdence, .
111th the thunde r-bolt ( ?) conies out of the head of a Goddess instead it seems l, robable ' that 1t was near the sanctuaries of the Apollonian.
of Rhea' s womb-althougb the sex of the ,vinged deity has been dis- Triad, rath er than far a\vay on . iVIt. l{)'."nthos. The extant mscribed
put ed), of Apollo by Leto, of Athena by Zeus or of Ares by Hera. 16 This .)IIV e ll. lOJI··es
. give an idea o( the kind of gifts women brought to her: . 23
. I · and other vases je\vellery, vot ive plaques made of gold or silver,
a1nphora was found an1011 g others in the archa ic " Thesrnophorion", ph.,a c11 < '
• ·1 . to those ded icated by 1nodern Greeks to the V1rg1nof enos.
• • r
outside lhe to,vn walls of the city of 1'e nos.17 On another of them a a1 . a c11·1a
snm
f • leliverance fron1 labour, ilisease or for begetti.ng 1 . Eile1t. hyia .
seated winged Goddess is represented. Th e character of the constr uction
shows that the room of the an,p horae is an adyton like those 111 eut ioned ,i~s 've ry powerfu l in Delos and her cult was flourishing until late times,
by Lucian as connected with the cult of Den1eter. Th e finds of female even ,nore than tha t o[ Leto, accorcli11gto the_extant evidence from
ter racotta proto rnai of [onian type as ,veil as th e above representat ions inscriptions and offerings. She shared the venerat ion of pregnant w?men
point certainly to a fen1alc cult, n1ost proba bly to a kou rotr ophos (Ge?), and inothers togethe r with Art e1nis Locrua, _but in_Delos the~e 1s no
out of who111Zeus or another divine child was born 1n iraculo usly. evidence that she was identified 1vith Arte1n1s; their sanctuaaes were
far from one another. 2•1 •

5. 1li[')'ko110s
-Delos The sanctuary of Art e1nis Lochia, earlier in this century_interpreted
tLs " Arte1nis Ei leit hy ia" , was on th e eastern side of ~1t. ~\ynt~os a nd
Semele was worsl1ipped as n1ot.her of Dionysos jn i:liykonos; 18 she comprised a Classical altar and a H eIIen1·st·1c 1Naos and Oikos . •!o where
. .
received sacrifice on t he rrt h of the 111011th dur ing the Lenaia, while many fragn1entary votive . . f we1e
relies . f oun cl, representing famihes
the sacrifices to l)i onysos were on the 12th. with young child ren bringing sacn'f'1c1a · I a1un1
· aIs to the Goddess• or a
Since 1nost ancient t i1ncs Ei leithyia, the ntidwife of the n1other of
Apollo, according to the Ho1neric Hyn1n and Pausani as (i.18.5), received
an annual offering in Posidcon, in the Pal aest ra of Delos; sacrificial 19- Pa us. i.18.5 : vi ii.21.3; ix .-27.2; v.7.~. 1-, • A ) : see
' erocI· •'"·~·• For sacrifices the Hcl-
sacrifices ol
lenistic inscr ipt ion from 301 B.C. 111 BCI-l, 1,:1( 1890 6 4
) ~o T · to Eileith)~a
sheep; ibi<l., 399, Z.116; 13CH. 27 (19o3) 74. Z_.S,r )_for •~~~i~~eia, according
1 in the Palaest ra T he festival was ca lled Et le,lilyia ,a, _Y .,., ,le Delos
5- Al_exio_u.~90, below. ,JA , 1939, 259, fig. 16. N . l\L I<ontoleon. "Die friih• · iptions;
· J; rc/lasstir 1c~ er,11 ~
grie~h1sche RelicO,unst" . A E (r 969) 2 r 5.3 6, pls. 5 6 (Athen s) (Tenos) and \o the extant inscr see Ph . 13runeau, Rcc'~ ·£f
57 "/' ·
" Epoque · oq11e1·,11,p,ria
hellenistiqu• et ti I' Ep , · /e (Pa.n s 1970 ) 21 ~ • Apparently
ol sacrifices.
h,bhography , r,ontoleon now cous idcrs them as Artemis with the t"•o Hyber• 20
~reao _m:'-iden_s. Schcfold, Friihgricchi.s&!,c Sagu,bilder. fig. 12, described as - BC/-/, 29 ( 1905) 525, n r. 179 Z .t-iff . for vanous kind s location:~ discussion,
Let? g,vrng birth to Apollo ( ?)".See Pr ice. Jr, 6 , Type 111.D.6. b. the banqu e t did not always take p lace 111 the same
n_tolc_on , Pra/di/,a ( 1953) -26.f. fig. g;7 Kon to leon (supra, o. 15). Bruneau, Rach.e, cl,.cs, 218 .
1
r6. Alexiou . T<_o 21
Sche£old, 1·•·11hgrreci,isrlte S«g cnbildcr [ig. 13 there described as "Birth o[ · Bruneau, Roc/lt)1•ches. 212H. 1 and bibl. . ssed
Athena ( ?)" . ' · 2> . I bid., 213 where all t heories~ about its location a re d1scu .
2
17. Kontoleon, P,•aktilu, (1953) fig. 5, pl. 1 . 3• lbitl ., 2 1 4 ff . 'b"d 191U. n9(.
r8. Ott o, /J io1t)' Sos, 67ff. •-"I·• Ii owcver, some scholars have argued (or th e contmry· l · •
sec , , ., •
2
5• IIJid., 191ff.
 J,O( Al, c 1: 1: r s .\:-;D REl' l<ESENTAT l VES THE Rl.>STOF T I 1:E lSLAl<DS
153

pn •1:nant woman in adoration in front of the Goddess, follo\ved b t

un, acco rding to th e a rchaeological evidence 21 and last d til
ibstrn ' . . H . h all ' c un
servan l with a sacrifi cial ani111a_l,usually a fe11 1ale deer or bitch. ti a s1 G el· tin1es. Sa 011a n e[a as the eleinents of the m t
)ate re· ' d . a rona1
recall the voliv e reliefs and stat uettes Iro111 Brauron. Apart fro;n tlley 11
' I . toric Goddess, a n \vas wors ipped both as ·Matron in a sacr d
· ·p t1on,
· A r t[e1111
·c1·) .le P~J . lS: ge to Zeus, a nd as ev er- v·. h
1rgin, ,v ence the special rituals of washi
e
rdiefs and a frag1ncntary 1nscn . . verses Jrom E unp.
. 1 , two n1a1na
anon eve ry yea r
. . I
1n t 1e waters o
f
the sacred
.
nver, purifving
ng
•t
ides (!pit. Taur. i o97-98) have helped to 1clcnt 1fy t his sanc tuary. her X .. o . . ' 1 l . . ,-· •
Jn son1e of the reliefs the Goddess holds a to rch, like th e Godel• afte1. 11er tU1l0 11 ,v1th Zeus, so t 1at s le . may become vrrmn again · 2s To
ca
111 :.'llilesian relief who is represen ted with the Apo llonian Tiiacl a: .
her sanctuary voti ve sta tuettes of arnmals, especially bulls and cows
were dcdicatecl, as ,vell as statu ettes of human ,vorshippers, 2t some-
,,~.

is inscribed 1,0\'ROTROPHOS (inf ra, p. 157). I·Ie r cult on I<y11thos was

separat e fron1 tha t in the n1ain sa nctuary in the plai n, and was times with baby ,30 and elaborat e kernoi.: 1 A Classical ( ?) fragmentary
practised by preg nant won1e11a nd 1notb ers, since Arten1 is, as soon as . criiition fron1 a sa nct ua ry at Samos 3 • refers to preparations of sa-
111s • d ... 1-.
she was born, helped as 111iclwife her 111 othc r to deliv e r ApoU.o (Apollod. crificcs for several differ~nt e1ties 111 t.,e sanctuary. For I{ourotrophos
Bibi. I, 4, 2; Servius, ad Ae11., Il l, 73). ,i_n
d Hermes (ls. 4ff.) 1t prescnbes round cakes, seven propitiatory
~lost probab ly the H ellenistic u1scriptio11, IG, xi, (2). 203A46 from sacrificial cakes, seven canclies and a banquet on the sacrificial table.
the 3rd centur y B.C.: a.i pylai rf.'i kfllli J( onrotrop!ion, refers to her Probably the state Godd ess Hera is meant here in her chthonic character,
sanch1ary . as well as in the passage of the Vita Herodotea (cf. s1vp,a),although
scholars usually int erpret her as Hekate.
6. San 10s
7. I<.os
Fr o111 the Vita Herodoten, li oin. Vitae 399, probably ,vritt en in the
4th century B .C., we learn abo ut a c ult of the l(ourotrophos in the Demeter was ,vor shipp ecl as I{ourotrophos in J{os, and probably
island of San1os. Th ere, acco rding to th e " 'rit er, I·Io1ner ,vent to the in Kniclos. Ainong the finds of terracottas of ripe archaic style found
celebrati on of th e Apat uria and n1et son1e ,vomen , sac1ificing in a in the sanctuary o f Demeter, near the harbour not far from the town
cross-road to Kourotrop hos, who told hin1 that h e o ught to go away orKos, are 1nenti oned "I<ourotrophoi, Silenoi ... ". 33 Th .is was a "Spring-
fro111the sac 1ifice; h e, u1stead, n1ade a ,vish to Kourotrophos for a Sanctuary" ,vith a cistern having a pillar in the centre. The finds go
young wo1nan he was in love with . Son1e thinJ, t hat the l(ourotrophos clown to the Hellenist ic period. Some of the I{onrotrophoi of late archaic
is Hekate because of the 111 en tiou of won1en sacrific ing in the triodos; and Classical ti n1es , o-f the Rhodian seated type with himation over
son1e ot hers that Ge should be und ersto od, who is ma inly th e J(ouro- the head, a re now in Constant inopl e. 3'1
trop hos.26 Athenaeus (xiii, p. 592a) attr ibut es th e las t hvo hexa1neters A frag1uenta ry early Hellenistic inscription: H erzog, H.G.K. 8.111.B.
with t he wish to Sophokles, who ,vas in love with th e etaira Theoris
u1 his old age. 2 7• :-lilsson. 1\if1\'1R, 4 72. Also Kirsten and J{raikcr, Grie<l1t11la,11lK1111de( 1 962 1
5.17/f., 8,~5: deta iled• bib !. For the sa nctuary of the Samian Hera see also
Fr on, the 1nention o f Aph.roclite before th e invocati on to the I<ou-
• ~ermeule. G/jl/ eri<ult, 138[[. and bib!. ..
rotrophos it has been though t th a t in th e version of th e Vita Herodotea, •8· f or the cult-bat h of the Samian Heraion see Chr. J<ardara. ?ome remar"1!
,vhcre it is not specified who the I<our ot roph os is, Apl1roclite should oo the Lud ovis i Relief" , A NI, 76 (19 5 1) Ssff . pl. 57; Nilsson,Gr1ech1scheFest~
·1 fL, Touai a (He,·aia} ,11 Sa ,no s. She also had a sacred grove: Sokolowski,
6
be understood . H owever th e expla nat ion of the Godd ess as Aphrodite
LSCG, 142, no. Sr.
is probably Athenaeus' own int erpr eta tion , since th is is an invocation 29. Only in Allf , 65 (1940); H. \¥alter, and Kl. Vicmeisel, "Fundeder Kampagnen
for a love-affair. ~958/9 " . .1i)if. 74 (1959) roff.
0
~lo,t p robab ly 1-lcra should be und erstoo d in th e abov e episode since it ~,: ·,: /I 1938, 580. Abb . 23; s,1prn.Type 111.F.
takes p lace in Sainos, durin g the celebrat ion of th e Apatttria a state S ,'1_. 74 (1959) esp. pl. 67 from the Botbros, 7th cent. B.C.
3~· liokolo,~ski, LSCG . r r, no. So where further bib!.
~ · I 11thH · on San1os
· ' 3 4
e e:raion the cult of th e Goddess had a i'v!ycenaean :
34s· Pr~, no. [198a]. a lso no. [ 6b), standin~. Cf. Nos. [rSS], (4-1.6) from
s,:r•og in A /I (1901) 135£., figs. 4, 14. Rhodes.
44 See SllfWO,
T,m,Jar e'<amples fron1 Lindos Li111los.,, nos. 367-68. SS9 · 90
26. '' 'es t , Hcsiod's T/,uogony, sc/10/. in v. ,15off.
ypc IT!. A.,1.a. .
 t-nC,\L CLll,TS :\ND REPRES ENTATIV ES T}ill REST OF T HE l Sl,ANDS
155
2 , 25, <.okolowski 1969, 26b, no. I 5-f, ls . 24f., rnentions pu •t· , ia ll Depos it ,va s f0Lu1din a cav ity that was dug t th
~
washing of (he statue oI l l1e 1- ·0 t rop I10s 111
, ot11 · t I1e sea 111
· cases of ri icator
.Y The S1 • . • • a e north.
11 J3i" Portico, and conta ined votives of the 3rd centu , BC
bi• discnvery of an unbun ' cc11JOcly, an cl sac n"f'ice of pig ' or s heep.po, Uhon of the .,
. crouchi ng
.b
oys an
d k
otu·o
t h .
rap . 01, s01ne of which bear
I)
f ·t
.. ,
r(•,·('rSPof the sto ne de,t Is 1v1t· 11 p ttn·-r·,catio
.· ns ofD ernete r's priest'>Slhe. JllOSl I}
.n adci•tion
.
1
f a rm , 42
to the• child. Althoug 1 o · late date they reproduce the archaic.
1
seems 1nosl probab le that the stat ue in question is the cult statess, it 1
. t'c J)osture 10 the seated type.
· I - < Uc, or Juera 1
0 111, nf the cull statues of Den, eter . n the d en1e l sthn1os of I{os a" r .
The earl iest kourotrop ho1 co1ne fro1n th e Gr.eat Depesit or near by
pregnant s heep" and cakes were offered to the iVIoth er of the God~~~cct c,,in with tb e early 6th century. The veiled Ionian type , seated
all d b o .
a throne with th e _cluld held or suckled at the left, is the most eommon
8 . Rhodes 011
from the early peno;l (su,Pra Types I_II.A.3, . III.A:4-a.i-iii, and b;
The stro ngest cuJt o f a nur sing Goddess in the islands seenis to h ,
. di a 111
· _ Rl10cles . I-Ier pr el1istoric
· a,c 11J.,\.j.c. i, J II.A .8). 171e lat e Geontetnc figurtne with legs missing,
been that of At hena L111 associations described as seate d, could probably be of Typ e l.B.1 (swpra),but with
have often been no ted. \Ne are in formed a bout th e na tu re of her cult the l1ead ha ncl-1nodellecl.
:u1d the iconography by bvo vot ive d epos its excavat ed near her temple Eight Classica l exainples in Constant inopl e '13 are unpublished but
on the Acropol is of Linclos. 30 Th e bigge r of thenl, the " Great Deposit" a, from the descr ip tion th ey seem to be variations of the lonian-Rhedian
was excavate d in a cavit y of the nat ural roc k, at t he ,vest of the Propylaea'. type, with the ltiination ove r th e head.
The vot ives are 1nainly fro111 525-400 B.C. and a fe\\• fron1 before the The sta nding type appears in the late 6th century with two children,
middle of the 6th century. ·r o explain th e p rcclo1nina nce of female one on th e left sh ou lder and one standing al the right. 44 The same type
statuet tes Blinkenberg 38 s uggested that the forrn of eve ryd ay veneration continues to be n1acle in th e rst quarter of the 5th century and was
was practised par ticula rly by wo n1en because ... they are 1nore pious imitated at }Ia likarnassos. (Type III.D.r.a.i and b.i-ii). Variations of
and superst itious! So he says they offer their statu e ttes (he takes those the type were fou nd in n1any other easte rn Greek cities, in colonies,
of the kou rotro ph oi as representations of 1nort a ls) to get the p rotec tion ancl in Crete (see s11,praTyp es lll.D.r.a. ii-vi i and b.iii-v; III.D.1.c-d).
of the Goddess. Th e facts are not so si111pl e, how ever. Apart fro 1n the l,at cr the type appea rs less seve re with one child only, on the shoulder,
Hlasses of sta tuettes repr esen ti ng kourotr oph oi (about a hundred al- sometimes with it s head und er th e himation of the mother. This type
together- 14 in the Great Deposit, 39 in t he S1nall Depos it and 43 !rom appears also in ,nid 5th century exa n1ples from l(atneiros, where there
the a rea, in Constant inople) there were a lso fow 1d inan y statuettes ll'as a te,n ple of A lh ena on the Acropolis. 45 In Kan1eiros were found
of crouching boys, 39 and child ren in a cradl e, indication of a cult of the also 5th cent u ry st atuett es of t\VO Goddesses und er a vcil,46 si11 1ilar
kourot rophos, as well as statu ett es of p igs, doves a nd turtles.• 0 The examples appear a 1nong the votives to Linclia. Tulanystanding examples
attributes of the fe1nale stat uett es a re, apart fron1 the child, llower, with one or two ch ildren are still unpublished in Constantinople .47
dove, phiale, sacr i1icial bask et (three-handl ed kanoun),u thyntiaterion The exan1ples with two children n1ost probably represent the wor-
and ty 1npanon . shippers. For the rest of the standing examples it is difficult to say
whom they repre sent. They probab ly are generally mortals, but in some
3j, Sokolowskj 1969, 296, no. J 69, J3 [. Jines 61.
36 · Blmkenl;>erg, "La deesse de Lind os", A ,·cl,R 1~1 28 ( r930) 154f.; Nilsson,
,,f,~f
R 495t '
4·, . L iudos, i, no s. 292 5-26, 2930 -31' 2935 -37 crouching hoys: !or kourotrop),oi.
37. L i,id,>s,i, 7IL, 40, 53.
38. L i,idos, i, 34 . ~<:csr,pi-a,, Types TII.A .8 «n<l 111.D.S.

· t~:
39 l . d ·
;~~ii~c It t, TI;' rrom the 5th cent. B.C ., Big 'Deposit. and later from
p · '. 111 pos,t, :'\os. 2 935-2937 from t he B j« Depos it a re in cradle; see
43- ,_lcnde l, Ca./., no s. 1033-40 .
4~· Sup,•i, Ty pes IIT .D.1.a .i a nd b.i.
4~· Higgins, Cat., no s. 229-30. I ii
nee. . pas su11. o 46· ~-~igg ins. Cat,, 20If. A rc/,,R IV 1935, 87, note 5; Xilsson. Op11scult, 5 ' ,a'II '
40. l. iHdos, i , pi, 113-
2
4 r. Lindos, i 70 Schol T i ~~ • where lu.rth er bib l Price 11 61, Type II.3.b. ·th h·1alc
g<>ingto' •t . 1eocr...u, 66: "it is customary for t he women t 113 t are
• . 88
-17 nl J • ' · ' ) S S• (874 · WI P
°nc~I, Cttt., nos. 662, 89 1-95 (891 : child with polos , 7o- - with . megrnnate '
HC I' P fc married to carry " r,anoun to Artemis" •f. Arias-Shel!Oll, . 0 wit h /lower), 883-9 0 ch ild on left shoulde r; nos. 886· 8 7 po
, 3 3, under no. 22. 1. 111
the right hand; no. 888 with phialc.
 J.rJC,\L cv r.TS ,\N I) REl'JtESENTAT l VES THE RES T OF T HE ISLANDS
157

in,tanccs, as when th e c hild wears ,t polos, they represent t ile d . ed I,e to and La irbenos. Th e ,vo rship of Artemis-Leto has b een t raced
111tl Pan phyl ia n coast at Pc rga , tltro ugh Kabalis to Dion
One could ask who this child is and what is its co1u1cction with Atheity, 11~ 1 Ii
·otn ie cl ·h ysopo s
Lindia. Js it a n1ort:1.l chi'Jcl, or a di v1ne
. one, an d r. f so, 1vho? If he ena f1
icl 5a a t la 011 the north a n . o n t e. ,vest along
. the slope of !lies .
sogis
. . ·1. rprc. 31 _ Th e God ,v110 is associated w1tl1 her as "synnao .. d
histo ric associatio ns arr tak e n into cons1c eration, and also the co 1 05
Ep1m· . s ~
· Cypr us an dhEth nnec. 10 b ios" unde r the na1nes , Sabaz1os, Apollo, ·s
lions nf Rh odes w1tl1 t e 'as , t e problen1 should not be "-},in on . , . l\llen S01.011 1 not
difficult . > band but h er son : sh e 1s both Parthenos and :tlieter.&e
her,hUSc ' · an entu· e class of re 11e · fs sho,v1ng ' a Goddess of the Kybele
Also in Lind os were found a rcha ic statuettes oI mo nkeys seated with ] 11c r 15 · •
57
child,Js a t}1,c widespread in th e Greek wor~d, fr o.1 n Sicily, where it was . ccon1pa n1ed by a youth ful God. Th ese come from late periods
50 51
tr pc ,, '
particularly popu la.r,"9 to llhaca and Ru ssia . - d Lhc inscripti o ns elate fron1 th e 2nd centu ry B.C. but the cult must
Th e two depos its and th e rest of the finds fro rn the area of th e Aero.
~II
ve preceded these re 1narns, . .
since ev1'clence frmn other sites shows
polis of Lindos compr ise th e larg est of th e kn o,vn groups of kou rot rophoi ihat such cults ,ve re wi·c1esprea cl
ha _ fT0'.71 ea: Iy tim. es 1~
. As.
1a Minor. Artemis,
c01ning f.ro111 one place; to these should be added th e stat uettes of the vcrvoften connected ,v1th child -birth 111t11e mainland {Theaet. 14gB:
Double Goddess and the crouching childr e n or children in crad le, as ,.A;temis,although unmarried is in charge of child -birth") was worshipped
votives. Childr en in cradle co1ne also fron1 to n1bs of Kan1eiros. 52 Some as Locl,ia in Can1breion, n1ysia , according to an inscription of the 3rd
years ago a very rich votive deposit ,vas exca vate d in Phileremos; century B .C. wh ich ment ions a temp le of Artemis Lochia. 58
unfortunately it is sti ll unpubli shed. 53 Its publication 1nay reveal new f ron1 1\1[etropolis, i11 Ionia, con1es a 4th century inscription with
1naterial. In general there is not g reat variety in th e types, especially puriricatory prescriptions, invoking against the unjust the local Mother
in the seat ed one. Goddess. in front of \vhose temrle the ins erip tion was erected; she is
Th e cult of the I{ouro lrop hos is found u1 n1any of the ea.5tern islands. calledi\'fother Ga llesia, fro1n Gal lesion, th e na me of the region between
Th e use of the epithet I{ourotropbos is at tested only in Samos an d Kos.~1 Metropolis an d Ephesos. 60
A rst cent. B.C . inscription fro1n n'linoa, A1norgos, gives details about rrom the exca vations of the last and th e begimtlng of this century
the ~Iet roia, the cult and th e feast of the niothe r (which ,vas, p resumably, in the Arten:tision of Ephesoscome ten terracotta statuettes representing
n1ore anc ient) as reorganized after a gene rous donation by a certai.11 seated veiled l(ourotropho i of Ionian-Rhoclian type, dating from the
I-Iegesaretc . Tbe Nietroia co1nprised 1nysteries, a banquet a nd, among first half of th e 4t h cent ury. 60
others, sacrifice of a 111atureewe and a co\v. From 111-iletosconies a Classical 1narble relief, dedicated for a musical
victory (snprn.,no. (65?]). Th e nam es of the deities represented are
9. Asia IV[i1tor inscribed abov e : I(o ur otrop h0s, Leto, Apolloo, Artemis. The dedic~~or
)'[uch n1aterial con1es fron1 the Greek to ,vns on the coas t of Asia himself is rep1esented in small er scale at the right corner. 11.11 four deities
)linor. This is th e result of the inAuence of th e "rea t fema le deities that are kourotrophoi. Kourotrophos he rself is thanked, presumably ro~
flourished in th e East, n:tixed with the Greek s;i rit of the I onian cults bringing hiln up as a n1usician. She holds a burning torch, as kourotrophot
and th e art of the coastal cities. ss ~cities often do. Fire is conn ected with child-birth, as either a s~cred
All in_s
c~i~tion f?und in Onnelcis I{abalis, S. Plu· yg ia, is dedicated: unmortalizing bath, or pur ify ing .at Ino-Leukothea was also worshipped
Apolloni hat 11.etn Apollonos. In inscriptions fT01n Di onysopolis they are
18. Li,wos, i, nos. 19of . 5, pl. s5. ; 6. 1bid., 228(.
4,;. See stt-pr
a. nos. (819]!. · 57-lb~ .. 230. ,,
5o. Ivory from A~tos, M. llo bertson "Excavatio ns in Itbaca V" BSA -13 (r 94S) SS.~ittenberge r. S1•/logs•, i. 2 19-33. Cormack , "Insc rip tions from Beroea •
115, pl.48cl. · · ' • · 51
~I. P~tikapaion, see sup,,,., in this chapter. So' · ,11(r9 ,fo•4s) 106L
59· 1to 1owsk i LS111vrs
2
~ · H,g~m s. Car., nos. 155·57, early 5th cent 6o. s,..• , • ' 3, no. ~- 9- Cl (19•2) 4SS·S6·
Le,,. •r1,;•a.. nos. (165-73a). See also Ch. Picard, Ep!,l!t el ~'::ead of Artemis.
53- A11mU1rio(1957) 2 ,1-"
54. Sokolowski 1969, , 96, 110 ~~03
•
tc~.,
6i. See'; 1s no need to snggest tha t t he l(ourotrophos 15 Lc~o 1 1 _6z) L Also
supra{onto leon • "Re Gennesis tou Dios". , l(r e/Chro , tyI
11 ""
55- Ramsay, in JHS, 10 ('1SS ) 2; 6, I.
7 • p. 120.. t he E leu sinian 1·elief.
 J.OC .II, Cl'J ,1,; ,\~ fl l!EPRE SEN TATJ\'1,S T HE Rrs ST OF THE ISL1'u'-DS
159

in \lilelris, arrtl a <:< 1lesl ~f boys was perforr n ed in her honour,62 •

11 I( vrne co1n es a I·Iell enist ie te rracot ta figurine of a .
\J.>O fro111 , . tl f f .. umque
1'''"~1hlc that slir 1s Lhe l\ v11rofroplws of lhe above relief· tl It 1s t . a wo1na1 1 with a bu 11on 1e Ie t, o the_ type of Victory with the
.
would lit· apprnpnale, as s I1e was c h t l10111c
. ' le lorch
, assoc iated oft .cs t)'~~;, ~ the Nike Tein~l e Balu st rad e; but with th e right arm she holds
11
I ltkatc and Perscpho11e. · en With Buakecl ba by \Vhich t '.·ies t o ~eac h her breast with its right hand. Her
Anolher Classica l relie f conies fro1n Sigeion, from the end of the _ :1_11' • Oies in the a ir, form ing a ba ckg round for the child.•' Babe.Ion
01 111111a t 1011cl tha t it is a n 1m· ·1t atton
· o f n1onu1nental sculpture, and the
cenlury. 63 Il is usual ly conside red as the ba se of a votive -sta t :> t
losl: a sealed fe1naIe r.1gu re h olcls wit. h one l1and th e hin1ation thatue, now suggcsc. . of th e clu· ld ·1s a capr ·ice o f th e co1op · 1ast with· no significance
·
- covers adcht1on . . ,
her ht,arl. l•oui· others approach her fro1n le ft and righ t, th ree ea , ' · t J)Crhap s he conf used t he r epresentation with myths from the
or 1 . proba bi e t 11at the coroplast had the nymph
children, the ot her (first fro111le ft) b rin ging a phial e a nd a cista. ~(~n
g . t ia of Diony sos . It 1s
,nfancy
. d e or A riaa n e .u1 nun . d . Sh e o·f ten appears .111 vases on the bull
been exp lained ~s a votiv e to the Goddess . Ei leithy ia, illustrat ing t~ Ana n o , . ,
dedicatio n of cluldr en to her; tlus custo n, JS k now n fro n1 inscriptions in Dionysiac sce n_cs. Also she app ears as ~ourotropho s orthe infant
08

fro1n various places. . --os on a p ebk e of th e Chi cago Pau1ter. 0

DJOily> •
!::io
me sort of cu lt o f a n Orienta l-Greek l{our ot rophos 1uust hav Sonic la te archa ic an d Classical representations of kourotrophoi
existed in Ta.rsus of Citicia. F ron1 th e ea rly period, the last quarte: come front La.risci on tlze Jleri11os.Appar ently there are also some early
of lhe 7 th centu ry, I kno,v only one represen ta tion o:f a Pho enician archaic exan1ples still unptiblish ed .70 Thre e lat e archaic examples are
type ~ls~ (~und_ in Cyprus.0 • Also fron1 Tars us conies an Aegypto- an Acolic variant of the seated Ionian type (supra,110s.(112-14)).There
tl cllen1st1c figunn e o ( Isis sea ted with tl1e legs apart, between which isalsoa vot ive relief \Vith hole for suspensi on, a local variant of a Rhodian
sits a naked boy with t he left leg clnnvn up. Sh e pu ts h er hand s on its i}lJe (supra., no. (641)). Th ese ar e probab ly connecte~ with ~ cult of
forehead .05 Fron, ·r arsos con1e 1na ny terraco tta vot ive plaques with re- Kvbcle as J{our otroph os , b eca use statuettes of her with the hon were
presentations of sta nd ing 1nothc r and ch ild (s,upi,a, nos . [530), [604)), ro;111 cl in the sa1ne d istric t .71 Also found ,vere statuettes of half-reclining
and also representation s of ch ild re n. 66 Th ey dat e from th e 3rd cent. B.C. and crouchin g cl1ildr en of Classical Rhodian type. 72 Later Aeolian
73
and continue in th e sa1ue typ e until the period of 'fibe riu s. It has been variants of crouch ing chi ldr en co1ne fron1 Myrina and Neandr ia.
suggested that th ey ar e con nected wit h. the c ult of l{ybel e as a nursing In Lagina on the friez e of the te1nple of Hekate, (swpra,no. _(672)),
Goddess. irom the 2nd centur y B.C., s0 1ne sce nes seem to be connected ,~1th the
In J{ y i1rn there are also indicat ions for a cult of l(yb ele, Excavations cult of 1-Ie kat e I<our otrop hos. Th e seated figu re has been explained as
of the last centtu·y uncove red an a rcha ic stat ue of h er (530 B.C.), and Hckatc to who1n th e new -born c hild is brought since she is a l{o~ro-
1nany sta tu et tes representi ng her. There were also found 1 nany statu et tes trophos. The interpr etat ion as the birtl1 of Zeus in which Hekate assJSts
of seated won1en suc kling a ch ild, so1n et i1nes with the attributes of as a Kourotropho s see 1ns the 1nost plausible. Hekate l{ourotrophos
l~ybele, lion or ty1npanon. (supra, no. [682)). The t err acottas dat e from appears also on aJJoth er slab of the same frieze (S1t,pra, no. [69$)).
different p eriods but they reproduce a t raditiona l type that continued In Halikaruassos D emeter seems to have been a Koa rotrophos too,
nd
to be made unalter ed for a long tinie . for in the site where th e temp le of Dem eter has been placed was fo~
an early 4t h century sta t uette of a standing kourotro phos of Rbodian
62. Fan1cll, G•eoltHero Culls 3-.1 67 I . G It A 'chiolo•iqu t 1881-2 ,
· n Basilcwsk i Collection, F rance; Babe lon Ill ,a:,e e ' •
63. l3aur , Eileitf,,yi"· ' 47 ·..Cl,o,seu
· I-Gou (!Jer.
. ,., ,cc
BJi,,fC S Nfusonm Nlllrb lcs LX , pl. 11. JCI') • '.:15, pl. r6. 6-
Rom,;,, ~~1 f..,g.,"'~w
11
r, u no . 789. A . H . Smith, British A1., Dt}pt. of Gl'ctlt a71d 68
r, · l echnau, "D ie Gotti n auf dein Stier". JdJ,52 ( 1937) 93, notes 7 ',1RI" 630,
c . 1· 1914 ) no 7s9 · ide m. Bri t ish ,v/.,
19· Gerhard, 1),fo n ,o,i. fllediti , ii, pl.
17 , Zank er, r11mtlol. Beazley,
A 1 "''blcs u11d Bro11scz{Lo ndon 1
S G
"" e lo the G,•eek a, 1d R
Despines, AE (i
· '
oma,,i A11t-iqt1ilies (Condon 1902) 71, uo. 7
'
9 631 46 -68 , p ls. 1-Tl mterp rete d it as a tomb-trapeza, bu
?· t ;o no.·IA (4 (~o)
2
- •
b'Jd
, . 'bt es in t.arisa Ton • er,
we bavc
no parallel for s 1 ' . . a· t934) 4to: "seit der friiben Arcba ischen Zeit gi
64. AJA, 41 (
1937
)
2
r, ~c, a repr esentatio n on a tomb -monument. 71 s'chilut ter mit 1<:inddarsteUen".
r,- T . 76 , 1g . • 8. C efotd D 1· ·
:>· flarsus. 1, 342 , pl . ~ n ,, ., . 72,• •l bi,I , • l(Jeu1e F1tn dc, nos. [57-61].
66. 1 arsus, i, pl. 246, n~~'. i;i/3· Sec lype lll.A.1.a .i.a nd III.A.5.a. 73 \· . ., pl. 9, 25-28.
4 · · Vin tc1 ..
·, "· 269.4 and 266.7.
 +
1,nC.\J, CULTS A:-ID RJ1PRESEX TATIVE S THE REST 01' TifE ISLANDS
16o 161

l\'jlC, holding an infant unde r her hirnation ,vhich is pull d ]). Th ere are also nurses, paeclagogues, Satyrs with childr M
. ( . . tl . d
hcad.;4 Statuettes ~ ~otanes w r 1 prgs, a n . crouching boys 76 er
e over h 2 3
(59 ·9 . i· tic cult oI i\ileter l{ybele in Pergamon is suggested by a en.
\ He11en s . • d . 85 cave,
found in the same dist rict. F rorn a votive d epos it con 1es a I(o Were '. terracotta frgu ru1es an cou1s.
of the R.hodian type with child on th e should er (su,pra urotrophos f111ds o1ra.l fi"'uiin es represen tu'1g a l<ourot roph os come from the cemeteries
Also the Classical sea ted Ionia n type is kn o wn her e (supr;. ~o. a]). 6
[44 Sevc,: <ia I(yr
:::,
n e, In- T epe. 8G i\,
[
1, any o
f tl1ese reproduce Classical or even
17 of ~ r) 111 • . .c A p I11·0d'1te with
. .
E,·aris ;G 1nenlio11sfigurines of th e yo un g bearded or beardl;ss ~- 0 9a]). ·. tvpcs. Tl:te I-Iellen 1sti child-Eros from In-Tepe
, also a Class .ic al t ype . TI 1ese examp Ies from }.[yrina probably
e~rlrer ,ces
associated \\'ith votive figures of the J(ourotrophos , that ,vere / "Yso_ s, ~ rod L
•• . ound in . .
J·lalikarnassos, a typ e cornn1011a 1nong tl1e 1. a re.nbn e terracottas sent J( ybele, s rnce s he \Vas worshipped there, and many statuettes
The ~acred precinct of Den1ct er a nd 1,o re in Knidos ha, s be. of licr wilh one or bvo r10 11s,verc foun d 1n
rcpre . Mynna,
. l{yme and nearby.111
• . . ·c11 con-
sidered by Bau r ' 1 as con1pns 1ng a cul t of J(ourotrophos because t1 \ late a rchai c s tatuette of a seated kou rotrophos no,v in the Louvre,
were found dedication s of 111 odels of fen1ale br eas ts to the Godel iere wi;h the indi ca tion "Ion ian coast?" , is identical ,vith one formerly
or to J<ore alon e. I-Io,vever, th e evid en ce is not sufficient. The ::~ in Hrin<> ver, I(est ncr \V[useu1n, (s1-r.pra, nos. [131-32)), which was acquired
patron Arte1nis was ,vorsl1ippcd jn l(niclos as Hiakynthotrophos (sic);s in Athens; th e latt e r was lost clurin5 the war. It is not impossible that
somet i1nes int erpr eted as " nur se of Apollo- l{ ya kin thos" , by E. r.Iaassas it was i.Jnport ed fron1 Tonia or even made locally copying an Ionian
synonym of Pa edotrophos (Hyak - inthos: Pais).7° ".A.rtemis Hyakintho- rnould, since in th is p eriod I on ian influence is very strong in Att ica.Sil
tTophos and Epiphan es" was her t itl e i11 later tin1es, accordi ng to a Finally. (ront Asia Minor come some statuettes depicting personifi-
rst cent. B.C. honor ary inscription for h er priest -for-life and Evcrgetes cations or Alexandr ian taste: ihe Goddess Tyche holding on the left
of the people, Arte1nidoros, whose golde n st atu e was erected in her shoulder her chi ld Ploutos (s11,pra, nos. [490], [665],Fig. 38).
ternple.80 According to inscription s fow1cl in i\1iletos , Delphi and else-
where 8 1 Panh ellenic Gaines were celeb ra ted in her honour. 10. Africa
In J)ergamon Apollo was worshipped as l(allite kn os (Aristides, ed.
From Naukra ti s t here is ep igraphic evidence for a cult of Hera Eilei-
Keil, p. 398, § r8f.; p. 409, § 4), th e father of the wonderfu l child As-
thyia s9 and fro1n the sa nct uary o-f Aphrodite comes a veiled Isis in
klepios. He had a te1npl e in the Askl ep ieion.s 2 In tl1e Asklepieion was
Greek sty le ho lding the ch ild Horos. 90 Son1e n1ore statuettes from
also found a dedication to Leto, 83 " 'hos e status here is not clear, due
to lack of sur viving evidence. l\aukratis ar e of th e standing type \Vith the child held to the left, common
in the easte rn periph ery: Phoe11ic ia, Tarsus, Alexandria and eastern
Isolated exainp les are kn own fro1n several other sites of Asia Minor.
Fron1 ;\'[yrina con1e 1na ny statuettes of I<ourotropho i (supra,nos. [578I. J, Cyrcnaica. Fron1 Naukratis also co1ne statuettes of the type of a woman
recliningentir ely naked on a couch, exp lain ed as child-birth dedications
74• l\ewto11'. H11lic a r,iass11s, JI.ii, 32 3_ pl. 47 .• : Hi gg in ~ ci,t. , 130, pl. 6,i. Baur
E1lett/1y,a.71f. :, •
75, :-lewton, H1ilica1·11 i,ssus, pl. 6o, f ig. 1 1 8,!. Besqucs, Cat., i, pls . 96-7, 166-67, late Hellenistic. . A Conze
76.. E
Bvans in . . 1• 6 (1886) T a.ren+<
. . JHS ..,ne ·r erracotta
· s, 12. .
s,. M. J. !vfolliuk , "Archaeology itt Asia Minor", AJA 77 (1 973) tS7, t/. ·
77 ~u r, Eileil/,, •,a 63f. Newton, I1alicrir11ass11s, I , pl. lvi ii.9 where lie cons,ders and P. Schazmann , /1,famurt 1(11/e (Jdl S11ppl. 9). . from
cse vobv: oHcnn gs as weights. 86. ~lendcl, Cr,t nos 2607-8 2630 '.2634-5 from i\'lynua.; nos. ~984-8_9 6
78 · B .dc.,..~ietric b ,_•·_Notes on the Linear B Tablets in the Contei.-t of i\1ycenaean 1· ·• · • ' . ' . ' I 6b· 1 3 •· \,Vrnter, u, 4 •4·
,p y,ne,
·
no . 1867 from fepe. \',lwter r, r42.6 anc
' •
• + • :,, .. f 'I "'na
··11 I5 v vu rom .1.1 l• • • ·
an
G v,eek relw1on" b • 1
o c01,grcssoJ11 .1c,·n J\l[ice11eo Rom e r967 (1•1wm1ab11l• Other and Re ia ac h , L<>Nicropols tie 11'fyrr11a, • P · •
ra« a xx-v •) 9 98 n 31 l
temp le and .the fe~t:. ·
b'b l' . '
w ,ere 1 1ograp hy : also Ni lss on, Gr ,
G R l ' {orthe Bulle, De,• sthih1s M e11schin Altei•/,i.111 (1898) 40•+ 1 , pl. ro6 left:.
79, E. 11aass, sup,a, u. 5 . :,c
8 1 11 1
s~· . 3 (r889) 548.
\lch, Studi eu, 109[[.
80. L. Robert "I nsc · t' 89 · I'\l lobla
A,.. _ d' . ,. · ·· 00 4 , 7 689(vo ve,
ti' )
81. Robert (s,;p,a nnsp ),ons d'Aphrodisias " , A?IICI, 35 (1966) ,f20-2I- 90· 1 ;· .. ,.,.,r m cr, l?1st1-i,Plio11sfrom Ntn1nl'al1s, II, . . "' . CH (1890) fig. 150;
82 • · o 4 21 n 3 · p'.'J'Cc,l~NIC, S c-111
,ptw·c , l , i 197, fig. 238. l.ec~at, rn B e~t~tons of Isis and
• E. Oblemut z, Die J(, ,if ' · · • . _ wdt
1968) 1 2 1, c imd /f e,lrg lum ar cler Goller i111Pcrgrwron (Danns •card, 111 RA . r 5 (r910 ) 85, n. 4. For hellem~cd repres Episl. Ef>tleris101,
1-loros or Harpokrates in Roman tintes see J\. Schefold,
83. 1bid., , 2,
e·p·1strmio11 Alhe,io11, g (1965) 69f.
Pa11
 16.1 r.nCAL Cl' L TS ,\)11) REPRE SENT ,\ TlVES

to Ai•hrntlite.01 Fr om Cyrenaica co1ue so n1c statuettes of I< Chapt er Sixt een

. · ourotr ~ .
r~uprll,
110S,(r73c), [229b], [547}, th e last Wlth the baby in a cradletP •,01,
N ortl1 Greece
II. l(ri 111
ea
Fro1n J, ertch and elsewhere in Soutl1 Ru ssia co1ue sorne Cla . the ea rliest p rehisto ric l{ou rot roph oi co1nes from north G
. . r· . f I . 'ss rcal and one Of , . . . reece,
Hd lciustrc lerracotla rgunn cs o 0111ans ty le (supra, nos. [I 8 a) [ . . essaJv.
frorn 111 . ' ,
L 1 hen t he1e 1s a long gap 111the surv iving e 'd
,590]_.Fig. 42), also a 5th century G reek ?e n1_92 ,vith a sea ted
offering her left breast to an E ros standing 111fro n t of her a t
7
A~h;~~1•
e
Mos
• A few ,nore, 11:1a1n
.
.
ly
.
Hel l . .
. .
·t of the 0 1atcn a l a nd its ea rliest spec imens con1e from Olvnthos
,
v1 ence.

enrsti.c, exan1ples come from different sites

.
,·erv co111 . G l . . f I . '
mon tn reece, c 1aracterist1c o s1s, ntu·siJ1g th e J·irlg ype not
b / ~Jaceclonia and Thr ~c~. Seve ral figurine s, still unpublished, were
. · . . '- sym ol- 0
1call_,. 111 the attit ude of I-Ioros. Fro111South Ru ssia, ho,vever th . excarat ed in the Art en11s1on on Th asos. H o\v~ver, North Greece lacks
·· ·d f ., , ere 1s
no d ec1s1ve ev1 ence or a ctut; t 11ese stat uett es 111i ght be fortuitous ., Pausanias who woulcl giv e us all the information about cult.
imports. ' There are in.fluences and i111it a tion s of Rho clian, Boeotian and es-
pecially Attic origin als (suprci, nos. [233-37], [317), and Fig. 29; also
gr. Baur , £il cilhy itl 42. Gul-,;h in BSA, 22 (1898) 8z, nos. 49·<6, pl. 14 '"g .
Cl. s11p
ra., ·1
·
. ypc Ill . C . J u• s. ,., . nos. [268-76]).
92. Furtwiin gler, At1fikB Ge111111 en, pl. 13.4. The few early 5t h cen t trry sucklin g l(o urotropho i are important since
they are a,nong th e ea rli est examp les we have in Greece of the moulded
suckling type. Scholars h ave always believed t hat this is a type created
in ~lagna Graecia, fore ign to the Greek classical feeling.2 The type has
been supposed to ha ve con1e to Greece only in the late 5th century after
the distu rbance \Vhich t he sta rt of th e Pe loponnesian war brought to
the accepted conserva tisn1 in art and othe r matters. These early suckling
examples ar e probab ly At henian iinports, or made from imported
moulds. It is irnpr obabl e that Olynthos had creat ed a new type at such
an early dat e.
Tht: r<ourotr op hoi ,vere fou nd ,nostl y in graves, but some were found
in houses. There are no signs of a Goddess, like a Polos, or an attribute.
There arc also s0111 e jnterest ing H ellenisti c statue tt es from graves
at Vcrroia (su,pra,nos. [58r], (174a)). .
A Hellenistic frag111 en tary figu.rine of a kourotrophos was found 111
1963 in the excavations ii1 Pe lla (Section I, 4 where masses of st at uettcs

were excavated, be lieved t o be a koroplast's workshop). .

Oliier isolated exa n1ples, of I onian type, come fro111different sites
(s1tpr a, nos. [486-88}, Fig. 37; nos. [450], (544-46]). A marble statu:
01a crouching boy in t he I{ava la .i\'Iu seum comes fron1 Koniotene bu
ns t·ances 111
the .care111 . which it was found are un k·now n· The statuettes
of I,ourot
rop h 01• co111i.ng from grav es 1n 1g • h t represen t Dernetcr or Korc

'· Fro,,, S (1 6 ) figs 35,c, (?,luseulll

0
r, esklo, Neol ith ic. ]>. Demargne, Ao/!ean .41'1 9 f ·
• , .\thcn sJ.
... J•urtwa 1 •
ng er . Sauo11roJJCol/ ectiou, note 1n pl. 71.
"
 LOC\J. (I J.I" ,:- r , 1( 1 Pl<I :Sl~l'.\ll\Jcs
11,4 XORi ll <:RJ!ECt;

\II ,rnti·rtr,•,< 1- ,,/ tl ll' rlt•arl wo r~hippccl in T hasos a

-~cl• l . I . ~r and Wh .111tcrcs tin g cu ll of a ,lf alcr T lreon A11loc/rthon at Leukopctra, in
J•r<• ,
I (• ... ,
111 \ •·•·r•·,.ftcn /11
u nd 111 ton, >s 111 I• accdonia ·
• or lh ey • se
0
.-\Jl •• is kn o" ·n al th e 1non 1en t only through Roman finds.• The
I I , r• 1,r1·,u11 Pa r tlll'nos, lh t· Inca! Goddess whose lcin 111 11:ht,
~(:tccdo:;\h c ded icat ion is not c lea r in th e thre e published inscrip tions.
P' r i,1 ' • . • •• • • • •• • P1e an 11
1 , 111an w,·n· ,-xra,a lt·d 111 h ,l\ a l,l, al lcas l so m e o f th em r d
re!l5° • t'on of the Sanc t uary has not been completed yet. Further
'' cpreSent ·r1'1" exca,-a
1
1· It h" I Id . ·r
rn,,rta l wonwn ·• ,a , revea l an car 1er cu ,v re 1 wou JUSti y the epithet
·1lw ,i11lr ~rr)up o f ,·oti, ·<>s (a (u c llt>s o f l{ou ro trop ho i coniing rcs~arch n )
1 Autocht hon.
s;nirtnar\' in ;-.'or lh (,r c<•ct• ar e th e figurines fron1 the Arternisi::~ a
Tlla~os, all unpublished, (supra, nos_- [-1-5oa ), [546a)). They are main!; " . 1'vfaketl o11ikn 7 ( 1966-67) 343H.
"Xoo•ll><« 'Ap 1.« co),oy<><«
_ Ph. Pctsas, • , •
9
fra~lllt·ntan·. and on th e whole rc-1n1nd one of the deposits of Lind
'Jhasn, a, rt colony ri f Pa ro~ l1as st rong 1on1an .. 111[I ue n cc. Th ere arc man.
~

l•·ir arn tt a pr•ilo1nci;, itb yp ha llic Sil\·no i, cro uchin g boy s, a nd I<oun;.
trr,pho1.
There is a lso a Hellenistic frag n, enl ,vi th th e heads of t he twin God-
<lcssr>s, with tl11· hi 1nalio n ra ised Like a sltield on th eir bac k.4 Thes e
~lalu cllc s shou ld be pro bab ly co nnec ted with Art e n1is who was wor-
~hipped in th e sa nc tua ry a nd was co nc er ned \vith c hi ld-ca re. A deposit
cn111 in!{ fro1n a sancLua ry o f a fema le de it y, acco rdi n g to th e finds,
at Arnpelia of Pha rsa la co nt a in ed , a m ong m a ny vot ive terra cottas
r ..prcsr nlin g pigs :u1d other a11i111als an d , von, en , a J<:our otrophos
(supra, no. [349]).
A very frag 111 enla ry terraco t ta stRLue tt e excav at ed in the Agora
of Th cssitloni ki 5 sccn, s to repr ese n t a se a ted d ra p ed \V0111 a n with a
child standing by her.
A Il ellcnisi ic suckling J<.our ot roph os a nd s ta tu et t es of childr en were
fou nd in the l{cllenistic Sa nct ua ry of Pas ik ra ta (30 0 -10 0 B .C.) at Pagasai
in Thessaly (supra, no. [267)). A Ny 1nph as l{o ur otr op h os of Di onysos
is represented on a fine silve r a lab as tron fr o m Th ess aly (su,pra, no. [422]).
The only cer tai n evidence for t he c ul t o f a I<:our ot rop hos in Nor th
Greece, comes Crorn insc rip tions of R on1a n tiin es. One of th e1n was
found in th e ch urch of St. George in Vc rro ia , ,vher e it wa s used as a
Ho!y Tab le.G Tt is ,\ dedica tion by a co up le t o I s is Loc hi a fo r th~ safe
clchv cry of their daught er. Acco rd ing to lh e I{ yn1n of Is is ; she lS the
one who "'pr on1isccl to th e wo1n an to br ing to Ligh t th e tc n-11,onlb old
bab y" . Ino-T.eukoth ca was ap pa rently ve nera ted as a child -birth deity
by lhe wmncn o [ Th cssaly .ij
 CENTRAL ITALY, ETR UR!A A:-1D I.ATn.;~l -CA)I PANIA l6
7
Chapte r Sevent een
•11•1 01. L ucifera- \vhose Rte1np le in Netni10 was a religious cent re of
r..uc• ' d tcr of th e \Vhole on1an En1pire,
Jv ·111 Ia •
and Jun o Lucina.
Central I taly, E tr ur ia and L atium-Carnpania Ita ' these godd esses hav e sa nct uaries, te1nplu1n,. fa num, or lucus,
11
A
•1c c~caval.- . ' ions· of so1ne of .these yielded 1nany votive offerings, some
B"Lh in Elruria :i.nd in Lat iutn cul~s o( t l~e ~ ~rsing G~ddess Under 11 : re of interest for t lus study.
l.ffhr<'nt naincs- arr attested bol h • by • l he l1te1at y tradi tion and l ie I wh,c11 a , . . 1· C (C .
{le ••
1 o ·cava t.tons of the I ta 1c ap ua ampa nia) have revealed large
archarological C\·idence. I hey are 1nd1genous goddess es, very Similar The ex ' f I ·
in function and general characte r t~ t!1e G-reck l(our otrophos. They
.
,ant1t1cs , o( stat ' ues a nd sta t uett es o t 1e Nursing Goddess worshipped
qt'ere Da rni·L
tl ' . or D a.mnse or. F ort una . or i\> l ate
. r -Matuta, nobody can
\\'Cr<:not, howc\·er, created und er G1eck influence but belonged to the 1
cmninon clen1ent s of Nlcdite rra nean religion,1 and late r, because of rcnlll'· ic . 1en ti fy her . \Vith cert a inty . H fh e worslup . started already in the
· · . e1·iocl• 12 the roof tiles of th e archaic temple were found. 1-low-
the contacl and influence of Greek civili sat ion, beca n1e identified with
'evc1,, ,cinP
archa ost of ' the surv .ivJ.ng • •
n1aten·a J b eIongs .
to H e 11en1·stic· times,
· es-
Creek Goddesses, as for instance .Dia na \vit h Art e11 1is. Thi s is also the
. 11 the 3 rd centu ry B .C. Among th e finds, apart from the Kouro-
reason why in this 1no nograph on th e Greek Kourotrophos, the study
pcci,11 y statu es and st at uett es and the swaddled children, were also
of these regions is included . Son1e of t he repr esentatio ns of t he goddess trop 10s ' . • •
13 lt has been suggested that
rcpre,en t , . at.ions of won1en 1n ch1ld-b1rth.
in the abo ve regions seen, lo repr od uce exactl y Greek rno clels or use
lIIC CU · lt. coine s from F rat te (Salern o), where a l{ourotrophos was also •
Greek n1oulds; these t hey develop furt her, br inging t hem nearer to
worsh1p1 ,. )eel and seveJ'al sta tuet tes have
. , been found. . Fra tte H was in
their own tr ad ition, taste an d te inperam ent. Th e n, aterial in some cases
. t· ·tu the plac e ,vh ere the artis tic and con1n1er. c1al currents from
is \·ery little st udied, or rath er inaccess ible. ,LO iqm ' I . ) Th
l ··t
~ Tun ·a · a
, l ,d '
1' '[ag11 a<: G·raecia .met (see s1•.nr
vy c,, Type II .A.5.c.1
. v. e
The ::--:
ursing Goddesses of t he above reg.ions h ave si1ni lar attribu tes
to the Greek goddesses (pig, dove a11d p o1n egran at e, in Capua).2 They t11>e1·s f\ tt ,·c , and , reach' ed Frat - te and ot her places not d1rectly through
Greece but through Apul ia (F igs. 22-25), , .
are connected with th e unde rworld, hence t he Sphi nx es (Bona Dea
Further inodificatio ns of t his seat ed ty pe 111Can1parua gradually
fro1n Cl1iusi),3 or serpents '1 (Fig. 2 1). '!'hey ar e a lso healing goddesses:& produced roug her types near er th e local Ita lic ar t (sl/lpra, Types III.A.7.d
F eronia, the anc ient It alian Goddess, F ortun a P ri1n igen.ia, n1ot her of and III. D.2 .g.iv). T here ar e 1nany sta nding terracott as fro1n Capua,
J upit er and Jun o and goddess of R orne a nd P rae neste , the Oscan equiv- the child helcl ,1t her left , the hi1nation pulled over the heads of bolh
alent of Ceres resen1bling Fort una as a l\fot her Goddess, 6 Bona Dea,
(supra, Type I II.D. 5.c and F ig. 43). The general type occurs Ill _Cc~tr1'.
:\later j fatut a, Damia,7 Diana,s of I ta lian origi n, lat er identified with
South I taly, Pa esttt111an d Sicily, th ough the deta ils var y consid_eab Y
Arteiuis, s01neti1ncs holding a torch and a chi ld at the sa n1e tiine 9-
(s11prr,Types III D ,; a c d · also III.A.x. a.1v). A 5th century exampl~c
• · ·v • ' • ' . I of the It a 1c
" See i 1arcon i, Riflessi ,ll editerra11ei n c/1(( pi,, a•11/ictt ,•e/igione ltttia lc (1 939), comes fro1n Lat iun1 Vetus, Satn cu1n, fron1 tl1e temp e
passim. The places of worship arc do cume nted he re, pp . 229 -347. :\later 1'1atut a (s'llpra, nos . [240-41). [1 2 4]) · TIie cult of -r. · Iater 1Iatuta
Among
2. 811!/cf,dcll'l stif11/o(1873) t.17H. • 15
3- "· lJubn , Bullet. dell' Jstit11to (1876) 1821.f. Gerh a rd, Akad. //b}uuu/1 ., p l. 49,
4· ~larconi, Riflessi, 30+. Gerhard, A1il. Bi ldw .. p l. J lI , 2 from Pr aeneste; an°,~;r
tJ· on the Acropo lis of Sa tri cu1n goes bac k to the 7th centur y.
the lincls were 111any vot ive terr acottas, po1negranates, doves coctt s~
k

lh rce examples i11t he for me r Collegio Ho ma.no (Vat ica n). Gerha rd, A?Jt,B i " Iiab1 ,es, and J{ourot roph oi. Greek 1noulcls \\'ere useel for the statu e e,
48 below. cf. su pra. Type I l l.A .5.c .iii. , ,- .,
1
(<8?3) 46fL; Diana in Nemi, ?l{a rconi, R ifl cssi , 340 , not e 7; Ro ss b ach,
1;~
5- • late r :\'fatuta, Marconi, Rifles si, 263; th e Codcles.~of Cap u a, Bull et. dell 1 1 10
11
•
l O. Rossbach, D ia.na f leili gt11,,,, 14 . • . R,W l l (1Qo7)
/-le,/1gl1m1 r,r. Ntmi ( 189 1) 14 _ 3
II , lllarconi, Ri fl cssi , 27 . -z86 ; Pe te rson, Culls of Camp; ::- . : ~~ Duhn. 81111 •1.
6· '.'.larconi, Rif[cssi, 238; Peterso n , Cults o/Ca ,p,..,;a (Pap e rs Ame r. Aca cl. Rome,
11 366£.; 13elo ch , C1C ,11tpanic11 (1897) 356; for cxca v a\V"la-~io wit1. B 11
/ld . dell'l -
1, 19191. ,ie!l'l stitu/o (1876) 171 . 192, (1878) r3-32; U. von ' 1 • "
7. •l Hall!crsta~~- "Mater J\fatuta ·•, Fra.11 · R cNgio 11,,_,11~ 1;•;~:
!1J11rter Slu 1Ue,. z111 12
S/i/u/o ( 1873) l .f7f.
de, A.,t,I«, vm, esp, 22-46, the Greek nur ses o( D ionysos and the cult 0 · Hcurgon, Capoue P 1•eromtti11e(194-2)33 t.
1
3- Ibid. 3J, fl.
8· ~ucothca: 65-9, J\late r iWatuta and Jno -Le ucot hea .
Cle""'.n, Cults of Ca111pa .11itL
, 6. '-1- No/Sc ( r 952- 3) 87.
9 - Cook, 7.eus, ii ( 1925) 6, fig. _ is. hLoret t i , iH'llseo ,z; Vilt« Gi 11lia, 2 40 , 246, 25 ·1·
24
 168 LOCAi. CUJ..TS .\.'ID REPR ESEN TATI VES
CENTRAi.. ITALY, ETRU ll lA ANO LATI U~l- CAMPAN IA

nf t he kourotrophoi, which 111u st hav e co n1e at an ear ly period _ . bronze stat uett e f~nnd in Etruci a depicts a female worshi r
[he archaism evc11in the lat er exa n1ples. ' 11encc t,rcc~ t·I e ch ild and a piglet (s1ipra., no. [637]). ppe
Among the ,·olive offerings in the sa nctua ries of tl-te Goddes van'' 1
. ,, . seswere carr. _"i centur y bronze kou rotr oph os deriv ing from Ionian models
also found statue tt es o f swaclcllecI b a b 1es 111 such abtmd an ,\ Jt 1 . • (
' • ce that · the top of a th yn11ate n on s1tpra, no. [602a]),
ahn ost every Eu rop ean Collection has so111e exa 111p les." 10 Ba ur con ' stands on
,
· .· · · t t· f
iggest c~astin g I ep 1esen a ion o a kourotrophos comes from
. . nectcd fhc ) 1 . ]if . h. 1
them '.''lth the Greek cxa111ples frorn Bo eoba, ? ly1up ia , a nd l( yzikos . It is th e arc h aic . . e-s1 ze a rc 1tectura terracotta ·statu e found
and wrth th e genera l Greek vractice of prese n ting stat ues of chil, Ftruna. · .
, the a ltar \Vh1ch. -faces the te mple of P ortonaccio, so-called of
to such goddesses, as to E ·1 · E u I, o 11ne
· Iua
I e1t · as I-..ourot
' rophos in A.c,ren . unc1er di d
ApDO,II in Veii- probab ly de cate to th e Etru scan Trinity (s""'ra
~ •
Attica. There are also terracotta plaqu es ,vi th ch i.ldren. u Th e cro~cta ';
no. [+-19
))
boys also are con1n1on .1n Can1pa11.1a an d Et ' run ·a, ·111H ellenistic timni;. From th e 5an1e te tnpl e co1ne a lso som e 1nore sma ll terracotta kouro-
especia lly a n1ong th e votives to "Dan li a". 18 Statuet tes of swadc11 :i trophoi: a n1ong the m a seated veiled one, of Greek type, suckling the
children, son1eti1ncs ,vear ing a bulla, \Vere fou nd in Hel lenis tic Vulci.rn chilcl.2''and a seat ed gro up (app ar entl y a couple) with a child seated
The various cities of i\'Iagna Graecia and Sicily exercised a n important belo11•.
influence on th e developn1ent of re lig ion in Campa nia. Th e cult of ll[atcr Another large l(ou rotrop hos is th e marbl e Classical cinerary urn
11Iatuta-leukothea in whose honour t he 1ltfat1•a/Jia ., feast for the Bo11 116 from Chiusi (supra, no. [702]). She is sea ted on a throne with sphinxes
i1I atres,was celebra ted, ,vas clue to "invasio n of Greek 111yth ology" .20 on cilher side, ahnost liie-size, holdi ng th e child on her knees. She has
In Pyrgi , outs ide R.01ne, a sanct u a ry of a P elasg ic E il.eithyi a is referred been interpreted as the god d ess "fhufl t ha, protectr ess of the dead and
to by St rab o.21 Th e 1n arb le inscribed stat ue of a I<ouro t rop hos, however, nurse of tl1e liv ing, or as th e d ecease d depict ed like th e Goddess. The
(known as " ?IIaf{ei") wh.ich is connected. in ea rlier lite ra tu re with P1, ·i,rj, prototype is obviously Greek. A Pt olemaic Isis in Greek sty le is seated
comes in fact fron1 i falebuona, Volterra (supra, no. [6or)) . in a similar throne ,vith sphinxes (S1.11p ra, no. [310]). Th e Etruscan (?)
Recent exca, 7 at ing in Pyrgi reveale d th ree gold p lates of ea . 500 B.C. "Leukothea" relief (s1/lj>ra, n o. [699]), is o f I onian inspiration. It has
inscribed in Etruscan and Puni c \1rith d edications to Astar te, who been interpreted as E ileit h y ia, or as D emete r \Vith Demophon and the
appears in the Etru scan tabl ets as U ni = Juno = Hera .22 )loirai, or as I~hea to who1n the three nur ses Enbo ia, Akraia , Prosymna,
He:a ap~ea rs as a I<ourotr ophos in Etrur· ia, suc kling th e clli.ld He ra kles, daughters of the river Aste rio.n, bring her da ught er Hera (Paus. ii, 17),
especially 111th e engrav ings on 1nirrors (supra., nos . [3r 4], (315]). or as Ge with E richth on ios, etc. At presen t the series of types and ~e
. Athena appea rs also as T{ou rotrophos on two 5th centur y Att ic extent of influe nce, in1port of origina ls or moulds, cann ot be studi_ed
\ ases_round in Etrur ia. Such representatio ns on Attic i1nports must satisfactorily becau se la rge units like th e 6nd s from the sanc~an es
ha\'r• influenced the iconograph y of the bron ze in.irr ors.23 An early of Capua, Veii, the temp le of Niater l\fa tut a, Satricum and that of Minerva
16. B!.ur, Eilci tliyi«, 4s. ~ledica, Ro1ne, are st ill \VhoUy or partl y unpubli shed. Ionian influence
' ; , -"mte r ii ~71 ~ fro BoeOt· . . seem s to have star t ed ea rly · th en follov,ed Attic, and lastl y the common-
·H:::~t
r8 p 1 • ' - ' m ,a, 271. 3--~from Asia 1"linor, 271, 7-S Jtahc.
~atal. _der Etr. (Helbig ) i\<fus., Ky-Car lsbe rg G lypt., no. H, 10,
F.trusca etn: D,c '81ldncre1 der E l'rusken, pl. 13-1. D ucati , Sto,•ia tle/ Arif
P·6, Hellen1·s t·1c 1·n th e rep resent atio
' ns.

19. Raymo~~\31~'j1A. dclla Seta. 11«/i« Ant ica (192 1) fi g. '' f3·
Giulia . c • The Etrusca11s ~ew York, 196g) p ls. 105-6. in Home, \ ·
,
0
~,
~r.
i\lcu,k,inst, no. l~r. 136. R. E n kig , J d l, 59-60 (r944-5) 122ff-, pl. 6• )1
."· Fr. 47, }l. R. \ \' . Sm ith , Jlolivc R eligio11 at Caer~ (Berkeley l959
20. G. Dumezil La R r · 68 1'1>· 7,
C•
Peterson 11 0>/[ ,g,on :·o»zainc archa fque (Paris 1 966) 63U. , espec ially . ·
of Birrni~gl:~~ 8 ';;"fa,"'"· 1 7- A, Carter , Greek l1'JhtefLce in Cm11pm,i« (Univ. 'i Exhibited in V. Giulia, Room o[ Apollo, Case a t tlte bac k of sta tu e of HcrakJes.

.1 ""';;s
1
1r. Gerhard Akatl' l~l · · Cl . Si.. '7, 1970) ,Passim.Sec also s,ipra,, n. 7•
22. C. C. H~rdfo ;, ·· 310, note 28.
and n. 33_ ' he Great Antr um at Baiae ' ' , BSR 3 (n.s. 24) 1969, 1,1-33•
7
23 Stark "A
· , tene I<ourol'ropho 5 " r,; A rcl•
11865) 250 . J3ea1.
Jey 4 Jll"• • • •wvc M,.,,oric dcll'lsli/11 /0 ,Ji Corr. d ·
· • · ' ·. 383, The Oinanthe P. , no. 2 • Bcrun i\.Ius. er
 )lA GN A GRAEC!A
171
Chap ter E ight een a.nd representa tion s ar e co1npletely Greek and so lh ..
5t cuIts . f . are e cities
ue • 51. "J
11 , the re is n o qu esti on o native art from the znd half ·
1/J.agna Graecia for c 1 ) T G k cl . ol the
h cenl u1.•1, onwards. he reeh s pr e on11nated. The cult ol Demeter
6t
_ phone is very str ong ere as well as in south Italy d ·t .
(CALABR IA- APU J_I A-LUC ANIA -S ICIL y) 1cl Pcr,c · f . . an 1 1s
:u bi that the exi.stence o an 1ud1genous goddess of life and d th
The study of lhe cult an d iconograph y of th e l{ ourotrophos in M. , _ roba c , d f tiliz
· f 1· . ea ,
P1rotccLres,5 of the deac, a n · .er · er
. o 1v1ng beings, helped this pre-
Grarcia is indispensa ble for the st udy of t hen1 in t he n1other co agna I • ce s F ron1 the arch aic p enod onwards Greek penetration
From the Archaic . penocl. onwards t f1_e Gree k elen1ent dominateduntry lh . c1o
111111a
n · . •· d . . . . was
deep in Luca n1a, Cala bu a, an _especially~ S1c1ly,that the terracotta
50
native people of Sou th Italy (l apyges) 1111nos t aspects, a nd the cliff . e . arc all G·ree k, P eloponn es1an or Ionian 1v1th indirect Athenian
tribes p lessap10. 1., t\ puli , e tc.), a t r·irst I1os t1·1e, ,vere th en either e1ent types ' l I I
.-n
in UC
nee. adopt ed by th e oca corop asts and then reproduced with
. ( h . h .
or less suppressed, so lha t Greek religion and a rt ,vere th e ones pi·acmt_orcl .· ti·ons The exca vati ons o t e sites ave y1eldecl much material
. . • ISCC va11 a ·
there, or ass11111 lated wit h the Greek. In th e latt er case a syncr eti
took place in religion, so th at th e old gods ,vere assi1nilated with
1
~t consisting mainly of te rracottas; stone statues are very few. This study
is therefore based on the terrac 0ttas.
n_earest equivalent_of th e Greek ones (_a s in th e r egion south of Tarast
1 he case of Lac 1n1u 111, th e fa n1ous 111d1 genou s (accorcling to the Italian I. South Italy
writ ers) religious centr e, is characte ristic. After the conu11g of the Greeks ~)Calabria (Locri, J\,Iecln1a)
the cult o( the nat ive Godd ess was assin1ilat ed \Vith that of th e Greek The evidence for th e J(our otrophos cult through the published terra-
J{era, and th e religious pract ices conti nued to tak e place in honour of cottas is scant y; ho\v ever excavations have yielded much unpublished
Hera Lacinia. 1 il'l ore resistant were the Siculi,2 so uth of th e river Silaris. materia[G(see also sitpta, nos. [r20), [585), Figs. 14, 49).
The stay of Py thagoras in I<roton 1nu st also hav e influ enced the re- The terraco tta vot ive Pinak es ·from Locri are in1portant for the under-
ligion, and additi ons of San1ia n rit ual ele111. cnt s in th e sa nctuary of Hera standing of th e nat ur e of P ersephone 's cult. Her cult seen1sto have come
Lacinia were appa rently 3 due to his influ ence. from Sparta and not fi-om the 1\1etropolis Locris ,vhere Demeter's cult
Ca1np ania, the dist rict th a t received th e first Greek settlers before was prevalent. 7 P ersephon e, the deity par excellence of the Orphics,
the mid 8t h century B.C., received str ong curr ent s o.f Greek civilization 4 is the one to \vhorn the soul of th e newly-deceased ,viii tum 8, the queen
although it never becan1e entirely Greek. ln Luc ania , the Greek Oenotria,
Greek art flourished, as is pr oved by t he n tunb er of fan1ous sanctua ries j. Ii. Ciaccri, Cu lt•i o JVJiti netla storia <lell'a1,tiaet Sicilia (Catania 1911) eh. l:
and their Doric ten1ples in Paest un1 and nea r th e n1outh of the river :•culli incligeni elJe nizza ti" , 31 [., about De meter and Meteres--however there
Silaris. The nati ve Oscans in Can1pania were also influ enced by the is no proo f: more pr obable seems the conjectu. re about a local Go~dess Hybla_'a,
homo11 )~11ous to a ncient Hyb la. as Lindia in Lindos; he 1d~nbf1ed her wit~
Et rusc~, s a~d this influence co111 cs out clearly in Capu a . But in the area Aphrodite in na t ur e , f ron1 tl 1e Siculo -Greek epithet Gereat,s (gerra. ge~_••
of Poseidonia before Hellenist ic times, tha t is until th e Lucanian con- used by t he Sic ula ns fo r men' s and women 's gen ita ls, from which Gereatis ,s
derived : la te r Gelea t.is or Galcotis for genetrix). The cults of Demeter ao d
1. Giannelli, C11//i e i1fi ti, passim. Kore were wides p read and t he practices hellenized as a result of lbe Syra-
2. l brd., 277. cusan policy intr oduced by Gelon. .
3. Ib id., 260 . 6. Bo!I. d ' I I ,·te, 3 (1909) 406ft. 463f[.; "A Locri Epizeph~o, una ~•astat:~
+· £ ..Ciaccri · 5101·(" della iW"C"a Grecia, i (, 928) 3 - • I. " L 'i11
Jl11e 11zadell a.colonii· ad,acente a l tem pio c reduto di Persephone era del paro nccolta eh cen .. h
. d . -n rsephone c e
zaz,one Greca m Ca pa · " l' , • :>J ' F. re , 1·,gurioe Jit t ir,
c1· ·
" 1"01S- 6 (1909) 3~1-• Sanl11ano , .e .
•· , (C
~,eie apua P1•erom"'
m nm · ... -t'ansc-Bacloui Cel'tnnict" Campana a 1gu ·
FI ' . · "A
1 g'.a nde sa ntu a rio net va llone fra i colli AUadessii e :Manellada cm· proviene
·1 · · · · · " , . - • ·
.,.,o 1an !\mphora 111 .. ua,
. Cl . orence J 968) p r,ssim
. .· T . H aclzistel
' . iou Pnce . " la_ncca serie d i t e rre cotte "
11
1I': • . cago and a. Reap pra isa l of the 'Owl-Pillar' Group • 7 G · ··· •
:.,:_ (t•-~7b4 )t _pass,m. T . J . Uunbab in. 1'!,e l,flestar11 Crcelts (OxJord 1968); idem, s: 1~7nneU,. Cnlti s 1W•iti . 19f. . , sucking child
=n r, u ion to the b"bl"
Italy" BSR X S • 1 ·
iograp hy Of t he Greek c ities in Sic ily and ou .
S th reed, . 94., . n . 2 . In Egypt the dead ,s often repr~scntcd ~~ a ten und die
1
, 1 civmg life fro m the breast of l1is 111othcr: S. Morenz, Xgyp Leipzig
G· T, •,._ • · : · " (I9 5o)l) ro4-n 6; Boardm an • 7·1,, C,·eel,s Oucl'scas 175ffI..I
•· · -..arrate111 "C It'3 ,l torph · 1 , ' . d O ·• 1 red ~rorenz.
Po sato, 20 ( , 965j •sr~ c ottri ne Re ligiose in )I agna Gr ccia", Pal' Oi" " 1950) 6•sc le 1,os•·mo"oni !>
e" in ,J,.s 11'1hk , ,.,,
' •
r"" ' · b I -n...-•pb·
· t1 { n the wom O r"'=
one• H •1-r_15- In Ba ,a e the initiate sought rebirl '°'cN , ) , 69 14.33.
· a rchc, "The Great Antnun at Baiae", BSR. 37 ' ·5 · 4 9 '
 r,oC,\J, Cll f, TS AND 1/EP.RESEN TATJVES ~IAG~A GRAEC LA
173
of tlH· l"nclcf\l'Orld often depicted wit h h er cht honic husb d !-\.
JJlirodi te. Con1bi_ning thi s suggestio n o[ his with so
· P111-es.
· - '· Sl1e 1·s, lik
· e }I era both an • I1 1·ol'f uI ' ( · ,r me 1ate
Diot1\'SC1s 011 the Locnan in t Plouto. 11·1t , lit era ry refe re nces see 1,111 ra) he argues that th 11,
- . . ' a ron tl vaauc di t . l e ',,arasa
maiden, and a h ourotr ophos. I-Ier c haract er rs rnor e chtl . anc1 .in b elonged to Apb ro ·e , smce a co wnn-bas e shows architectural
. I I .
j [era's usualh · rs, )Ut s 1e 1s very nea r to th e L uca nian fler
1on1c. than trrnple frorn San,os, ·Crorn th e te mpl es of Aphrodit e and H ('
• . . a wrth lh , nuences ll h era 1n
po1negranale. The represe nt at ions of th e c1sta \\•ith th e chi! e 111__ si irit one could equa y we 11a rgue t a t thi s ternple was dedicated
1
Pinakcs is not so clear. Th e c hild ca nnot be Di.onysos 9 or { ,_on h the this 1 ) •t'hen he conc lu des that the cult of Aphrodite and Hennes w
a"c os' io 10 Hera . . h . as
bec.'luse .1n sonic exan1p1es 1·t JS . a g .1r11
. V',' e n11ght
. '
suggest that d cl to Locn fronJ Sa 111 os, a 1t ough there 1s absolutely no literary
1 1nlro ucc . cl ult 1
there is a boy it is P erseph one with th e ch ild I a kchos or Di ~~ien · to sucl1 a co mbJne c or cu t-statu es ol Aphrodite with
h I It.Id · · l · · D 0 11Ysos reference p· 1 b' .
and w en t ,e c I JS a gu- Jt 1s en1eter 1vitlt I<ore. Oth erw·s . .'
•. J e, It IS Hennes, , ,1pa rt fro1n the 1na , es ,v
. . 1ch h e int. erprets. as representing
Per.sephonc wrth a ne1vl,v or not yet boro n10 1ia l baby put uncl ·te a nd H erme s. H o,vever, LO these Pu1akes 1t can be argued
· l I d . er11er -1r Iirodr , .d I . . ,
protcctro_n )y the _rnot her w 10 edica ted the votive Pinax. It is placed : ast cciuaJly 1v ell, t ha t th e mat en y figure facing Hermes with
,tl 1e, . k I .
111 LI~~ c1sltl m:yst:c~, so t_ha t thro ~g h sy rnpathetic n1agic it ta kes the •granate llo,ve r an d a er o n 1er a rm 1s I(ore , the Goddess of the
pon1c • f .
quah tres of th e chnn e child; a lso 1n ord er to sy1nbol ize the request I underworld, with the lea d er o th e souls; h er attnbutes stand for the
· , . l • p or
its p ~O<ectron anc a dopti on by erse phone. Sin1ilar to this idea is the flowers she was ga th ering \Vh en P louton 1net her in the fields with her
suckling of !-lcrak l_es by J-Iera. a nryth pe rhap s c reated in Sout h Ital y u friends, the porn egra n a te he gave her to eat in the underworld, and the
through which he 1s adopted by Her a a nd acqu ires divinity. souls that flock to h er for prot ect io n (cf. the invocations on the Orphic
In a recent st udy of t he Loc rian Pina kes 12 Pruckn er, ,vit h a long Tablets) . Also th e figw ·e in a Na iskos (,vhich he takes as the Temple of
seu es of arg un1ent s, tnes to esta bli sh a T en1ple and a cult for Aphrodite )larasit), holr.ling phia le and accon1paniecl by a bearded man, could be
at Locri as 1111p ortant as that of P erseph one. J-Io,ve ver, in his intricate Persephone with Plouto n. He suggests Aphrodite 1vith Hermes, but
~rgun1e11t he has little solid ground. For exa n1ple, 1vhile he accepts an ihe latter lacks his k erykeion; the Dionysiac seene on the altar is more
importan t cult for Derneter a nd P ersep hone in L ocri, h e suggests that appropria te !or the J(or e \vho is oft en represen ted on Greek vases with
the large temple of 111. arasa ,vas not dedicate d to chthonic P ersephone theSatyrs. Thi s Pinax most likely repres ent s a votive group in a small
but to Aphrodite . Disregarding the proven ience of the Pinakes from naiskos representing Persephone with Plouton or even with Hermes.
graves or sl~rines of the under world a nd nekr opoleis,13 and unquest ion- The dignified seat ed coup le on the Pinakes is much more likely to re-
ably accept ing the old int e rpr etat ion o{ th e iVIuuich Pinax as "He rmes present the cult-statues . Bnt eve n if this particular Pinax represented
,vith Apl1rodit e" 1•1• he assun1es that most of the Pinakes are not connected the chthonic Aph rodite ,vith Hem1es, this could bear no connection
t
",j b Persephon e, because th eir chthon ic cha racter is not clear, but with Justin's an d Nossis' Aphrodite of th e prostitutes. 16 lt could be
better connected with Aphrodit e of th e Undenvor ld, apparently venerated
9- Giannelli, C1</tic Jvliti, 193. · t I1e recentl y excavate d sanc t uary of Persephone •m Loen· "extra
111
18
~o. ?Id lathe r, Pi,ilo/ogus, 71 (r9 r2) 326. urbem", according to the find of an inscribed fragment~ vase.
I, Schaac,nburg, Gy11111a s i11m, 70 (1963) r28U.
12. H . l>ruclmer D · L , • , Certainly th e girl i.n a c haiiot with H ennes-Hades as chanoteer, _on
· . • •.c <MrtSc,,en Tom •e/iefs (111:ai nz am fU,ein 1969) passim. esp.
o[J
3- .. , 1or ch,Jd-D,onyso s.
t3. l b1<l.,1 2 130 ns <i _ lJ
!he Pinakes, is !(or e being led to the underworld. Worshippers st anding
fro n 's · · · ,.,. ae assumes that Orsi's deposit fro m :Mannella came 111fror1t o l 11er on othe r P inakes bnng . .
1ng a cock , 11 especiallywhen
a Oanctu ary of Pe rseph one. But see S. Fe rr i "f 'arte di ll'fagoa Grccia theu·t . •
J\ , ' 1~ accon1pan ied by ch ildr en , point more O ers
. t p ephone than to
I
196z) • ,. 6·2 .
4 7
walls a~d th ' i6O
t
e Ie 1D ucnze ltali h " 0 , , •
e • PttScr,/« (Str11J;Classici c Orienlali, ,d. Florence
·• he drew the attention to t he fact that Orsi found no
~hrodite. He rn erely says that "a cock must have been her sa
crifi'cial

necropolis; ere i;~ the deposit mus! come not from a temp le but from ,a a11
r1111l" ·
a · However it is kno\\ •n that the cock, \Vho
racil't1 a t es the passage
t
revcalc-d a 1!ne~al · fo_r th e chasu,a, m .Man nell a. Re cent e,~cava tton s h~,e 0 th
e soul to Had~ afte r it comes out of the body. a nd e pomegrana e, th
and bib!. shr rnc of Persep hone "extra urbem". See Price. 1, pass•"' •
q .. Pruckncr Die lok · l ..1 0 d :S· Ibi,t., SU.
2(2); als,,'pl • , :•,•
~•"'t'
· •• -. l!S :vpe
•JYtUefs , 2f. 15fJ ., pl. I , 1.2, his t')'Tle r (t) an 6- P,icc r
, • , .. • , and bibl.
- ,., Tlie ·interp retation is questionable, see,.,,/' · .,,~ · 7 1
ruckner• I)· 18 zol,rischdn To.,reliefs, pls. 6-7 an d 1·,gs.
- 7• P· 41·
 MAGNA G RA:ECII\
r7-1
J,OC.\l , cu 1:rs AXJJ REPRE SEN TA rIVES
0

175

arc• most approp 1i::tle att ribut es for Persepho ne · this is t fon 1iu lae of over a centur y earlier, and bv Pinak
. ' accentu t but rcp~a tb·ibut ed to her (such as with ears of corn,-being i:theunques-
b,· the facl thai rn the scenes of the rap e of Persep hone is 5 h h a cd . ~blya t t com-
e olds uo11• f uad es aiuo ng pon1egra na ·e rees, and also scenes of ra .
cock. Further: Persephonc holds t he cock on P inakes 1vhere she a a · o .r" ' • Tr ) D . pe w 1uch
enthr oned next to Plout on ,villi the ea rs of corn. 19 T he chests fi P~ rs p:1111
- be co□ nected ,v1t11 ,,,_o re . 1odorus (27.4 .2 ) informs ha
on 1V d .. . JI t· ., p .. k us t t
and cocks argue for Perse 1~hone.20 Both D ioskou ro.i a11d Dio;i;so~ ; gs c.311 · l aJ" existc rn a . 11 nes . rue ·ner tries to argue that h
her sane .u,sanctua
J •
Ly (J,cinu
. .in, d,el·ub·ru11 n ) b ut no ten1ple as such· alth s he
be better connected 1v1th h .ore and Persephone . Ico nograi, hy tl f an nlv 1tac1 a • ' , oug
. . . . Jere or 0 • -. _ • several ins tances refers to ten,:PIA u1n, Priickner thinks th t
does not prol'1de any solrd grounds for estab lish ing a st r@ng ll c J,11·,u, u1 . . h . . a
Aphro d . al "L ocn.. All t Iia t· re1n au1s
itc . .1s t I1e Iate vag ue infor·rn cu t· or real!)' 1neans 1s what t e rest of th e Roman wJrters mention
. . ' · a ion or ll'h3 t I1e . , . . . .
. ra111e111 alt hough the tex t gives no such indication One cannot
,
Just1n (2r..3.5f.), already disc ussed by Oldfathe r half a century a 0_21 1hai1s a J' · • • • , • . . •
Ju st u1 even refers to th e -ith cen ttu·y, the t1111 e of Dionys ios, andglhc . . .. tltc Orplnc fab lets, the a1chaeolog1cal evidence of the proven-
drsnus, . .
~,eference to_ th~ breach of an olcl oa '.!1 -~oes not necessarily place ii . or the Pi nakes and th e related figunn es from r.1edma u as well
,cnces . . . •
1 □ the bcgu1n1ng of the 5th centttry . I herefore, all in all, there is . the literary evidence of seve ral ancient histori ans and the SJrd
only an assunip~ion of an early in1port_ant ten,p le and cult o:f AphrocLite.
,s c Hyn1n wl1icl1 connects P ersep hone wit· h o·1onysos, and on the
.Orphi
i\[oreover, J ustin on.ly refers to 1t 111 connectio n with p1ostitution · otherhand elaborat e on J usti.n a nd an1biguous icon0graphy.
never with the chthon ic world and I·Ierines. Pr uckn er, ho,vever, con: On these grounds, t he large class of terrac otta figurines or reliefs
eludes that l{enn es was in1ported from Sa n1os in t he early 5th century portraying a won1an , vith a fe n1al e or male, winged or wingless tiny ker
as partner of Aphrodit e, but Lost 11 npo r ta nce in afe ,v decades ; 22 therefore or eidolon on her breast or arm should be connected \vith the Locrian
the late writers, who are tnore aware of later per iods, clism.iss him. Perscphone as I(ouro trop hos of th e Orphic init iat es : 28
This last argu1nent, ho,vever, clisn1isses also the reliabi lity of those "l ca111
e out of t he sorr owf ul and pa infnl circle (of life),
authors on who1n th e whole st0ry of lhc in1port a nt cult and Pina kes
r obtained the desired cro\\111 \Vith s,vift feet,
of Aphrodite is based; if they are referring to late cults, any way later and sunk beneat h the boso1u of D espoina, qween of the underworld".
lhan_the ~th centu ry, then the ir arguu1ents an d t he in1porta nce of the
"And now I co1n e as a supp licant to chaste Persephone
cult 111their day does not app ly to the ear ly Classical era. Eve n if Hermes sothat she will be prop iti ated an d send 1ne to the abodes of the blessed".
had fallen out of fashion in Locri, surely his cult -stat ue next to Aphrodite
"Hail, hail, thou ,va lking to t he right,
would not have been cast away, or th e ba lance of the group would 2
to the sacred past ures a nd th e gro ves of Persephone" - '
ha,·e been spoiled. But the ea rliest refe rences to a " naos" , " domos"
and elabor_ate_ "vretas" of Aphrod ite, deco rated \\•ith gold, e.g. the The standing types of kourot rophoi fr om Medma 28 probably represent
poems of Noss1s fron1 th e early 3rd cent. B .C., refer only to dedications usually fc1nale ded icators. All th ese types of statu ettes (nos. [386],[388-
to Aphrodite by H eta ira.i and know noth ina0 of Hen n es even in describing ~?],[4rr -18]), [583]) . k no,vn as " r.Iedm a" figurines, from ~he p~a~e
the cult- statue . 1:herc they were foun d in grea t numb er, seen1 to be of Locnan ongin
. On 1:1~ contra ry th e n1ost ancient and in1porta nt cult of Persephone stnce they are related sty li stica lly to th e Pioa.kes and examples of tbem
10
1-ocn is_well att ested by earlier w1i ters,23by th e ext ant Orp hic Tablets also come fr-0111Locri, th e 111ot her city of ~1eclma and center 01 the
from 1-ocn and its colonies 2·1 which date fron1 the 4th cent . B .C. onwards
18. 1 Ud,, pl. l 8. !5, !'ruck d - e·ther
1 the cl05e con•
not 1100
19 .Ibid. , pl. 22. 0~ction or Persep hone wit h D ionysos in 5. Italy au d th e bnl{ asL~bera
. .ncr ocs 1nent ion them. He docs oot men .dal ect of
"
~~- ~!rid., pl. 31; Price, 1, 53 a nd n. 30. I,ore ( -._,· d "A · •· rsa ora 1
· nee, l, 53 and her n 26 p ·· k· ., . ' xiokersa, Libera) for which see E . Gerbar , x,o.,e · p ·E Arias•
22, ibid .,
301. · · ru e ner , D,.., lol,n .sche11To11,elfof s, S. ,,z
, · sr (1s 50) r62-6 , pl. xvi, and b1bl. . Aga -mst ru·s t 1iesi·s see .. a,1so
( ·,) ·gu-1 2.'
23. Ibid ., 41.,
"4· Price 1 - , - ,
s7 1.
r
111 1
2G.~''. ' dclla Scuola No1·11utlcSup eriore di P isa, ser. ll l , vo ·
l-lar~(;:11lar rebirt h of the init iat e from Pe rsephone's womb at
1 't· 197
e n;,.rcuma ,
,a '
1
t641f'., ~n:,th~,ll
r~t;n:9
-3~-_G. _zuntz , Pcrsep//onc (Oxfo r d 1971) 158. J59~r
>7, Price l (s'.1,P, t,, n. S) esp. 27 £.
recent cxcavatio f~gunncs. l.okroi and the Pina kes seems uJJawa re ,g, I bid•.• ~If.
ns ancI hterature.
.• J•f, p l. 30, 6.
 L0CA 1, CULTS ANO REP RESF-NTATJVES MAC"
,N t\ GRAECl.A

rht hcinic cult nf Pcrsephone .29 Such cull s of the Orpllic p ·]·est l{ouro trop hos -fro111Tara s, and one of the earl·1 t f
Kourotr o1~hos n1u_st ha,· e cx--isted in rnany ot her citi es of S.1~:~;h
0 ne The ea1 1
. 1~la"na ' ' G raec ia probab ly co1nes from a deposit of votive ff .
' . D .
es ound
o enngs
c<'rlainly J.JlThunoi, Pcte ba, etc. whe re the Orphic Tablets } • anu 1 osit Pizzone) _a nd L5 of aed alic Creto-Pelopormesian style, but
11
1
found. A not her Tablet was fou nd recently in the colony of Ilav: been (deP . 1•arcnt1ne (sit,pra, no. [3r]) . In Taras a colony of S rt
. (unpubilshed).
pon1on . 30 ~n~
P· cl•,vts • ~-
the '· esian 11 1oulds, or te 1Tacotta and stone statuettes which th'
The particularly high quality of the Pinakes ha s soinetim pcloponn ld f . . e
. 1•tated and took m ou s o , were imported. It is the only p·
explained as tl1e result of th e I onjan dispe rsion after tlle tin · es been locals1rn ' . . . fl 1ece
- . . · successlui ' .
ihat 1c e
fl cts early Peloponnes1an in ucnce; the later figurines have an
re\'olt of 499 B.C. Ty1Jes such as th e stancl 111 g III.D.4.a-c conie fro Ionian flavour.
Tonia ; however the Goddess ,vi th ker on her bre-'lst and the t 111
Tlic cult of P erseph~ ne se~n1s to l1ave sta rte~ already in the Archaic
the Pjnakes see1u to be unparall?led by any tlting kno,vn fro1J/'f: : 1 . Froni th e depoSlts \Vluch ,vere excavated m the preceding century
they are appa renlly loca l creations, produced 1u1dei- strong lo • ' penO(.1 .., d "t h . v· 01 "
"fondo Giovinazz1 , an renc m 1a Jerdam ) sa, come many
artistic influence and locaJ religious in spir at ion. man \ragincntary te rracotta reliefs of the type of t_he ~hthonic Goddess
iiiih Jakchos, sittin g by th e r ecumbent cht hon1c Dionysus; 34 only a
b) Ap11!i«(Taras-il'fetapont ion-Ruv o-Gnathia)
fewexamples sho,v her ,vith t he child an d none is complete with the
In Apulia the preval_ent god dess es are again D en1ete r and Persephone, whole o-roup of thr ee. But th ere ar e many heads of the same type, some
the latter_ as con1pan1on of th e yo uthf ul chthonic Dionysos (as the ofwhi;h go back to th e arc haic periocl. 35
Roman Libera has her 1uate 111 the bearclless Lib er) and u1other of Some have suggested t ha t they represent the dead. If they were
Iakchos, or as wife of the bearded D ionysos -Pl outon. Both cults have heroized dead, ,vhy should t hey have a "hero ized" child with them?
bee1~ traced in Taras through excavatio ns or literary evidence. The If mortal fau1jlies ,vere m.ean t there should be more variation in the
earliest exan1ples corne fron1 1'ara s ; the terracottas from othe r places numberof the 1ne1nbers of the family, as on the Attic gravestones.
are 1-Iellenistic.
The child docs not seem to be a common child either. The prominent
Aphrocli~e is depicted as I{ourotrophos on son1e 4th century Apulian place given to it in th e rep resentations, 36 and the polos sometimes
vases and 1.11so1ne terracotta. -; fro□1 T aras.
worn by it (Fig. 32) or th e ,vings (Taranto M., n1ould No. 6o46), point
Fina_lly, th ere are so1ne isolat ed exa1nples of various othe r I{ouro- lo its importa nce and goclly nature. On the other hand the 1?anap~ars
tropho i: the uy1nph Nysa, l{ybe le, H era. Hermes, according lo Hesych• alone in s011
1e terracottas, stancling by a horse, sometiD1esWith a shield,
ios, (s.v. _ E ukolos, Pa:idokores) ,vas ,vorsh ipp ed as Paiclokores in andin one exa1nple he is r eclining holcling a phiale fron1 which ~ 5 ~;1'e
:l[eta poutt on; also as Euko los, thus connected ,vith ch ild-birth. Demeter drinks.These are attributes usually present in the "Totenm~elief~ ·
,vas worshipped as goddess of child-birth in T aras: I-Iesyc h., s.v. Epily- However, in the grave -1non un1ents from Taras 87 the dead JS depict~
samene, El eutho. Also a feast ,vas celebrated in her honour: Hesycb. as a warrior, or siinply as a man seated or standing ~ ?n th e At:ic
s.11.Dan1eia.
The excavaf · 1 T aranto ha ve reveaJed a sa nctuary of Persephon e 31 gravestones. The won1an too 38 is depicted in a naturalistic way, Mth
· . ions 11
and there L'l also literary ev idence for her cult th ere.a2 33
· ~,·ans, "Tarenti ne Terracottas ". JJ-lS, 7 (1886) and 'vVuill_eumier,5~~~- r6ofl.
1
3~-~vans (supra. n . 33) r8 , fig. I and Gazette A1·c/1aeolog:11e, 18!hrh. 'o. Chr.
29
_(~upra,_11- 1 3). Professor S. Settis has been excavating in Mcd111" . · Herde1Grgcn , D.;8 T"' '""•t·inische.t Terrakollc" des - 6 15
-1 1 Band 2
• :::· 1~~ce
4
intorp ta t. (mte rm ,_ttcntly): lie kindly infonn cd me that he agrees with in)' "" -~ 11til1
cn-m,,se1111, BMcl (Vororrc,.tl. ties A11tike-im111st1•m 9
,, ast1• '
re ions Which a
<S;;

Santuari di 1\1/
.

.
. . .
re '" accord w ,tll t he arc haeological evidence.
see Alain· ) . ~•
3S, ltva z i 97, Passnn, ( Rev . AJA 77 (1973) 24 •
6

(~aples 1965) · G 6'r'r"'c'·

Alli <ii 11° Conv. Stwz.i M. Grctia Taratito-Rcggio 1964 36. T, ns (s11 p,-", n. 33) nos . 23, 2,f. r, 10. . . of the represen•
30. Professor S s.,'~
i ··.
ala bria, Mcd ma. • . l;i~;~nto , Archaeo l. !VI., Inv. no. I.G.52~16, 111the ""!!:wogued: turning
Table ts a~d that ~t~;~ ly mJor~ed nic that its text is nea r tbat of the Petehn 10 •. n holding a shi eld as a background; 1b1d.,Case So, d stands an nltar
3!- E~ans, ~I-IS, 7 (1886) l[~e pub lished by D r. G. Foti. lli~\;"ds the p hialc held by the man while in the backgroun
3-- C,annelh , CuUi • Nli ti -i f 3). Ii .P 0 incgranates on it.
• 3 • 37 . 1
J~. n';,\ luinbacf1, Ta,rentimc,· G1•abk11~,st(1937).
' '• 66.
 LOCAL CULTS AND REPRESEN TA·rrvEs i\lACNA CRAEClA
Ti8
r79
•rrors hanging on th e wall beh ind h er. I{lu,nb ach ao suggest d . (Poseido nia, bank s of Silari s, Salerno)
1111 • • . • e th t L11cnJ1,n. . . ·
the" rei>resent the dead in thcu- happy sta tus tn El ysiun 1. Ev a c) , J· Ocnot n a, \Vhere colonis ts from the Peloponnese sta led
ansN
ago_.interpreted the ch i"Id as I a kc 110s "t l1e an nua I pledge for th long Gree , BC f .. r
Tile_ . the ~1 th century . . to ound cities and sanctuaries b-
Birth from the Sleep of \\/inter, and the Sleep oi Death" _4o The 1 ew 1ve 1n . f h , su
. 11 at tile b egin nmg o t e 4t 11 century B.C. to the Lucarua·
to. 311I fina
of these reliefs, appa rently with the tr Lnity Diony sos-Perse ehtype •Y ' . ns
1111ttcc tl 11 it is k no\vn as J_uca n1a, so named in the "Periplous"
lakchos, app ears a Iso 111 •~ t apon t·Jon, 1vI1ere on t Ile " Ternple" psite
· ,,,e onea.
aud smcc E~excavat ions have brought to light the ruins of what was
votive deposit was exc_avated belonging to the cult o[ Dionysos-Hades 5 •l~X- , .
of c) .. h. Poseiclorua , lr nus (Salu s lrnus: Salerno, though this is
(supra, no. [472)). 1 he man y uJ1pL1blished frag1nenta ry exain C the LlC d s ·1 .
1 one l b 50111e scholars) ,47 a n I ans.
dat e in the ~th and 4t h centu'.·ies B.C. '~'here is ~n unu sual exan~,: ·ectcl Y h fir ·
rcJPosc1.c1on ·a r, (Pa estum) \Vas t e . . st to succtunb
. . to the Lucaruans .
in Taranto 11'1th the G_odsta ndiJ1g, 4i a _shield on h~s left_ arn,, a tripod
ll 11·as tlie l)rinciJ)a l tO\Vll o-f the district a nd it remamed so until Roman
at his left; between his leg and tl~e tripod th ere 1s a _ttny naked boy . '. J-fre in P aes tu1n took place the same event that two centuries
extendi ng both ann s toward s th e t n pocl an d th e God; D1011ysoswith the tunes,. e cnecl wit h the Romans: the culture and religion of the defeated
deceased? ln anothe r statu et te t l1e d ivi ne ch ild is he ld by a huge ugly Jater iapp
·
orercam c the victors . It. is remarkable. that. the Greek cult of a. mother-
Silcnus.H
go< Idcss, Sta' rt ed here ill th e . Archaic penod, should .
be .contmued by
A group of late Classical figurines of the sea ted type suckling a cltild,
s01netin1es winged, stein fron, a 5th cen tu ry Attic p rototype (Fig. 24).•a I I....11(Canl·ans cancl keep on 1v1thout a break until Roman
t1e •
times. •
Outside the north \Vall of the Temenos ~f Hera m Paestum ~n Italic
There are 1nany l-IeUenistic terrac otta statuettes 0f crouching boys
and girls from Ta rant o and Ruvo . Also front ·rara n to con1es a sta tuette T ile built on the ruin s o f a Greek Archai c templ e whose architectural
Clll] ' . • h ' 48 F h
terracottas were uncov ered, 1vas excavated 1n t . e 1950s. ro~ t e
of a baby in a cradle, imi tation of a Rho clian type .44 T hese were perhaps
Bothros caine votive terr acot tas dating fro1n Greek to Roman tunes,
offerings to De,neter "Ep ilysa1uene ," 1vho111 Hesycb .ios mentions, or
showing an unint errupt ed tradition in the cult of a mother Goddess.
to P ersephoue. Hera suckling T-Iera kles ap p ea rs on a 4th century Apulian
Unfortunately the -final publications have not yet appeared so we do
red figure vase; th is is the only surviv ing Greek representation of a
not know th e conte n t of the Bothros in deta il. From the statuettes
1nyth so popular in Etru scan art. 4 5 \Voin en carry ing a child , or a servant
referred to in th e repor ts and the ones exhibited in the Museum of
showing a baby to his 1not her for t he las t time, are d epicted in some
Paestum, it see111s that no arch a ic examples depicting the Goddess
limestone friezes fron1 ton1b n1onu1u en ts appa ren tly und er inCluenc e
[Ton1 Attic grave -stones: 16 11~th the child have survi ved in this sanctuary. The earliest examples
datefrom lat e Class ical ti 111es.There ar e, ho\vever, early archaic statuet_tes
fromthe oth er sa nctuary, out side . the to\vn near the nver · Silaris' which
_ .
39. 1bid., 65 below. See also An ti/ten aus rlcw A /uide,n. J(11mst111nsc ·11m,, Bo1111,Nr. 19
(Diisseldo rf 1969) 58!1., several exa mples in 13onn. interpr e ted as lleroized count among th e earliest I{o u rotrophoi found in S. Italy (supra,no. [:,9])'
dead becau se of t he shie ld or hors e present in so me examples. It is probable piecesof si1nilar exa n1ples co1ne fro1n Selinous (.M.of Palermo)- . f
tha_t the Giovinazzi depos it (6t h-3 rd cen t. B.C.) co me s from a c ht bonic funeral Thc fa1nous sanc t na ry of "Hera Leucan1a, · .. searched for m vam
shnne o[ Persepbone a nd P luto n like the one o, 1tside Loc ri · the terracotta
T or
cc111unes, 1
r,gunne· s ~vou_ld be _olferings to Pe ,·seph onc and perhaps so me · of them to the ·
was finall y found a nd excavated •1n 1934.49 The Large ernp ·the
deecase<l rn,ti_ates m the Elysium (t he ones de pict ing man with horse e.g., dates from the begin nin g of th e 5th century, the Small Te~ple ~ e
o! warnor, ,b,d ., 6o-6J, e) and[)). 1h 11, . ul tu e qmte un1qu
4o. ):vans (sup, •<i, n. 33) rorr. See supra, no s. [2 , 1] rr. :md bib l.; a lso nos. [,161-4•]. e cll known architectural decoration and sc P r '. b ilclings
1.517-5241). for its dat e, from th e rst half of the 6th. Many subsidiary u and
41. Tara nto M., no. 200 .
43 thesauroi ancl po-rticos ca1ne to light, as well as statuettes, vases
42. Ibid ., no .. io 73 .
43 · Supra , :rypell l.A .5.c.iv .1)-4), esp. no. [280].
44, H1,;g ,ns, Cal •. , . no. iz68, pl. _
173
45 . Anas-Shefton HG II/> 8 f 47. lc 11 • lI 1S8 No/Sc 1952 ·3, 86·
6 A1tkr S • , , 3 9. ig. 22, and supra . no. [315). . . in .1s. lie ormant, L'AP ·lllie et ta L1'canie (Pans 1883) . • . · • 5'', AA 1956•
4 . pie . l ra.
""'teneale X / I', Ea sel r954 no s Berna b'0 .,.,,·ea " l rilievi Tare11t11ll • utsch, ··Archaeol. Grab und Fund in Untentaben 1949 5
ra" R1·· · , · · _,. ".o < , 9
u1s1t, dell 1st. Na , . 1/"An h. N.S. I (1 9 2) 2, fig. 24. 1• s~i Sestie ri . f t Nuo vo i\l[useo ,li Paestum (1954J r4f.
•
5 4 ,. ccU. re"" ··
~~rt s, AJ ;J 42 (1938) 44 2ff. and p l. xvu . u
 J,OCAL CUT.TS A,'10 RE P RESEN TAT I VES MACNA CRAE CIA
181

r<'mains of sacrHices in tl'.e two Bothr oi,,;0 revea liJ1g fascinatin d , o1neg1·anate
, in th e. right hand. . She is celebrated with !\larch and
of the cult of Hera who is here not on ly an Oly1npi an but g etaiis the P f t·rvals in wh reh boa ts, lik e those of Hera Argeia Epilimen·
. ·r l
chlhonic deity near to I e ,a te.•
·1 lllore of
a 1\ ll
gust. tes·ess of ,t he harbo ur , ,), kno,vn fro1nConnthran
. .
votive offerings
1a
65
''protcc 1 • fl •
Fron1 the abo\'e-11 1entioncd 1talic Templ e con1e s01ne lat e Cl . ( . 1
,cor 1 with cancUes. anfc · owers,
:r.tcc 1 y·
are brought by the worshippers
. M
statuett es repr esentin g the godd ess ,vear ing a polos sea ted on tal sSical d"d ·a.rriccl in pr ocess1on ·or t 1e 1rg1.11 ary.66 The types of Kouro-
. I . h h I Id .
offer ing her bare left breast, w 11c s e 10 s ,v1th th e right ha irone a an c . lo not hav e gr ea t va riety. The earliest one is a Peloponnesian
•. ( 1
nc,toa trophor c ii . f h T
baby covered under her I11n1a tton s11p ra, nos. [245-49)). Exact! . t (supra, no . [59)); gunn es o t e ypes III.A.4.a.iii, (nos.
.l
sa1ne t\·pc app ears ,v1t1oul t I1e c I11
·11
c . 1.11a t hrone ,vit h sphinxes Y lhe · 1
~~p~: s]), II I.D. 2.b, Il_I.D.8 and III.D. _2.g.iv, show _Io~ian influence;
on t I1e. ,11n . t l1c .poinegran a t c- s1g111
. gs, I10ld1ng . ·1·y1ng
. chth onic . natseated
ure of [1
0
~he types I II .A.5.c.11 and Ill.A.5 .c.1v show Attle mfluence. The
the Goddess. ~ n,ong t he frncls of. th is ten1ple \\•ere a great nurnber of • t)'IJes h o\vever deve loped a local flaveur. The later offerings, of
swaddled bab ies and ut en, offen ngs to the goddess of fertilit y and lomart. ' t)rle cat-ry the Greek tra di hon · b u t \VJt· h I t alic 111
· fluence.
I
cruc c1.s '
child-birth.5t
Fr om the sa111 e ternp le corn es a big te rracott a ha nd holdin g a swaddled 2. Si cily
baby, front a statu e of l~te ti1nes, perhaps a. cult st atu e (sup ra, no. [6gi)); Tn Sicily, a.s in South Ita ly, th ere are 1nany central a~d rustic s~c -
large sta tu ary uJ clay 1s not uuconnnon rn I ta ly ,vhere th ere was no :c- clcclicatcd t o D emet er or Persephone
l uan ::, . scattered
. . 1n the ancient
local supply of 1uarble. cities. Fron1 th e deposits, excavat ed mos tly1.11 the beginrungof the~entury,
A few terracotta statuett es repr esenting the god dess seate d suckling come many terracot t a sta tu ettes of l(ourotrophoi from the Archaic to the
the baby, like the ones fron1 the Ita lic ten1ple but of freer styl e, were Hellenistic period. Th e tnain centr es of the cult are: Gela, Akragas,
found in Salerno-Fralt e where th e sa1n e ch tho nic deity of fertility was Selinous. I n i\ilegara H yblaia there see111sto have been one as well;
worshipped (supra. no. [257)). The ty p es are of At tic origin, comn1on Kamarina is still being excavat ed .
ill Centra l and South I taly . In one example th e child holds a small The variety of the t ypes in I(amaril1a and the import of the "Meclma"
chariot, whose significance is ta nta li.zi.ng (could it j ust be a toy-chariot figurines suggest a local cul t , either of Demeter or of Persephone as
as on th e Aryballos by lVIakro n ?).03 kourotrophos . 'f here is arch ae ological evidence that Demeter a nd
Fron1 Sele also co1ne beautifu l terracottas rep resen ting H era-Eile.ithyia Pcrscphone were venerat ed th ere.57 C
kneeling with the genius of chil.cl· bil·th on her shoulders,s-1 or busts with A deposit with terraco t tas fro1n t he 6th to 4th century B. · was
the genius on the left shoulder and a phiale ill t he r ight hand. excavated on the slope of th e Acropolis of Katania ,vhich shows that
. The tradition of th is cult of the Argive I{era neve r really died out a cult of Den1eter ,vas pr actis. ed th ere. F rom th e d e posit comes. a monkey .
111 Lucarua. On the lWonte Soprano in Capac cio Vecchio, where the . . f l' otrophot 68 Katan1a
wrth baby, co1n mon vot ive to sanctuaries o ...our .. ·
Paestans went as refugees aft er an epid e111 ic of n1alaria, a 12th century is not far fro111Aitna ,vhere according to the old tradition DeEmletcr
church survives ,v~ere the "i'\fado1u1adelJa i\1[elagran a" is still ,vorshipped. wcnt while 1nour ni.ng th e lost l( ore,50 and m · Ka t a nia itself the
. ..eus-
.
Tite cult sta tue sits on a thron e holcling the child in th e left arn1 and ·inran
• Goddesses had a sanctuary, an d a " signu · m perantiquum is
50· Pl. ~a.t1<:ani-U. Bia nco, Herac1< known th roui?h th e lit erary t radition. 60 f
p . X \ JJ.
m 111/aJoce del S ele (Rome 1951-54) 299ff., and ~ 11nistic sanctuary rom
Outside Gran11nichele Orsi excavat ed a sma
5T. I bid. 2r 9 The lette r ~1 ,
sT ',. . ·P ' appea ring on a vase iro n1 the te m pl e of H era ("Ba•
-~ l '1° aesbmi a nd in ma ny she rds fou nd a rou nd t he cenota ph o f PacstuoJ
~cha
1
oug , t to rep resent 1Iet
52. AA (i g·6 ) . '
c C .
er: · • 1~a rd, e (s·111
·
p1·a., n . 8) 22. 55, ~ce s·u,p,•a. p. 14 9 .
• , • 4-r• •J. r,g. , 56. 56· Zauc~ni-l3ianco, /1orae11-111
, 3. Beazley, BS A , 29 (, 93,1) rSg. . 19, fig . 2. where furtherbibliog•
57· G. Libertini, " Dcmet riak a", A I, (1937) 7r5ff., 7,9, n. 1
54. Museum of Pa est um . Z . B. I Jlfus
'Berlin 36, • Ph t · . anott ,- ianco, G1•ossgriechc11/a11d,fig. 46 . St.-.at · ·1 rapby.
0 · 1n v 1378 Sesti c · M
F1guYfnes from S 11 r· ·
• ,.
· a· p
n , J 1,seo 1 acslum, . s M . Stoo p , Florahr ~S. Bo//. <l' A, •tt (1960) 2+7, fig. 228. See s11pra, Type Vlll.
1 11 srs . . . of the 4/h &C1
N c//cuislfo l' crio,i (,~' ,"" ; ''Y<tCOll a i ct u.<e-b11r11
en,\ a n Gorcum 1960, , lr ch iv A rcluwolog1c11111
1I. alld
. 2) ·
1
1
~~- £ (r937) 723 . ,, ,. ;a AnliW (1925) ~7.
· b1ti.. 125 bel(Jw ff., and r1. 6 . Seo also A. Hohn, C 1 11
 T,OC Af, CU/,TS AXD ltE PR ESE NTAT I VES ~lAGNA GRAECLA
183
wlwre comes a kottrotrop hos. 61Th e terrac ot tas a re urlfo rtun a tel . • f the an cient ritu als.00 Th e frnds point to a small rural h .
unpublished. The production st ar ts at a bout 500 B. C. ; th e 111 reJl1•
a1ns o 11e 7 tl1 cen t ur y to the 5th century B Cs nne.
0 { mostly o f(erings
· fronl t • . were
type is lhc fcn1ale worshippe r b ringing a sac rif icia l p ig , a ty s popular \ ,0 uve
.
. .
-'t a lly in th e sa n e1, some times with special care held m · p1ace
1·ied II u, ,
in S\'racusc. Kama rina, Gcla, A.cra i, a nd pr o ba bly iinporte dpel common bt1 of fresh clay or frag ments of terracotta. According to the
· lere fr lJl' rnean 5
I tl I ·
S:iTacusc. om • • Jue evid ence t 1ere ,vere 1ree p tases 111th e use of the Sanctuarv
st~ tc ~1 J '

~legara J-fyblaia was built by t he 111 egar ia ns with the c . After 650 to 550 B .C.; i.n _thi s p eriod ther e were no buildings.
1
of the Sicilia n King 1- !yblo n . F ron1 here co1n es a uni qu e st atu e 0 ~ncession · fferings con ta i-11many Rhodian and oth er import s as wellas local
!,,ourotroph os suckling two childr e n a t t he sa 1ne tun e (snp ra, 11
11 The o I\ ritu al of t he l)t1ry1ng. of vases bY o.ne or by a group of worshippers
~
0 2early vases -r . .
I here a re no appa rent grou nds for he r being a Leto . 02 S he is r [tl 39)). been a tte sted. In son1e cases rtv er pebbl es were offered m local cups.10
'-Ouro tTOfl l10s s1·n11-1ar 1.
I·
•
l-1y)11a 1a.03
·
n na ture to an o ld er ind igeno u s go ddess
a .1e1a
, pe11laps
~;:ny vases \Vere b usi ed ups i~e. down , apparently referring to the chthonic
natu1
·e of the d eity . T h e. sac riftc es must
.
ha ve been preceded by banquets
.
Accord ing to th e lit erar y e vidence, D en1e ter ,vas id e ntified · h .111the open ai r, a ccor din g to th e find s. Th ese correspond to the third
. . s
E' 1 e1.t I1y1a
'l Wit · t he K a u· · w hen women
111 y r;c use as well a; . in Taras (H esych s.v. E pilysamene). da , ceremonies of th e Th esmop 11ona, 1gene1a,
A 6th century I'-ou rot rophos {l; 1g . II) come s fro1n t he per iph ery of ba~quetecl and d ep osit ed vo tive obj ects and thesmoi.
Syracuse, fron1_~'fon te Bubb on ia (iV Iaktor ioll ?). 61 A frag inent ary , · late 2 . 550-450 B .C. Dur ing this period, treasuri es a~d Naiskoi with
'.1rchaic Oll C, with a beauti ful 111oulded fac e, h old 5 t he child wrapped simple tiled roofs ,vere constru cte cl,-7 L To\vards the middle of_ the 5th
11~ a cloth on_her left shou lder ; he holds a n u nid ei1tified object in the century th ey ,vere d est ro yed by frre, and th en the largest rrea~ury
rrgh t han d (Fig. 34). was built. Also a L esch e was b uilt , a l0ng rectangular hall for meetings
. There are also n1any unp ublish ed fc1n a le b usts ,vith hig h polo s, elating where appa re ntl y th e 1vom en banqu ete d. A graffito denotes a dedication
111 the 5th c~n tury, ap par ent ly vot ive to D e,n et er 66 , found in shrines to Thesn1ophoros. 72 In th e 5th century votive deposit ther e were m~ny
a_n d caver ns 1n severa l p laces in Sy racu se.66 Th e cult of the El eusinian statuettes of wo1n en vota ries wit h p opp y or piglet, and kourotr0pho1;'13
Goddesses seen1s to ha ve flou rished h e.r e since Gelon b uilt th eir te 1nples also proto1nai, a nd e n tlu ·on ecl godd esses . Fragments of a base and foot
near the wa lls.1;, o[ a sta tue of na tu ra l size indic a te a c ult- statu e. Outside the Treasure
A lit tle out side ~ ela , on th e srnall hill of B it a lem i (na rned so a fter Houses were foun d votiv e depo sits of 100 cups placed in _concentric
a sina ll_ch~irch dedica ted to S. !\'[a ria d i Be thlen1), Orsi exca vated in semicircles· in one corne r a terrac otta statu ette of a standing woman
t he begmning of th is cen tury a d ep osit con sisting of fin ds da ting from · poppy' flo\ver a nd p iglet wa s placed erect. N In the mi'ddle Of• the
with
the 7 th . to the :i· th ce1'•t ury · ludi ng son1e kou rot roph o1.
· an d 1nc . 68 Recent circle there ,vas an oinoc h oe and a cup. Near a Naiskos a deposit of
excavati ons have .yield ed n1a ny n1ore kour o trop hoi a nd 1nterestmg . . · hoae ,vas found, ,v1th • the v as es p 1ace d one 0 n top of the other,
omoc

6 t. ,vr,1, r 7 (1906) 70 · uu d ·
69. Reports in A A ( l 9 6 4) 73 9 r. fig. 53, vo tive ~eposit of the e;~!rfe~ 0~~:z;:
,1JA. 68 ( 1964) 38 4 , pl. 1 2 0 , fou11dations of Na1skos, group ~t . p Orlandini,
,. ' . SI 4 , or ' 101; ~1A. 18 (1907) 16 4
"'-"·•"nas- ielton NG vp 8
63 E c· . C ' . · · 3 9, exp!. to pl. 228.
· ~. iaccn . ulh e 1n.ili, 1.
· 1 1
6:"8-35
?.th cent . B .C. J A. 69 (1965 ) pl._89, fi~ ...9• votive st_;it~e
9
, pls. ~-~5-
3 Lo Scavo de! l hes1no pho n o n d 1 B1tale m1. l(ok alos, • ( ) the deposits
64. 5<:eOrlandini, J<oitalos (i g6 r) 14 .f R. H . .liollo way, ·" Arc haeol. News", AJA 75 _( 97 ) ? · ~~uon: oup of more
1 1 9
65. Libertin i (s1tf>,an • ) 10 _ S J · o( votive offer ings in t he bill side espec1ally iutcre.~ting " adi g the jaw of
66. l)_ Ra ndall Maci ,,;/1,. J, .ca{f~Je l V. Zuntz , P crsep/1011 e , 150 -7, 160(. th an twenty vases, fou nd wi th t ra ces of a l'itual meal inc1u n
67. lbid .,,,T SO a nd 11'ap·· C,t,es '" fl tily 1,nd s; . u,, (Oxford .193 1) 143.
_.. lll p cl,170 a pig. pl. ·, 8, fig. 16. Samhwri di J\,[, Gra~iti (s-r,pra, 11·z9).
6S. NI A, 17 ( 1906) ~61 z ' , . , 7 · Oriaudini (snpn , n 69) pi ·x,_·,ii 7
0
Sicilian £<ourotrg; h · .-~nt_z, 1 crscphonc, r TJ. r 3, l 51f .. brief accou n t of th0 71, fb'i ' . · •• ' .
many of the old Cit1::.·
ic 15
u nawa re o/ r;c cent excavat io 11
s and finds , nnd of 72, Tb'.~·· pl. I, G4, 5, 7; p . 18 not es 2+. 25.
I ., pJ. X , 4
73, l biil.
• • pls• X,. 2. .
7'I· Ib1<l •• pl. x. 2 .
 LOCAi, C l'J, T;; AND J!E l' RESEN TAT IVES
• 1,[AGNA CRAEC IA
185
lwld tul{l'Il1~r by bi:; sherds. A11oth cr deposit of recta ngul f walls is an ear ly archa ic sanctuary of Demeter and I rth
. . . ar ormar1 1 t•·ct e I
ti e ' B" . I • a er
011°
1
was composed of vases, with c ups, la 11 1ps and a female terr aco tt 01 (liwcst in Sa11 1ag10, a 5 t 1 century tem,ple dedicated t th
5 the so11 ' from tl1ese, tllere 1s . a big sanctuary comp sed o e
of Rh· ocha.
· n typ e 111
· t I1c centr e. l n ot b er parts of th e 'sa nct a latuettc to ..
. c1e1t1es.
Apart
. o o1
found ,·ases put upside down. Also, in t he clay which , vas putary Were 1
twu_ _ 1dn cs a nd a lt ars forn1er y entirely enclosed by a precin t
riou, s 1 h . 1 . . ·r C
strat um for bujlding the tr eas uri es, Rhodi a.n statu e ttes and Cas_a s~rb- vi d·cate d t o the cht . <
0111.c e1ties. he quadrangular archaic altar
1'"
I I
• 'II
skq 1ho1 • . only one rna.le 0stnnth1an
. were ·incorp orat ed .1r.' Apa r t I ro n1 s1leno1, • cel have b een (accor diJ1g to tl1e finds . and by comparison with
0
w~s found! atuettc sccJllR , a lta rs) dedi cat ed to the hvo goddesses, whose cult starts
3. 450--1-
05 B .C. Th ere ,vas a third final ph ase a ft er t11c dest .
n1n· logoua . arly as Lhe 7th cent ury an d continu . es until hellenistic times.11
.
ul Lhe sanctuary by rire ; new la rge
. .
bu1lch ngs
ruction
,ve re b uilt whicli-) I1owevcr
here as c, .
Three a rcha ic stat uettes of l(our otrop ~Ol w~re found together with
. oiild in th e san ctuary of the chtbon1c deities (s1i,pra, nos. (149-52])
lasted only 1mtil the encl of th e centur y . wh en the Ca rtha17inia .,. ns att ack·ed' 1hc1r Jl1 . • •
Gela. _Th e typ e o f the kourotr opll os 1s n1ost pop ul ar in Gela around Sonie crouching b oys ,vere also -found 111the sanctuanes.a 0 All these
the 1u1d 5th cent ury (see s111j)r a, n os. [rr7 ], (220-zr ], (462) rc14] 1 a ny doub le n1asks fr om th e sanctuary of the chthonic deities
:\11(I tl) e n1( •
. rr, 15, arc I1a .1c; I 6, r 9 Class tcal
F1gs. . ; 4r , llell enistic). ' I.;) ' a so . d. le a strong cult of the two n1ost venerat ed goddesses 1n Magna
10 lCU . •
Anoth er sanctuary , exca vated on the Acr opoli s, 70 dates from tl Graecia, generally ,vorshipped h ere as ~hthon~c and nursing.
Archaic _a nd Class ica l peri~cls. I •inds of ~t~ t ue tt es of wo1nen with pi~~ The Doric colony of Megara H ybla 1a, Selinous, was famous because
protom~1 and kourot ropho1 point to a s11n1lar cult to that practised al of the great sa nc tuary of D em:eter i\'1alophoros, the most celebrated ~f
B_it~ enu. In Gela t_he cult s of th e ch th onic deiti es ,vere trnder th e juris- the Sicilian religious centres, situated abo ut I km. from the Acropolis,
dictton of the faruily of th e Deino111 e n.idai, a1nong ,vhon1 the office ol against th e slop e of the m oun tain, comprising an area ~f z,500 square
the hieropha n t ,vas tran s1n itt ed u-0111fat her to son. n metres encircled by a ,vall. 81 The cult started already 1n the late 7th
ccninry, but the first temp le ,vas built _around 520 B.c.,:and was in
2
On the site of Bital e1n i now is a Christian Chu rch of Santa ~'1aria1Li
Bethlen1; the villagers bring th eir childr en to th e chu rchya rd carrying use until the l-Icllenistic age. From this sanctuary of The Goddess
then1 on th eir shoulder, ju st as it happ ened t\ve nty five centu ries ago, whu bears th e Fruit" (Malopho ros) as a symbol of fertility came several
:uid celebrat e religious n1eals ,vith wine , aft e rward s sto rin g th e bottles examples of archaic an d Classica l repre sentations of the Kourotrophos
111 the ch urch ! Bital e1ni is still a rustic centr e o f piety . i\'feals in Lile (supra, nos. [153], [158], (159]) . ·
111
churchyard a lt er th e liturgy, on a Sain t' s day or o n the celebration of ~lost int erestin" is a small archaic figurin e of a seated goddess
?ne of the events of Christ's or th e Virgin i\'fa1·y' s li fe, ar e still cornmo11 Egy1)tian sty le, st~ck ling a b aby. 83 Appar ently it is an import, prob!bly
in the Greek _count ryside. Th e Sac red Nleal is a practice especia lly con· from Ionia where th e i1nitation of Egyptian types was common. It
nect,ed 111ancient tim es ,vith celeb rati ons of 1nyster ies, or ,vith a cbthon ic
or k _ourotr ophos Goddess. In Kleta , La conia, th ey ,vere held during the ) . . ... ·a I A•rigerlloArcai,a:
F 79-..I Marconi. s1,1uli A grige·11ti1'i," Gli Altan Arc~,c• ; 1 • 11• r h I Storia
InestJval of. tlie T"1tl1en1d1
· ·a , the celebr at ions for Art enJis Kourotrophos .
'"' ",'· "II Santuario delle d ivi 11ita Ctonie", R·ivrffli dell'l 5I. d A•: •:.-i•shrines
lat er times they were held for Isis .78 <l ei/ A,·tc, Vol. I. Also Be rve and Gruben. Greek Temples, Thea:;: a see now
(New York, Abrams, n.d.) 4 32(£. For the topogra~hy ~kA !~/ Si:ilim,
J. A. \Vaele, A cl'f,gt,s GrtUJtt>Di• ldsto.-.Topog.-.desg,•rech. !,a!I _ 1 Archeol.
Th e cult of Deinete r and P ersephone is at tes ted in Akra"as perhaps
's-Gra.,enliage, Staatsu1tgevenJ I 9 ' '
· any• where e 1se ·Hl s·1c1l
. y. On th e eastern part of the., Acropo 1·is,
more t han '. (iibcrl:r. von R. llahie r'.
Slud. van het Nede rl. J-Ust. In st . te :Rome,3) 183ff. th e c~l!°·gento Room ll,
80 • Kekt1M von Strado nitz, op. cit ., Cig. 41. Ufford, _-17·~lus. ,...,.i '
75. 1bid ., pls. '<ix xx
76. N ntSc (1962) ~~ 3ir f", 5 .
77- Or!andini (supra •• 'S · _9 · 11 , pl. L_C,•,fJo. Gelo, r25 (., 136.
R . van Comper~o~I~~) - Herod. " " · ' 53- E . ~lanni. SfoUic, Pagn,m, J J 7• iz3.8
'·:r
:
8 ~ase 8. fro m the sanctua ry of t he Chthonic Dc,~es- 1 1. S rnunte" Kokalos
~f-
2

32 (r927) pl. l. K. l"erenyi, "Le clivinita _ed •.~;•~P ~:;t~~l35SicalCult of

6- 3U., whe re [tir ther bib!. Also D. vVhite. e
Gela"' L'"t~
'
' Les Ue rnomcnides et le cu lte de Demeter et l{orc
~ v<1H<S, 2 8 (1969)
82 u" 10phoros at Selinu s" , A] ll 71 (1967) 335!!.
7fS. Sce.<1 ,pra. p. , 39/1 H T B 474 -9. . · Hord, 30 .
83- il-J
A 30 ( )
\\ '. ~lilller ~1-· / · · ell, C«lts ttnrlC,·ee& i11Grneco-Rom,.,,, Egypt (1954) ll, 81. Max'· • '9 2 7 377, fig. X75.
' · '""""""" Jaln·b,,cl, ( 19 63) l ;1,
• n . 33. · >mova, Les Vasas r32f .
 I (, /<, C,\J. r I'/ J, \)';Jl J<FP llESENT AT I VES

., 1nt• 1,, tlw ""mnpr, Jita11 1 haraetc· 1 o ! lh c· sa nc luary . Crouchin ,, b

w1 <> oys
' r1 al ,, !1,111111lwrr·. •
w,
\Jaii, lead dc/ix1011c~ fnuncl with in lhe sn.nc l uary a nd a chth o .
~ll·ir indwat,, tl11·r11n11eclio11<Jf Lhe Godd ess with dea th a nd th e a ll ~•c
A ·p !J,.r·iunan ·~ · a c u I l o f l I1e• G od clcss of a fterlife Ter1l(e,
rl•orrupal 1·011w1lh .
i' r•nf'•Ba'al has hrcn s 11ggcslt• d I,y s0 111e.
so 'f l1c po sl-5 th ce nt ur y cult h .
an,L
lwni cnn, ifif'rt•d a,; a ha lf-co n1plr ted sy n thes is o f P u11ic and Gre:
t•l<•fll t•Jl l <;,
The ;inr,11~ ·11111u
s Grea t i lolh e rs . ofl e11 ca lled "Th e Chtho nic deities"
,n ) kt l'r<·s, WC'r <' ve nera ted in Sicily . Th ey ap pea r sea t ed side by side
111~n1all lr•rracolla sla lu ell es . P luta r ch and Di od oru s give s0 01e useful
inf11n nali ,J11.ij7 T he Lown Eng iu-; was bu ilt at lhc hea d of the riv er Salso-
Jli1nc,ra. now id ent ified with the river Ge la ; th e tow n Gela itself was
built by R hodia ns and Crr:!la ns . Tht: pop ul a tio n of E ngiu s was of Cretan
,,rigin. The• /irsl Crct:i n imm igra nt s br ough t wi lh the rn the cults of Part l'hree
lh c Mcteres (Diod. l V,7G,80 ; P lut . I , il1a rce llus , xx). Th e fea1ale deity
:-tS Cerea l is or Ga lro tis or Hy bla ia ( ?) ,vas vene rate d by th e Siculi,
Th e Gods
a nti w:ls pr obab ly no t unl ike th a t of the Sard i in th eir vi cini ty. 'v\le know
tlial t he cull of the dea d a nd of a il'rot her Godd ess of Chth onic charact er
was praclicc<l in Sardini a. in the "N ura.gltic" p er iod (ea . 7 th-6t h century
H.C.).88 Such a n ind ige no us sub st ra tu 11 1 in S. It aly ex pla ins also the
remar kable flourishi ng o f J(o u 1olrop h ic cu lls in the G·r eek period. A
grea t va riety of l(o ur ot roph o~ ty pes of n1os t periods were louncl in
Sicily (swpl'a, nos . [44-45), [68), [r1 6- r 9) , 1)49 -54) , [158-63], [182-84],
[203-10]. [2r 9-22], (238-39], [243), [259}, [263) , (303), [306 -307) , [394].
[ ..p Ci]. (457-66), [479). [513-16) , (57.'i) , (587-88 a). See a lso Fi gs . 7, ro,
I I, 15, 16, 19, 41),

85. P«termo, ,p 22,

86. ~\~iite (.rnp ra, n. 8.r) 3.13H, 3.171. F or oricn la l c ults in Sic ily a nd t he hcllcnized
cult· or M~ler l\ ybclc in Sy rac use, Ak ra i, Sc linou s and Gola in th e 6th-3rd
centu ries ~.C. sec G. Sfa mcni Gaspai·,·o. J ou//i or ic111,,N i n SiGil ifl, (Leyden
r973) f>a~~•·'."· an d f.a/ omus, 32 (1973) 65? 11. i
S7. Rene Cn ilh, .Pl'c/J'cs rlanscu>'s de Rome (.Paris .r9-.3) , 311,. a nd re/. to P · ' 1111
J~'
,3 .
1[""""
1 C Sicul c C c,,,,Jw1,e /l tr. zo,u• ,li Gell! (J964)
5 , xx. c. Na var ra , Cillo Sictr.?I

88. Giovann i Lilliu, Ln Ciuilt?,rlei Sa.,·,li., 297/f.; 237 , pl. ,H,, as J(onrot rophos.
 Chapter ~ ineleen

T l1e Gods and D emons

.\IpI1abc
tic lisl of. the . n1ain deities, semi-deities
• .
and h.,.......,
-v,,. who were
ccrn,
, 011
·d with
.
cluld-birth
.
and/o r child-care. 111 one
•
way or another;
, there 1s evidence for the u,e o{ the epithet Kourotrophos a1o
where . . , ne
or fallowing the _proper nan_ic, as 1nv~cation of the deity, the fact is
m:uked in this list by placing the ep~tbet Kourotrophos next to the
opcrname of t he God or Goddess, 111the beginning of the section.
~nly mainreferences and the sites of ,vorship are mentionedbriefly; for
furtherinfmn1alion the reader should look unde1the appropriatechapters
whichdeal with the correspondtng sites.

,IGD!STIS.See supra, p. 120, a nd i11fra,193, s.v. I{ybele.

AGL.\Ull t OS or l{ekropicls, daughters of l{ekrops, Aglauros,Pandrosos
and E rse, i11J-\.thens (supra, p. 102ff.).
.I KAKKAl.1S. In Crete ( ?), cave of Lera, l{yc1onias.
AM,1r.-r111;1.1. Goat-nurse of Zeus (verb altho, aldo: to feed); especially
in Crete; Call. }Ty11t11. I , 46ff. Innuence of the oriental Cow-lnanna,
Cow-I-lalhor suckli ng the Ph;u·aoh. W. H. Pb. Romer, Sumerische
"J{o11i gs-hy 1nn.en" der Isin-Zeit (Leiden 1965) 137ff.,v. 20; R. D.
Bnrnclt, ?'/,~ iVinwn d I vories (London 1957) 143, figs.51, 52. See
supra,l11Lr oduction, p. ii , p . 81[£., and Type VI.B.1.
APlll!OJ) lTE. ~[:.Lin ly in Cyprus : Idalion, Golgoi, l{hytroi, Lapithos; as
1[etcr in Thebes (Aesch. Sept. 140); see also Types 111.D.7.I, IV.A.
I.k-1, and IV.J3.r.L Also in Attica. (s,//lpra,pp. 127ff.).See H. Herter:
''Die Ursprunge des Aphrod itekultes", Eleme11ts orie111a x, 6x-16•
11
tlroL1.o. 111Cyprus : l(o urion and I{ition; in Athens; in Teosas Koureas'.
111Laconia as l( our idios-Hy akinthos · also in Delphi (si,pra, P· i37f.),
· d's ,Theogony schol. 264'ft . For Apollo Kalliteknos
\ V~st·, Ji esio and
l<ourotrophos see su.pra 1'ype V.l{. . C .
111
llADNE. S01netin1es confused \1rith the nymph ARlAGNE; YP=•
111

., see supra, no. (424] · Otto Dionvsos passi111;also supra, no.parta[ ).

•"\lrfF~ l' . I • ✓ ' in s ;
i)ns \.OlJltOTROPNos : Diod. Sic. 5.73.5; KoR-YTH'."LIA e and
.ole111o n apcl. Athen. D 139 A. PAIDOTROP!IOS m Messen ("0f
h oro . p . ' ' ' • Eli . lPHIGENEIA
ne. aus. 1v.34.6; P1-111.0M:EIRAX m s, . a p 137
tlte " d I · Delphi (si1pr, , ·
<1.n.,oo o fspting") in Brauron; LoCHIAm . t pbaleron
~o cl SEG 3.400.9), Delos (S1tpra,p. 151ff.), ~ Attica,~ 06 and
gether ,1'ith the Nymphs and Kephissos, ID Tbera,
 THE GODS TI1'E GODS ANDDEMONS
191

;\fysia: HrAKYN TIIOTROP HOS (sic) in Kn id os ; i n E phesos l\'' . •f f.), Thcn1is o( Apo llo (Honi. Hy . iii.r 23.5; ~ee further refs. in the
.
severa l sites . 1 I ' -
111 p ura : t, RTEM
. lent to Ei! eith
LDES, equ iva ' "iletos
i . . •· in ro- . ta ries on th ese passages) . In El eus1s Demeter was _,•.
Price, I[, pr,ssi1n. Orphic fl y inn 36 .S : op0,"-, wxu),6, e Y ai , sec c0111111C . : p re 11
.. lll d< as rn o th er o f ruA •· te m1s G.
er, riechisclieMytho'· • I
'"""
xoupo-;- ' e "'
poq, .a n Go d dess a n d ot herX t«A, Bp,,-·
o(t.-tµov. ·1·he E PI1es1 '.""'
vcnei,1 e
v iii. .6 .
1' 1
1ere ,vere
.
1n1p o r
tantcu l ts ofherasKourotrwg1eh,
0 .1 - Pa us.
37 . . op •
Goddesses were a5soc1·a tecl w1't h A rt eJTu·s (a nd na1ned so) i natohan. 3··: South I taly : Gela (T h esmoph onon); 111Taras as wellas.
0 - 111 E 1n
their erotic na tur e, not att ribu ted originally to th e sister~ ! 'te 0 1 ~ ·1 as EPILYSAiV IENE or LEOTflO. In plural: DAMATERES in
only because she inha bited ,vilcl p laces : \/1/.I·Ielck, Bet·rac1i: ollo, S1c1 Y ' in conn ection · 1v1t · I\ Z~eus ; SIIIl
. l·1a r to the Cretan MEnREs '
z1wgrosscn Gott·i 1111
111dden iltr verbn11d
ene11Gotthe£ten (Rel• .
111 11
Cc RhodeS' 6 6 .
· p -·cc II. See a lso su.pra, n os. [ 5 ], [695).
. • ,g10 11 1/.111/ Scc r1 , ,
J{.11
/fu.r der a/ten 1l{J!tel1neerwelt in Pnrnlle!Jo,-sc/Ju,11ge .ch
u , ,,...., '.1."·[unr ' . • 1 In Crete , nur se of Ze us.
D1KTfM~, · ·
\'ie11na r 971) 203 a nd 247. · .. - 1n Athens nurs e of Pl outos . Eur. Bncch. 420; KOUROTROPHOS.
Al'l-JA)JAS. Brought upD io nysos , cf . sup,,a, ·r yp e 'V.D. Em~~E .
For lhe sJu·i ne and a lta r and statu e of l{ephissedotos see Type
ATHEXA. In At_tica , ~h ebes ; as ll'f E!E R in E lis (see also Et tr. Jierakt. l V.A.r.g. . . .
770-72); D1od. S1c. 3.70 : <!Ju)..<'- ,; -rou 11:rt.1.86~;
in Lind os, I(a meiros· En.EJTHYIA or in plu ral : E ILElT~~ IAI (or Eleuthia, Ile1thyia, etc. fo~);
in Et n tria. Nur se of Er ech th eus (I l. B 547) a11d pro tectress of secBaur, E·ileithy ia, an d Pri ce , 11, 4fHf. for the plural form; mainly
heroes, in pa rticula r T hese us and H erakle s. See supra, p . rot! /., in Athens, Cre te, Spa r ta, Arcadia (,vhere she was considered as
and Types IV.A. r .a; IV.A.r.h: At hena E rga ne ,vith P loutos. more ancient than l{ro nos) J\ilessenia , Boeotia , Paros, Tenos; at
BAUlJO. A ra ther obscure figu re i11th e E leusin ian circles ; the nurse of Agrai, in At ti ca, she ,vas in vo k ed as E11kol ine. See also Introd.,
De1n ete r. xf., and Typ es II I.D .7.a , I V.A .Le. Eil eithyia KooROTROPHOS
BLAUTE. In Ath ens a,soc iat ed ,vith I{our otr oph os; i11 P a ros associated mentioned by An ti ma chos of Colophon (su,Pra,p. 89 and n. 5r.
with the E leusinian Godd esses. Genelcira fe/1,non, Pin cl. N eni. vii.2. l{nossos tablet Gg 705;
BR1Mo. Anoth er obscure figure in E leusis; see su,p ·ra:, r r8; Hippo!. Od. 714, 715, 7 16; Gera rd- R ousseau, Les 111 _religie11ses
e11tio11s rorf . ;
P!tiloshoph. 5,8 (Miller, p. r 15). So 11 1eti1nes associated with Persep- Vermeulc, Gotterkult 6off. ; A. H eubeck , "Etymologische Vermutung
hone, s01net in1es ,vit h H ekat e. I(OUROTROPHOS:ApoIJon. Rhod. zu Eleusis und Ei leith y ia " , J( ad:111 0s, II :1 (1972) 87-95; L. Maiten,
3.S61.
"Elysion und Rh ada man thys", Jdl, 28 (1913) 40-41. _
CHElRo :-;. Cen taur; br o ught u p Achill es ; see ·r y p e \ T.G. According to GEKounoTROPnos : l·les iod T heog. 479f.: Eurip . Plioeii.683: pan/on
Apollonius be brou ght up Arist a eus : Jeann1aire, Conroi et Cmiretes, Ga lro,Plios. Ha 1ndorf,' Griechische J(ultperso11ifikatih 1•e11 3f. Ge
290. ., · · Gorgo' Eros
as mother of d emons a n d her oes, Harpies , ,i,,oirai, '
DANAE.\¥ ith P erseus, see supra, n o. [631].
Giants. In th e De lph ic Hieros Logos she ,vas referred to _asMfreter
D EL~NEIRA. \.Vith Hy Uos, see supra, no. [629]. Tiieon. 0 . I(er n Orphic F·rag111 ents (1922) 143• quoationkianom
DE~fET ER I( oUROTROPJ-!OS, PAIDOTROPHOS, PAIDOPHILE: Orp hic Hymn 1

Pnilode1nos. Solo n fr. 42 (ap cl. Choriciu s, Enkomion eis Mar P~on,
4~•2 ·3,_ l{esych. s.v. kotu·ot ropho s ; in ·r egea, Arcadia, together
th h .ore as KARPOPHOROI (snprn., p. 142) ; TROPROS of Troph oni~s Bishop of Ga za L~aos B' ed Boi ssonad e, 103): lipare ko,irot~ o ;~
~\'J SI , ' b • • 'th Hermes Enagon1os
ie was ,vorship p ed at E leusis tog eth er Wl . H ,cxx.5.
~~oLeba~eia (Paus. ix. 39.4-5) ; in Cre te, (Olo us ?) and Gort ys;_10 the Graces. She is ca lled I(o urotr ophos in the Homenc ~taeus
. s, I<nidos, Corinth (Acrocor intl1). POLYTROPHOS : Schol. Callim,
According to on e t raditi on she brought up tbe hei:od ed most
~ .Cer. I , Callin1•• _FIy inn Cer. I. D ivine n ur se of k ings : in E leusis of (P·1 d u.lt as conSI er
_emophon , or Tn p tole1nos, or Pl outo s or I akc hos in Sikyon of the ~ a r, Pyth. , ix , 59 ff., 102ff.). H er c . w . hthonios; there
kiog_Or th0?01is (for De1nophon : Honi.liy. II , 233ff.); the theme of ancient in Ath ens establi sh ed by her nursling E~c d sometimes
feediog a k1og Or hero on ne.cta r a nd a mbrosia (to rnake h1n1 • 111u
· 11or· she sh . d • .
• a1e a sanct ua ry ,v1th D eme er
t Chloe • cons1dere) Thus may
2
tal, usually) is bo d . D eter as her nu rse (Pa us. i.22.3; Harr ison, Proleg. 269, n. ~d Korein
of D un up \l'ltb tha t of t he divin e n urses, e.g. em
cmophon, Ge a ncl Hora i of Arista eus (Pi nc!. P;,th. ix, 591!. , be explained also her clos e connect ion ,vitb Deme6Sterff)In Crete
Pat .. 2 1.r r ) a nd Thebes (Eur. Plwen. 0 • •
ras (Pans . VJ1.
 -
TETE GOOS ·nm GOUS AN D DEMONS
193
she was the nu rse of Zeus, in Th ebes th e N urse of All. A {ou rto-rROPHOS;Pl aton apd E tym. Mag.: s.v. Am hidro .
she was th e l~ouro tr ophos par excellence o f At ti ca . PParenuy 11'' iur scs of Aristaeus : Pin~. ~ y tlt. ix, S?ff., 102f,
flES, p mia,
5
and In trod. p. 6ff. A1soTypes I \T.A.1 .b a nd I V.C. ' ee J>.lo5rr. J1oi-,1 r. p·· stcss of Athena I to n1a 1n Koron e1a; she was worshi ped
JI EK,\Tll J(oUROTRO PHOS, rfesiocl, Thcog. 450-52, a pri1nary l(
J~ ue.
101>)·. ·
1r (C
(Arcaclia) an d .'I..OUESIA rete); both girls and boys d
p as
h OHl,1 · T.' , • J ,r ma e
h·ophos designated as such by Zeus right from th e beg· . ouro. . , .-igs of hair to her : ,...ereny1, iin.g1 M,uter
ra1t1,11d 37.
· · 1nru11g(f. offo1u " . f d ff . "
supra, p. 11r f.); sh e a1so helped yout hs ,vh o compe te in tl\ c· . GE~Er,,. H.ero i11e, g1ver o: goo o spnng , associated withArtemis
(f lesiod, Tlteog. ~.35-8). I n lh e late Orphie l{y 11111 1
. 5 she is . e f<ames.
,. ouro.
IP 11_.,B. ir·on (in itia lly h e r p n estess) ; eventually an epithet of Artenu·s·
in } 1at ,
trop hos (1.8 and 12.8). She ,vas ,1,orsh 1pped as I{oiirot ro . ,ee supra., p . 12r ff. . .
. ( f . . I I' p 1ios in
Lagina, _A. i\11nor see n czc ":t 1 '>-◊urotrophos, 2 nd cent. B , Kourophoros of 1-I erm es-ch.il~, . see su.p~a,_n?s. [561], [628].
supra, 1yp es IV.B .r .n and T\ , .f\ .r.p .). Be rg "He ka te G k.C., 1115
~ rec · or ' -·E · eciallv in Delos a n.cl l\1acedorua 111Hellen1shc times.
Anatolian?", 1V11-111e11,
, <
21,2 (r974) 128- 140, con nects Greek lit Isis
·.
. sp , · · h t.d d f h A
·FN EIA. \.Vorslupped in t e t ur · ay o t e theman Thcsmoph-
.
tra dit ion of th e ident ity of Iphi 1nede ia-I p hige neia with Hekr ary 1, ,11,LJG• • • el f ll cl TTaJli • f h
. . e ate oria; the celeb ra tion it s ea e L'- gene1a was or t e blessing
and comes to the concln s1on that I{ekate 1s Greek a nd not Anatoli of children: Ar istop h. Th es111 oph. 295f. (see also i11fra,p, 207),
Alth ough the latt er see n1s p lans ible, the fonn er does not leada~. l(EKROl' tOS. See Ag .law-ids .
this conclusion necessar ily. Th e rea clii1g Iph iinedeia in il'lycenaca; KouRr;TES . "Tr ophees " of Zeus, JI-IS 85 (1965) 155; Laager, Geburt
~ablets is inconclus ive, and the t raclition of h er id entity with Jph- 1111dJ{i'lldheit, 149.
1genc1a does not ante -date I-fesiocl. Aristop h . Schol. in VC. ¥ . so4 : KouROTROPHOS ( ?). A. probl en1atic "Sonclergottin ?" Most probably
calls 1-Iekat e l(ouro trophos. an epithet -beco m e-noun ,vhich has its exact equiv~en~ in the
HERA . Kurse of H era kles. cf. supra , 'f ypes I II. A.5.d , IV.B.r.h, wor- modern Gree k ep ithets used instead of the name of V1tgtn Mary;
shipped as such in Thebes and S . I taly. As E ileit hyia: Thorikos and applying to Ge in Atti ca (IG 12, 840.9, Aristoph. Thesm,~99, Plato
:warathon, in Attica; in Argos, Sa n1os, by the riv er Sila ris in Lucania Cllm. 174.7 , Lu c. de i\lleretr. 5.1) to the state Goddess Hera m Samos,
(ancient Oinotr ia, s11prn ., p . 179ff.) as I{o urotrophos. Samian in- to other local d eiti es else,vhere ; IG 11(2) 203A46 (3rd cent. B,C,,
script ion and later lite rary reference to sac rifi ces to Kourotropbos Delos); inscribed reli ef from Miletus, Type IV.A.r.e; see also sn,Pr~,
probably refer to the state Goddess H era (supra, p. r5 2ff.). V. I. p. 12 1 ; l<ouROTROPH.OI, in plural, ,vere worshipped in a sanctuary in
Georgiev, I 11 troduzioneaJla Stor£cidelle Li11g1teI niiewrop oe ([11,C1111ab11 - Eretria acco rdin g to a late inscription: JG, XII, Fasc. 9, no. l!6g,
la Graeca,9, Rome 1966) 54, argues for the ety m ology of her name Seediscussion s11pr a, p. 137£., r53f ., and Types IV.A.l.e-f. .. I
frorn era: terra.; th e ~'fycenaean forn1 is e-ra ; th e Att ic ''Hp« resulted KYLLENE. TROPHOS of H ermes according to Sophokles, lch,ieuta,,c ·
from mixt ure of her na m.e era and h er ep ithet •i\pfa: prot ector.
Laager, Gebitrt 11 ,n d [( i1'ldheit, 155. . rated
Gerard-Ro usseau , Les 111e11tions1·etigie 1-ses,
1 94f. KYBE LE. The orienta l moth e r,vith her son-an d-lover Atos wasvene
HeRAKLES,Protector of children a nd upbr inging , in Athens (inscription ·
1 . . • A Mi • her cult has been
11 Attica a nd else,vh ere, especially 1n • nor' . Sh was
on loaf-shaped relief with I-Iera k1es, boy bri11g ing th e sacrificial pig,
attested in l{y n1e (vot ive figurines of kourotro~hoi), . eArgos
and women with children: " Lysist rate dedicated this to Herakles for
worshipped in B oeo ti a as "Meter" (supra, P· 1~.~f.)'~o ~toph.
her children"; see s1ipra, p. r28 , an d n . 14 8) ; Pamphilos, apd.
A tlurn. x1· ·88 , p · 4~4f •,. nn esych. s.v. Oinesterui,
• . -
sp cc1a1 sacn · fi ces b)'
(sHrf>ra,p . 146, f.). Pind. Dith, 79b and Pyth. u1, 73ff. hi d also
you th s before cut ting the ir ha ir for th e ephe beia. He was ancestral Birds, ~7~- See lntr od., p, ro f., and Type IV.B.I-~:v;;gir!; see E.
,Is Agd1stis \vit h Atti s, see S1vj)ra,P· IZI. On des 0rigines
~ero a nd_ brought up kings in ~Iacedo n ia ; see T. H. Price, "An
nigrn a 111 Pella . The Tholos and He rak les Plty lakos" AJA, 77 1-aroche, " I<ub aba, cleesse anatolienne , et le prozblemtePerse"/rOIII,
( 1 97~- ' de Cyl>c ,,. einents or£enta,ix 113-2 8 • See also un z,
'1e" , 1!.l "'
H ERMES. I<ouropl r· • 1,ya l8ff. ' .

::~a: [2
28
, loros O D 1onysos to the Ny1n p hs of Nysa: see 511r '
; - k~; also Types V.A.1-3 : with Di onyso s, HeraJdcs,
. ~an er, Wandel 77ff.
LET
° KouROTROPt-ros. Theollr. 18.50: "may Leto our bainOS
You good childr en". In Asia Minor mother of Ler
K otr0phos give to
ApallO,
 'f l IB GODS A:-10 DEMONS
TITE GODS 1 95
I9.J
1:r,•,1[(lNTHlDES or l·I YADES, of Athens Prot .
J. G. ~lilne, "Greek In scripti ons from Egypt", JHS 21 ( J1E1so
1 · _ b . t
r~~r, Chlhon ia, have ee n 111erpr eted as nurses of Di '
· ogcncra Pan
-
01
\\' . ,\ . Jayne, Tlte fl caling Gods of Ancient Civitizt/J. ·ions (Ne~1; ) 29; (lof<I, , a nd n . 24a there. onysos,
'\'ale, 1925) 337f., where furth er bib l. Bavc11, 0
p1·ice I[, :i ' . T
_·~Vith ba by ivl 1notau .ros, see ype II I.D. 7 .i.
1fATA.)Iot her of J-Iern,es, 1vho111she bore outsi de 1vedlock in 11
p,1s1PH t• ,., of the Orphics , in S. Italy, especially Calabria and A u1·
Kyllene (I-iorn. fly. 13f.) cf. Laage r, Gebiwt 11,nd l( i nd~ ~aveor r ruON,, P 1a
~ pf· ,1e1.t 1-3 pr,r5. , J) 1r.11 rf., 176ff.). Also mo th er and nurse of Iakchos-D·
She brought up Arkas : I' . rste r, Dei• Retiqnienkiilt iin 4 / ;i • (s" ·
pr11, ·
Z ,..
r cus. Anti(, 9 (196
.
6) 78ff. See also fyp es IlI.A.g.b III A
10nysos
(Rcligionsgeschiclttliche Vorber·ichte 1-vn d Ti orarbeite11 V I Gterhll//1 or :,,cl.o , .. , • •10.
. ' ' • icssen . Il LA.rr. a-c; Ill. D.1.a .v11.
1909) 205, n. 7 : represe ntatio ns of H ern1es brin ging Arkas t0 i\11 . .t•h, Kourotrop10 I .1, u1
. co 11ec:ivet' form; or 111
. d'1vidually Kephisso
1
to bring hin1 up, on coins of Ph eneos. aa por,1;101, ._.,. Jl . , s,
~L\LOPHOROS . At Selino us, in Sicily; ap parent ly identical ivith D Achcloos, etc . schol. J,.om. ': P s1, 142: kourotrophoi. Hesiod
. . . . en1etcr Tlteo g. 3-1-6H. (s111p'l'a, s.v. Okea_rndes) and ~Vest,_Hesiod'sTlzeog01iy,
)•[ETER.IB n oeol 1a, ap par ent 1y 1c1entr.cal 1v1th l{y bele (cf. s-1,,1,,rti). Atl ·
was wors l .
11pp e
d
as
111 . E li
I eter in • s. See E. vVill "As J)ects du
·r ' iena
It 263
r1.sc!tolia. Cult ~nd dechcattons, rehefs, 1nscnptions, at Phaleron,
• ' CU e Cl
de la legende de la Grande l\1ere dans la mond e grec" , r. "'teme11
· 1s in Attica, for I( ephissos . See also : H. P . Isler, Aclieloos.Eine J1;fono -
orie11ta ·11.~, 95-112. See also 111[eter Thcia (1\{a-te-re -te-i-ja ) in (he ,,,af,hic (Sehr. hrsg. ·nnt. d. Patron.at d. Schweiz. Geisterwiss. Ges.,11,
Linear B ta blet Pylos Fr. 1202 (snpra, p. 139) Bern 1 970) T he riv er Tri to n 1vas th e trophos of Athena in Boeotia,
JfETERES.In Crete and Sicily; see Price , II. Paus. ix.33.7. Fraz er, Pa ~~ sa1iias, vol. V, 169, con1mentary and
NYMl?H S. I(o urotrophoi, as Springs etc ., see also infra, PoTA~IOI.Philo- bibl. See also supra, Type V. E: Triton 1vith Theseus.
choros names the tlu·ee Ny1nphs Tr-rRlAIas nur ses of Apollo (FGHt RuE:1.\\'orshipped in T egea as nurse of Zeus.
II~B and s11.pra ., p. 126); E ur. El 625f .; Pa us. i. 1.5. The appel- SE)ll!LE. ~lother o-f D ionysos, in B oeotia , Phoki s. Otto, Dio1iysos, 66ft.
lati,·e~ of !{era, AI(RAIA,EuBOIA, P ROSYMNA,were interpret ed in fn late ti1n es she 1vas 1vorshipped together with her sisters in provin-
late tunes as th ree Ny rnphs, nurs es of H era: Pa us. ii.r7.2. The cesof the Ron1an e1npire fo r h er sacred motherhood, Otto, Dionysos,
nan1es and epith ets att ribut ed to Nymp hs-nurs es, as well as the 09.
nurslings are num erous : Ny mph Aigioa is invoked as j\1ater in . \Vith J) ionysos -child , see l 'y pe V.B.
Su.Exus
Pind. Pyth. viji.98. S11'x. Nyrnph of the I-Jad es-Spr ing, protect ress of children. The mothers
GENETHl.101. In Phal eron, At tica, 1vhere sa nctuary and d1::dications. had to ba the th eir ne\v-born bab ies in the Styx; see A11tK. 9 (xg66)
GERES TAI. In Ph aleron. So,and R.oscher, Lex:ikon, 4, 1566ff ., s.v.
GERESTL.\DES. In Arcadia (s11,j>ra, p. 82f .). TuF.JIIS. Brought up Apollo 1vith nektar and ambrosia, Hom. HY·Ill.
GLAUKE-ANTHRA'K LA-NEDA-THEISOAor l DE-AGNO-ALIONOE -PHRlXA. 123-5.
ln Tegea were t he nurse s of Zeus (Pau s. viii. 47 .3). TYc i,~. Especially in A lexa ndria, rnother of Ploutos . See Types III.D.r.d,
I No: ln Laconia, the nurse of Dionysos. IV.A.r.a .i
!HEB ..\l. Nymphs-nurses of se1ni-divine Sernele (Eur. Bacch. r35f.). ZEus.Gavehi;th to Dionysos out of his thigh; see Type V.C.In A~~t•
fHEISOA-NEDA-AGNO.At l{re tea, in Arcadia, nurses of Zeus. See Pnyx, his cult was connected with female fertility aocl h g
Supra., eh. xiv, p. 142f. and Smith Spring s and Welts rff. Also (Hypsistos, dedications of mod els of breasts); in Thera he was
F . .ll[ut ilroann, ~1[11tter 11.nd Quelle, S~11d ien z1w Q1telteriverehr 1'1 1C im IVO ] .
rs lipped in ea rly times as J{ounEs.
Alte rt 1i111nnd n11 1'\I I-iUe.taltcr (i\1ainz/R h ein 1974). The Ny1nphs
~~ug ht up, apart from Zeus an d Semele, also Dionysos (Nymphs of For general chronologica l deve lopmen ts see infra, P· zI5f .
· b}l•sa,, J:Iom. fl y . xxvi, 3ff.) Aenea.s (Ho1n H y v 2; 6ff.) and prob-
a y ,,'11n (H ·
" . • os esiod, Catalogues,i\'lerk elbach Pa•,..yru
-· · ' ..,
s Fragme 11l s
.r
01
1
n estod Pap L _ p T ' [6 4)
0KEA~IDE; cl h- · '
ebt. 690 1. 2f.). See su,pra,nos . [625], 3 :
zous·i- N aug tcrs of Okeanos. }Iesiod, Theog. 346.f: andras f(o11r1 -
.. - urses of Bacchos : Orpl• rJ
•. l:l y . 51.1-3.
 ~phi<- •.,n,I l'Specialh· an:haeologicai
Th•· ,.,.111,-nc,· fr'.11nliter.1ry, ep 1;..
,l.it.i l'"inh to an 11nportan l a nd ~\ lnt ·tl l\nurotrophos cult in ma ...,;..Dh-llda
l,r,-,.,-,·,th•· r~land,_ ancl lht· col11n11·,. It w,ls a popular cult of chtbonlc-
f, tilil\' charact,•r. 111,onl\' plarcs .1pp,lrentlr r.-stricted to wom,n,u in
:,.uno,. .-\lth ou~h 1t "as ne ,·,·r a pruuarr official cult but ratheraa
urult-rcnrn·nt, 11 "·a, ~0111et~n1c,connected a~so with state deities, such as
.\then,, in .\th,•ns. Ht·ra 111Sam ns; ,.1cnhces at public expensewere
o(l,·r,·d to her in 1nan,· case:;. In Atti ca she was extremely important
3 , C.,·. mothl'r of th,· H t•ro-ancc,t or Erichthonios, and an initiatory
, 1crilin-pro th, ·sia- \\•as offt•red to her before other sacrifices. She
«•,·m, to ha,· e had more )lO\\'t•r th ;\n " statu s." There is a great variety
in practicc, and sy1nbuli, n1, fron1 1n,·sticisn1 in Calabria to rural festivals
in ,p.,rta (opcn air festi, ·als a t th e Tithcnidia), and combination of both
in r.cla (D,·ipnophoriai and ritu al buryin g of utensils) .

• \. ORIGIN

Th,· n1ultiplicity of na1ne s ro n1prbin g ri,·,·rs, nymphs and heroesled

,0111,•scholar~ lo lht· supposi tion th at th e origin of the GreekKourotroph-
'" ,hould Ix· sought in an even 1nore expanded polydemonism, an
animi~n1 of natur,•. 1 T he origin of the Gn·ck kourotrophos is not to be
" 11,:htin a polyd,•1nonisn1 of primitiv e people connectedwith puberty-
1

initi,llion,: the roo ts ca n be tra ced in the prehellcnic inhabitantsof the

i,lands uf C)1>rus and Cre te who passed it to the Greekstogetherwith
uih~rcl(•nicnts (sec Pa rt II, Chs. IX-X-Xl).
llowcvcr. the Achaea ns th emselves rnust have brough t along with
lbcm the cull of t he Ind o-E ur opean Ge licter, the Prthivi Millar of
lhc V 1·
• Cl ic ll yn1ns (sec supra, l ntrod., 4 ff.)-acco
rding to SllrYl·.,;-
•-:--
ins~nptions and Iilt•rary ,vorks, she enjoyed sacrifices in severalAttie
1
' ~1ll'S al pub lic expcnsl'. .
. fhe inal<: kou rotr oph oi arc later developments and slightly diff~t
: nature. Th ey arc more pacdagogues, for example the wise ~eiron;
• J>Olloth c God of light. and Ii eraklcs the Olympian and chthomc ~·
Zeus 1s •a I''-Ollrotr op hos and Lecheates 111
. his · aspect· TheRiven
• c h t hon1c
are already referr ed to as Kourotrophoi by Homer.
'· Jcaonn· C .
i. \\' ouro, et Courtle s, 285.
1• • tr C, I) 1.
Grulls (196
'· C. Gut h rie. T!,e Ueligio ,i a 11d ,\lytltology o/1111 11
 C0.\1CLUS !U:s'S THE CU LT
zoo

B. NATURE Of' TJI E l {Ou-RO TROP H QS ecially favoured b y Alexandri a n arl. Th e maternal q Ii
, re csP
11e .
ua ty of
·nH'chtho11ic natur e of llt e J( o urol rop hoi Gods is th e lllost . is extended to h a lf-human creature s like th e Ce t
11
r.;111g • • • n aurs and
a~ shown in the a bove chapt ers. Th.is co ncept ion co ines f pron1Jnent, 1~ . . and even to an un al s. Th e concepti on of th.e animal-nu • Id
roin the ·d 1 ea :,-1t)'r, . ' . . . rse IS o
that life sp1ings fron1 earth and goes bac k to ea rth. Th e l{o . · urs in 111any a n cient re 11g1o ns. In Crete Zeus was nursed b th
' I1 l"f , tl . its
"b eg1nn . '1ng- pr egna ncy u1otr and occ h B . . y e
i~ concerned wit 1 e Iuo 1 111 h.Uoph . os · . Bitch. Goat or b y t e ees, accorchng to clifferent traditions Th
J3ca1' . 1· d . . e
and child-care-a nd in ils end- the d ead , th e so u l an d its fu;tlc Id-birth Cow-I-Iat hor was \VI C espr ea 111the Ea st fram where it
. . 1er ortu c11ll of . . • was
in the other world. F ron1 tlu s . conce pt rnust ha ve rise n the cult of ne borrowed by t he Egypt ia n Ists. ~h e Co\v had an important part in the
Kourolrophos, and lh e cooccpt 1on of D etneter (Ge-~Iete r ?) as h ~c cele brat ions o f H era Ar ge 1.a.
. a c t 11onic Cll ll arld ,
Gt1ddcss, althou gh she belongs to Oly 111 pus. I t is in te restin g tl AnotJ1er elcn1en t 1n t he n a tur e of th e l(ourotrophos is the power to
dead were called t, ·~1J:rr cp. 101 Ln At hens .3 -'lat the turn mortals into heroes a nd g ive th e m special qualities with. her divine
E ,·en the nurs ling is ofte n o f ch th onic nat ur e suc h as th e C nursing. So T roph oni os b ecam e a seer as a result of his nursing by
. ' ' retan
Zeus, Pcrsep hone, Troph on 10s, I-Ie ra kles, Plo u to s an d E richth on io TI Demeter-Eu rop e, H era kles a gr eat h ero by the nursing of Hera, and
chtho nic na ture is probab ly a lV li noan-~ 'lyce naea n h eri ta ge. Th e s. kie Triptolemos or Da n1op hon by that of Demeter. Aeneas was nursed by
. [ . . G sna e, the Nymphs who feel l1im with ambrosia. The concept of divine nursing
the. 1na 1n sy mbo l o . the i\'l1noan oddess acco rdi ng to th e ex ta 11t re presen-
tations. beco1n es u1 J\1ycenaean and espec ially post -lV Iyce naean tinies qualif)ring one in a spec ial \vay , making him participate in divine quali-
th e en, blen1 par excellenceof cht hon ic de ities an d a nces tr al heroes (Ge, ties, possibly came to Greece from Egypt. The Goddess Nehbet (identified
Zeus ~le1hch.1os, Asklep10s, I(ad1n os, H erakles etc .). Thi s quality of the with the Greek E ileithyia ) and later Isis appear from most ancient
p rebellen1c Goddess \ Vas ta ken over by her Gree k successors, regardless times suckling th e kin g who, thus adopted by the Goddess, participate.5
of the fact that these are so1net i1n es Oly n1pia ns. So At he na Lindia Hera in the d ivine .
Argeia, Hera of San10s, etc. are chtho n ic. Th e na n1e H era has so1u~times Many religions exh ibi t th e conc ept that a hero, seer or divine child is
been derived fron1 t he Aeolic era : eart h. She, as \vell as Ath ena and not nursed by his nat ural n1oth er but by an adopted one; heroized mortal
occasionally, Aphrod ite, son1eti111es hav e a \varl ike ch a rac te r: there wer~ children by a divi n e nur se, divin e childr e n by an animal, nymph or
proc~ions and ga1n es of a nn ed 1nen in h er hon our at Argo s and Samos. chthonic deit y (such as Ze us by th e Bear, the Nymphs or Ge). Buddha
In Elis she was called l{op los111ia.Th ese h ave bee n in te rp reted as pointing also, accorclin g to the tradition , \Vas not reared by his mother but by
Lo th e natu re of '· Earth" \vho l1as the powe r to ra ise stonn s and cause his aunt.
trouble. Fire is an eleme n t connect ed 1vith the I{ourotrophos, used by her as a
Persephone is the chthonic godd ess par e;~celle11,ee, esp ecially as inter- means of pu rify ing or i1nn1orta li2ing children; Hestia herself ~vas a
pret ed by the Orph ics. Th e fact th at state-God d esses such as Athena Kourotrophos in A the n s (see s1,pra , p. 193, s.v. Hestia for the festi.v~.0f
o( Athens or I- indos , I{e ra A·I ge1 s ·
·a, a111 ·
1a, or L euk a n1a, a nd th e B oeoti·an Amphidro1ni a) . Fir e h as som e tim es been explained as a means of 1D1b.a -
l\fetcr or Ge, a re kourot.rop hoi is not du e to n1ere ch an ce. Th ese Goddesses tion. The .act of nur siug too has som e tim es been explain.e~ '.15 .allego;c,
~re connec~ed with the i\fycenaean sta te ( ?)-Goddesses influenced by the not denoti ng act ua l feedin g but connected with youth initiations ( .g.
,,hn oan deity . · ' Jcanmaire explain ed th e Thesn1ophoria as youth initiations). An argu-
Occasionallv.' the I''-Otu.ot rOJ)110s 1s. a hea ling God d ess too . Art enus • ·15 ment support ing thi s is that th e nur sing Goddess is not the natural
concerned with p lants . , mother of her n ursli.ngs Th e latt er is only partly true.
, espec1a11y 1nyrtl e a nd the h ea ling of women 5
di seases through the
H m. E' 1·te1t
. h. y 1a
. is a ' healin g Go dd ess at Paros. · e fact th a t 111al
Th e .Gods such as Apollo are Kouro trop h0i has been
attll··bllted· by J eanmair e to the symbolic nurstng . · · · t· as has also
and omcrdidused
50
E the. . epith et k·ourot rophos in a personifi ca tion of I t h~ea th
of initia ion,
Ploutos T_uhnpid_esfor 1-Ic llas. Th e personifi ca ti ons of Eir e.n e with e feature of th e vir ginity of th e I{ourotrophas Goddess. . •
or ye e w1th PIou tos beca n1e popula r after I{ep hisodotos, and The nia le Gods ho\vever are l{ourotrophoi in the sense of upbnndgmg
and d . ' • . N w in mo em
e ucatu1g, as are Apoll o Hermes and Cheiron. 0 h
3. '.'\iJsson · cc-n· ..
•-1176
• •6
G, reece St S . . ' . h"ldren
1 as anot er
• · tyb a nos 1s a T{ourophoros, protecting c
 .....
CONCl, tJS lON S TRE C\JLT
203
Jll'rnws Paido korcs, and is usua lly depicted holcling a sivadcll ·d . .. v1.s1·t are also co mm on in Greek rnythology: l(orone, Alkmenc
· · " on es, are a lso patrons ef 111
Till' Three Hicrarcha1·1 " t I1e 11·g hi -giving fa11t . g~ d~ f l{era kles, eve n the 111othersof Plato and Alexander accotdi
0 Youth · 1
upbn nging and educal 1•on. s 1110 her ; radition (Diog. La ert. III, I, 2 . Plutarch, Alex. zf.). Fehrle 1 ev'!
Thc sacra n1enlal act of nursing , sy 1nbolico f divine adoptio n P t . tolater d' th at the virgi n it y of l\•lary, st range to the Semitic mind was
. . . . f d . ' ro ection _ affesle ' G , 1 Id '
or initiat ion as a 1neans to d 1v111 1ty , 1s oun 111the Elcus inian .' ~u~;itcd by a nd for :l~e . ree1<S, w 10 ,,•ou. ~ot acc~pt a_new god unless
O
and the late r Sabazian ~Iysl eries, as 1ve lea rn lr o11-1 the surviving' J'r~h,c 1111 _ 1 • 1 by the visita tion of God to a virgin . The idea lS that whatever
I11' ll'a• >m • . .
formulae and the literary evid ence.'' Th e literary and er)i"ral) hic ~~-' dgious • _ • cont ac t with God shou ld be kept pure a nd free of any physical
. . 0 ' ~ 1· 1 cnce ·onies,n .d f . . .I
for the abo ve J.S illustrated and supp orted by th e Sout h Ita lian . ' ·L with 111cn. 1' he sa 1ne 1 ea o v trgin gir s and mortals begotten
ofkrings, nan1eiy LI1e '"[J• .ecI n1a" r·1gunnes,· int · erpr eted in chapter XVJJ votive conta<;. cls is ex ten ded to v1rg1n · · b'ir th bY a go dd ess who either bearsa
These a re mosl important , not only as fin e ,v_ o rk s of Ionian art, but a~· byl,Ll go,,itho ut her divi ne husband's help (Hera bears Typhon and
0 chll ' , , :
because they considerab ly antedate the ear liest Orphic 1nonument ,
Jlcp1< lU . ·stos tliis
,.
,vay), ox has a
.
ch 1lcl with
,
a morta
.
l or a god without
,
. 'b s \I C
possess, the f_th centur y S . I ta Iian 1nscn ed golden plaques. The formu- losmg. her virrr1111
,, ty (Athena
. bears
. Enchthon1os thus by . Hephaistos,
lae repeated ,n these plaq ues, on the oth er l1and, a re ea rlier than th Demeter P loutos by I~sion); o~ t he_Goddess, although marn ed to a ~od,
i.\lcdma figurines, an d the abs ence of ea rlier cxa,nples is clue either 1; Ims
l hc J)ower to regain h er v1rg1n1ty, usually by means of a bath 1n a
chance or to the fac t that they were ,vritt en on 1nore p erisha ble niaterial. , ·cd river (l-Ie ra Par t h enos of Samos ) . Th e orig1 . .na I meaning. of chas-
,.1c1 . l 1.: h
\Vith the ~Ieclin a fig urines the archa eological evid e nce for Orphic prac- t'(, & had nothing to do with ethics, but was a 1nysh ca power wwc
tices is carried one centur y ear lier. c~~ld ,nitke possible some magic performances and thr?ugh whic~ cer~n
Th e tradi tion re_fers 1nainly to 111al e nurslings of the I{ourot rophos, things connected ,vith fe rtility could _only be ac?'.eved. This mJght
heroes or cliv1ne cluldren . But th e divine n urs ing , actua l or 1nystic, is not perhaps expla in th e fact that ch thoruc and f~rtiltty godd~sses and
con[ined to 1n~le c_h ildre n, al least in Greek rel ig ion. In Egypt and the pregnanl and suckling women ,vere not allo,ved w_~he myste n es ~f the
East the nursling 1s a boy, tile Egyp tian kin g, 1-Iorus or Attis, the son Arcadic Despoin a at Lykosoura . So it is not surpns1ng that the Kour~-
and lover _or l(ybel ~. In i.\{inoa n-~'[ycenaean religion the concept seems trophos, originally the Goddess of fertility of plants, ani1nals and men, 15
to b: a1:: nur sing of th e 1nale subo rdinate Goel by the Goddess.
s11111J in many cases a v irg in and 1noth er. Both elen1euts, virginal and maternal,
But 111Classical Greece l( ore has been nur sed by Den1eter as well as are csscnli ,tl for achi eving fertility. The 1narriecl women who acted as
Damophon. I n tl1e n1ysti c nttrsing of th e Orphics , Persepllone nurses alctridcs during the celebratio ns of Thes 1nophoria in Athens had to
both male and fen1ale initiat es, as they appear in the wledma figurines. 10
abstain for thre e days fro,n any phys ical contact ,vith 1nen.
Ev en ainong i\iycenaean figurin es there is so111etin1esa Goddess (?)holding Fehrle 11 tr ied to prove that the original character of A th ena w~
both a 1nale and a fe,n ale child .• maternal and that the Part h enos 1s . a later d eve Iop nlent · However she JS
Vi . · , · .
rgm,t) is another con1n1on tra it of th e J{ourotropho.i. I n contrast to already called l(ore ,vh ich Fehrle explained as meaning daughter, by
earlv- .Semitic reli,,1'0
."' 11s, ehas a·ty was a very ·llnporta n t ele1nen t 1n · anc1 ·cnt Hon1cr. H.enngton . '
1 2 argued that there ,vas no recognise c
· d ult of Athena
Greek_cults : punt y ,vas ofte n requ ired of the pr iests and priestesses, the
worslupp
·a,
P •tl1cnos ·1n Athens that on the contrary s 11e was 11•or-hipped
p '
~
there as
called Par-
· ers a nd an yone co11-11ng · 111 · close contact ,vith the gods an d the
olias, and was 1naternal · Fehrle that the cult -statue was f the
temples' persons · tak'ing part 111 · spec ial • ceren 1onies and celebrat1ons, · thcnos only lat er as a n:risunderstandu1g ' . from p ar tllen on • the room o
d
• also certain de'1Lies.o Th e concept of virgin-birth
an . of Gods and heroes
is very com1non• :Mortal , I · •
< 11on1en w10 give birth to a hero as a res
uJt 0 f a
7, Ibid ., 2 r-23.
S. l b1d,, 2 1.
·\· ~I. P. Xilsson .. Di FI . . )
_ 597(1.,.~vbere bil,1.,ea~de':~' .•sche Gotlh(li.ten", Opu sc 1,!1,Selecla. ii (Lund ,95t 9. l uit1., 5 .~r
r.
~- Furtwangler A · ) :~· ~- Dcubner , 11/tische Fcste (Berlin 1932) 56.
6 E F h ', egi,u; , 373, I nv. [l "3' 1
. . e rle, D ie /111// - 11cht 12• , ;~ irle, l<11 ttisc/Je J( c1,schci t, 194ff. . . of Ptriclean A/AtllS
,.,,al'o,a ,be,,e 11 6 ischc
c·1 J<cuscl,cit. ·:im -A.ltcJ't1tm
, .
(Rcli •io11sgcsclticl1tlrc/lc vcrs . (' he,u, PtLrt/wnos a"'d Po/ias ; " stud)• ,.,. the Rcllg1011 - ).
• , essenT910). "
:Pub/. 01 I/Jc Fae. of AYki of the Un. of Jll{at1cliester,no. 7, 19:>5
 THE CULT
CO:'sC l,l/S TONS 205

,·irgin priestesses. Hc1ing!on 13 pointed o ut that in a ntiquity th . 's:III 592a), is by some writers referred to as Parth
s J1hc:11
. • ' . . . d lik enos.11
of l'irlfinit 1· was associated with pugnacity. This is not unb e '. hon
10
3_.1, .•t1t
' . suall Y a virg in, un1narne e the nymphs was ace rdi
y1a, u p . ) • o ng
0 · -
th~ Goddess who was a lso a Promachos. St rabo, 637, says that th . to
econ11ng . i::,1ei ther of Er os ( a us. 1x, 27.2 and was called Meter by ca11·.
of Sa1nos was in anc ient day s called P a rthe nia , th e island of th ,e ~land
1 10
Olen rno(F1·g. a•no11,.340, Sc h ne1'd er ) . 19 Some scholars have pointed out I

Hera was "'.orshippcc · · a_nd as a 1vido,v ateSt1'1aiden·

1 as~ Pa r th. eno_s, 'I' el e1a, 111 acl105 . con nect ion ,vith Biblical studies) 20 certain Near Eastern
(01.ostlv · · · " o f th e mot her of Tammuz, Zertur-
· ,n th e " JJrobable V1rg1111ty
alos A.rcad1a, and as Pats a nd f ele1a at Henru.one. She is ofte . Ymph-
• - r . . ll lllVokd
~-ouons on I sis gave birth to H orus bY a special conception through
. Also
as a Parthcnos : 1'I 1\o ure h..ourot rophe 1s t l, e invocation of the O ~
1 ~,du~id f ther .21 llo1vever, in these instances there is a supernatural or
Hymn. Athena was also the moth er by H ephai stos of Apollo p trpHe
according . to a Iate tracIi t1..on (C'1c. !vat.
., d,eor. I I I , 23) . The epigram a roos f • •1 de,\ . al clein ent in the union of the parents rather than virginity in the
th ~bnorin ,L . b b .
A 11/ho!ogin P11lati11a(II, IX, 590) desc ribes h er as 1not her of Erech~h c ' . l G1·eck ri t ual se nse of punty y a stention from any union with
~11 c1en
by I-fephaistos but a vir gin. eus · . prescribed in some sacred laws.
inc11,as f · ·
Arte,nis, the virgin goddess, was a 111aternal d eity in Asia !\!lino d ·ri1e Concept of th e son-and-love r, of the type o Atbs, Adorns, Horus
l . .
., . . G r an s seems to be of
.
onenta ongin.
~pa rta; 111many .paces 1 . 111 reece she was fused 1vith Eil eithvia ,. a,id wasa and Iakcllo ,
pro~ec~ress~f cluld-b1rth . She was a L~chia and l(our otrop hos although
C. SANCTUARIES AND SHRINllS
a vu·g,n. D1odorus expla ins her qualit y as kourotropho 3 as follow .
''they say that Art en1is n1a de discoveries a bout ch ild -car e and some foo~ H Argeia and }Iera Leukania had lar ge sanctuaries with temple,
Sllltable for the natur e of babi es, for 1vhich rea son she 1vas called Rouro- lrc~
:i;
e houses and subsidiary buildings already in the archaic period.
trophos" . According to Cicero (rlat. Deoi-.III, 23. 60), Diana, the Roman However in th ese cases the l(ourotrophos cult was only one aspect of
equival_ent.~f Arten1is, was first considered as ,nother of Cupid by lhc deity a nd the worship; the same is true for Samian Hera: When there
i\Iercunus _ex ve~ere Graeciae fan1a". But Plato (Crat., 22, p . 4o6a) was an exclusive I{ourotrophos cult, the archaeological evidence shows
calls Art e1ms virgin a nd it1fertile. A lat e Orphic Hy,nn desc rib es all that grand eur and luxury were not at all characteristic. The sanctuary of
~ier con_trast!n~ qua lities, H y1nn 36 .8.15 Th e rare ep ith et Lysaia, appear ing the Kourot rophos (Ge) on the ,vest slope of the Acropolis of Athens was a
ui an inscnpti on fron1 Epidauro s, 16 is appar e n tly similar to lysizone mere shrine \Vith sekos a single -ro om building rather than a temple,
(helper in labo ur). ' cl •
although her cult "vas strong an 1n1por an •
t t Elsewhere in Attica she
. . . , • f
. Demeter, th e moth er par excellence of the Gree k religion who gave
brrth. .to Kore, l) er·haps to I a k·c I10s, even to Arte,rus• according '.
was worshipp ed 111 small shrines consisting o an
• h
°
utdoor altar or she
t· ·f were prunarily
•. ,
to one even shared an altar 1vith another deity. As t e ac lVI ies In
t~dition_ (Paus. 8.37.6), is also a virgin . According to Paus. 4.33.5, in the open air, this did not undermin e the popularity of ~he_cult.ult.
sie was invoked as " I{agne l(ore". 17 Th.is late info1mation is confinnecl Gcia, Bital en1i there is archaeological evidence for a flounshing call,
by an early writer : Archil . Frag. 120, fron1 th e Iobakcheia calls Demeter 1·t was apparently
' • h 1 eriods but eventu Y
celebrated outdoors 1n t e ear YP ' tin'
hagne· Sh e ·is se11111 e and I<ourotr ophos llowra in the Orphic ' b ·1d· · d a Lesche for mee gs
Hym ,11 le ui 1ngs, treasure houses for the offerings an . ul ·ty
Demeter• 4 0 • 2 · 1 3 , a 11cls1.nt1
·. ·1ar 1y 111
. H y111n39, 12.13. and probab ly camp ing were necessitated by the increa~ingdpopt 0antbe
A Demeter. also had a n· t ua I b ath after embracing ,vith Pose1don . • 0 f ntual
· • penty ue
1° gatherings and apparently economic pros h • Gela are
rcad1dia (P aus · vii·i·2 :J·4 en • · of the ,vorsluppe . rs. Such b uildi ngs as the, Lese th e 10 · her
- ) . g cios,ty
Aphr , as a resu lt of which sh e was called Lousra.
0
te, goddess of love , 1noth er of Eros and kourotrophos (A11Jhol. characteristic of a chthonic cult with mystic practices. O erwise,
0
f Pausanias thus :
lhat Agne is a name for Persephone, emending_~e passage
t 3. I bid., ii.
1S.
~ c de 1-fagne, l.<ore(s) tes Demetros estin cptklesis.
l•chrl,e, /( uIltsr;lte
· l{eusclLett. 205.
'~· Fehrle, /(11/tiscl,e Ker,scl, . , .
15,
16.
C. Quandt O,p; . H e,/, 202 • where furt her bib!.
Cav~adias' "P 'dnc · ym,is (Berlin 1955).
1
2
~· ~;ur~ Eilcithyia tS. 1
. . . Monolhtism and ~• H1S-
• ~ •• }, • Albright, Fro11i /1,e 5u, 11e ,1ge to Chrisha,ufy.
• 1;, · z auros 3
'7 Gerhard A t1/B. Id • 7• no. 227. ,,
1 1
·•c<,IP,.ocess (New York 1957) 396f., esp. n. 81· 68l
• ' w.86, n.g·J· Butli •
Sa uppe, D1t• Myst cn .a,1i,1schriftvo>1
. · A,fa11«
'' ' · S. Fi· Hooke, 1\.fiddle Ellsler 11 Mythology (Pelican 1 963) ·
 COXCI.US IONS
THE cm: r
207
. z, Th e cO\ V played a role in th e cult here as welt
~hriues seen1on the whole to be rath er h un1ble a nd rural. ln B ,iuts. . . r· t I( as at Argos
cult of I phigeneia-Arle1nis was in the l-Ieroon, below th . rauron, the ,\r,01·1l cere1,,onies with
d
sa co ices ·o ourotrophos were perf ormed by·
· there were su lJSI'diary IJU I'Iclings for the cult I e RAcro1iO1· spccia dur in.,. the Sam ia.11Apa.t-1.1,ria.
near "luch is, c11 on IY b . - .
• 11 ell·111
Lagina, T-fekatc's ten1ple bore a l(ouro tr ophos on the frieze, pain : stic wo;~//igc
1
llei!l, 0 11 tl1:e thu· d day of the Athenian Thesmophoria, was a
all .u.7iect of• the cull wluch, howeve•r, ,vas p rob ab lv not tl1e only
tnig lo / r • the blessing for children . Kourotrophos, Demeter l{o
• J ,t 01 . d C . . , re,
Rural shnnes with altars and offe n ngs of statuettes or reli 'f one. Iea I'a Uigeiic 1a, H er n1es an the hantes (Anst. Thesm 29,f)
that of the N, ·1n11hs and E.eJJhissos in Ph alcro n seeni to lla .e sb,such as PIOLltos, '' . . .
. . keel L ittle ca kes 1nade of wheat, figs, wme 011 honev sesame
. . ' :>'•
- ' · ' ve een tl re LO\+O, ' ' J J
inost characteristic type of worsh ipp ing place for a J{o 1_ ie w,· se were o-ffe red; pon 1egran ates ,vere also used in the ceremonies
uro rophos. and
' this c1,ceday.30 Dltrin g t he Atti.c A tl,y1M ,,1.,','d1·011111a
. (see s-u,Pra, 193, s.v. Hcstia)
D. F ESTIVALS AND PRA CTICES on t ,,,,re ta ken ar ound the hearth (hestia) since Hestia, the Goddess
111fa ll"sHearth,C •
,vas conS1dere d a l,. ~ourot rop h os. I t has been noted above
There is no evidence of a fest ival nan1ed afte r the I<ou rot·1 1 of lI1ctl c eleinent of fire '-l1as connecte cl WJ.tl1 divme . nursmg . (s-11
Lha t 1 ·s " 1,· ow·ot rap I1c1·a. " .B ut t I, e ·fes tival
· o-f Art e,nis in Lac ·op · los' ,pra, 201);
tha t 1
} ,•oryl,1a
,
11
• ( d'
e1a accor 1ng to one etyn 1.ologv
onia, the .11 Athenians still ·
pra ctic·
e t I1e A · mp hi clr orma . around open-au: .
.,, fron1 Yo'r·os
~ . )', 6rvs··"" or 1110( lr1 · .
Tithe11idia.(t ithene : nurs~), are i'.1 fact I<our otroph eia (see eh. XlV). fires ut up specia lly every June for the Festival of St. John , protector
11
The festival of Ath ena 1n Arcad ia ca lled l(oriasia or J.;:6re ia 23 I · 0
o·
r ,outh and growt h ! (' , <p<>>·nz,;
' , - 'tOIJ "A·· r' ·
,.- w.v•rr1l .
.l· 1 . , c unng \ unknown fest ival of a l(ourotrophos, ,vith processions of mothers
w uc 1 games were perfonnecl,
. , n11ght
. be
. o[ si1nilar natur e as her 1,r iesess
t 11
Ido 1na wa~a lso R, ona_or _h.orcs,a and girls a nd boys 1nadc offerings of hair an:
! children, presen tation of wreat hs, banqu ets and dances, is illustrated
lo , (1cr. (I,on~-I(?res1a 111 the second in stance ca nnot 1nean virgin.) ~1 bv a class of Corinthia n vases (see Ch. XIV . p. r 43f.). . . . .
I he l-lyak1-11tl11a in Sparta , in th e l1onour of Apollo T-Iyakinthos, · One must i1nagine a celebration similar to the Lacoruan T1then1diaat
~hould be _translate d "l(ourot ropbeia" acco rding to th e ety1nological Gcla,Sicily, in the ru ra l sanctuary of Bi talemi, where remains or me~
~ntcrpretation . of )i aass,25 who clerivecl the \Vorel fro1n Pais: yak- wererecently excav at ed and th e votive terracotta statuettes of votaries
inlhos, I-Iyak 1nthos as short for I-Iyakinthot rophos: Paidotrop hos. 11~t h pigs or carryi ng ch ildr en (cf. Ch. XVIII, p. 182f1.). A most interesting
The nt es of the night-dances and th e ritu al 20 n1eal are app ropriate for custom is th e ritu al buryin g of vessels and other objects, often tumed
such a feast. Flyakn 1thotrop!tia were celebrated in I(nidos for Artemis upsicle -clown; the vesse ls ,vere ap parently bnried after a meal. .
I-I,akynthot rophos (sic).21 The ritual meal, De-ipnophor-ia, seen1s to have been a common ~ractice
At Argos there was a sacrifice to He ra called lecherna possibly con- for fertility and I<ourotrophoi deities . In Gela they are still pr~chsed by
nected _ ': ith. lechos, locheia (fl esych. s.v . lecherna). Hesychios also the villagers and their chi ldr en in the churchyard. In late timc_s~:
(s.v. E,letthyias) informs us that Hera of Argos ,vas also called Eileith.· were held for Isis (cf. Ch. XVIII, p . 184 and n. 78). _In Samo:fd:"!u1t-
)~a.2s cclebration of th e T onaia, roas ts ,vere prepared nt front 81
The sculptur ed birth o-f z ·e Slalue wl1ich was ta ken to the sea-shore (Athen. 5· P· 7ZC, ~- 1 6
. ~cus on th e eas tern pedi1nent of the Arg1v I 1 . t B on near the modern
temple nught not be ·irre Ieva nt. T he votive . te rr acottas from the deposits . 11 t 1e sanct uary of I phig eneia-Artenns a raur ' d·
o f ·ri
t be sanctuary , t . c1r· ,.:~ ups were excavate •
. sho 11, th a t H era \V as ,vors h1ppecl • as a I(ow·otrop h os. 11a er-reserv oir a very larg e nu,nber of ·inJ{u,g c · f100
1e celebrations to H era . a t S a1no s were si,nilar to those at Argo,. _ skyphoi with 01;e or t\vo handles a nd kantharoids with st riped decora all;.
Th ere was a tradi ti th d· t· f diff t sizes but gener ,
on at the Sa,nian cu lt-sta tu e was brou ght by the a ing fro1n subg com etric t o lat er tin1es, o eren . . of
of 111 dd ·1 the circun1stances
22 \\'· 1d
• e, L-a,,o,uscho
, . J<1rlla •rt . . c sa1ne type; du e t o th e very n,u Y soi . . d. This large
23 ~ii G • . • " Clll!S. d1scove cl .
ry an th e st rati graphy ,vere no · t clearly 1nd1cate ••-Iphigene1a .
. ~--"'on, ,,-,ecJ11scho Feslc 91
24. .,....,supra, Part lll s . . hoard of cups indicate ren1nants of 1neals helcl for Artemis
25. lftrm e, 25 1, • _·"· l odma.
8901
26. Xi\sson c,. · . 4°)· 1 9- \Vicic l k •
27. Thid., , ~ r. ttcl11scheFest,, , 39.
30 ]) • -a om~cltc J,-nllc, 46f£.
28. lbicl 44 \V'd . • ,.~ubncr , ll ltische Feslc, 58 .
., . , c, Lal,onische I( 11// 0. 201. 31 · "lls.so11 G · •
, l'leclnsche Feste, 48 .
 T HE CULT
2.08
CONCLUS IONS 209
. 3.1 tl oney a nd oil are co1nmon offerings to these Gadd
(see supra, p. 122(.).3~Accorcling to Ph ilochoros Deipnop horiai ,verc h
1 at Sparta. acrifices . H oney is menti oned as an offering to Eil~h as
for the Aglaun ds 111Athens (s'llrj> ra, .p. 105) : for Hera Argeia at p erachor ed odlcss s eit yia
b1o · iaean tab let (s•11 ,Pra., p. 8 I and ns. 2-3), The child-Ze
there were also son1e 1n eals accordin g to th e arc haeolog ical rem . a . a ~1vce1 . . 1 n. tcs to I{ ourotropboi Gods are geus was
111'd wit. · 1 J,onev. Sac n hces anc ally
t,1ce" -E s t e1.a t ore1.on) . I n Spar ta apart rauis' as
well as in Argos (" \•\' est ec1·,. 1 , • ner
fe I _ to the Chth onJans .35
ritu al 1ueals dun· ng t I1e 'I"1t l1en1'dia, w1·t h sesan1e-seed biscuits· roin hthe .
and 0 l'kc t io,e . d . h h K
"goodies" [or chiidr en, described by Alk n,~n (supra, p. 1 39), liop~d
:: 1 • als llsually associa te
}\111111 · •
,v1t t e ourotrophos are: the snake and
•
. d thought of as 1nca rnahon s of th e dead by the early Orphics·•
cOJnbined \\'Ith night dan ces were held durin g t he Hya kinthi a ( ,,,, the 1
. .
pp. r-1o, 206). In Delos sac red n1eals ,vere celebrat ed during the Eileith'.
•Tm .i1rond ' e-:p ecially th e dove , ,vas also a symbol of fertility· someof the '
the ,cc , : . . 'f ' .
); aia (supra, p. 151f.). )icdma figurines hold _a bud . he snake ,vas the s~bol of the ?11inoan-
The Athenian ephebes took t heir oath in t he san ctuary of Aglaur ~lvcenacan Godd ess ; it appea rs also, connect~d with the cult, in Iron
while Pandrosos together ,vit h Ge I<ourotrop hos a nd Ath ena Pol: .\ · Cyprus. Th e bull , too , was conn ect ed \v1th the Kourotrophos in
received sacrifices fron1the ephebes (su1pra, p . 104). . ~:rus. The goa t was an offering to her in Cyprus as it appears from the
Cl I
Ga111 es were held for Ge i.n Athens (s11p,•a , p. 1 10) and for Athena t~mb groups; 37 a goa t 1vas sac n·fi ced to Ge at El eus1s . , according
. to an
during the l{od aseia in Arcadi a (supra., p. 206). inscription (eh. X I p. 1 12) . Pigs and sheep were common offerings to
Another co1nn1on pra ctice for ;v[other Godd esses, con nected with lhe [{ourotrophos in Class ical Atti ca; th e sow or pig was an offeringnot
fertility rites, is the offering of cak es. Such ca kes ,,;,ere offered on the only to Dc1ueter but to ot he r k our otrophoi too. A pregnant sow was
third day o( the Athenian Th esn1oph oria , t he I( alligeneia. Cak es offered offeredto Demeter a t Anda.na, .iv ies senia. 38 During the Tithenidia in
to Athena It onia were made of the fir st- fn 1it and ,vere called " pelanoi." l.aconia tender suckin g pigs ,vere offered to Art enus and then eaten in
Cakes o( round shape called " mono1nphala" were offered to the I(ouro- lhe ritual n1cal. 'f he so,v playe d a role in the cult of Hera at Argos and
trophos at Samos (sup ra, p. 153). Thi s prac tice ,vas exten ded to imita- Samos. Cows ,vere kept for the Meteres in Sicily (Diod.Sic. 4.79); th~y
tions of votive cakes in terracotta, 11 1any of \Vhich ,vere foun d in Corinth, also played a pa r t in the cul ts of H era in Samas and Argos (HeraE~bo13,
in deposits of the sanctu ary of l{era in P eracho ra, in Tiryn s and io and her nurse, Nymp h Euboia , s1i,pra, p. 194). The dog, an offe?~g to
)'lycenae. Such cakes were offered to Artemis Moun ichia in Pira eus and chthonic deit ies like H ekate a.nd to her oes, was also offered to deities of
were called amph-iphoutes (E tym . ,V I.). child-birth, for a good deliv ery or for purification a~er delivery.at
A relief dedicated to Herakles by a Lnoth er for the upbrin<> ing of her (Plut. qu. R on1. 52) Hesyc hlos, s.v. Genetyllis:that she 1s a goddess of
children was carv ed on a loaf-shaped ston e ,vltich ,vas off:re d to the child-birth, that is 1vhy dogs are sacrificed to her. . ..
shrine! (CJ. Par t II I, s.v. Herak les). Th e nam e " aletri s" in a Brauronian Also like chth onic de ities th e l(ourotrophoi often received_sac~ces
inscription suggests perhaps a sirnilar pract ice of offerin gs, for which on escharai, a nd botb roi for votive offerings ,vere found in their shrines,
one of the priestesses, the Aletris (grinder), ,vas responsible for grinding
altesten Gesch ich te von Oly inpi a" , AM, 77 (1962) 6f. f~r the shrineffEile:~;•
to whom honey -b iscu its and wat er were oifered. Coru,/1,, xv, P 130·5\,1,,,ph
th e .flour _for the sacred cakes. Pr epa ration s for such round cakes are 2 5
i'.
depicted 111 an archaic terracotta gr oup from Boeotia (s11 ,pra, no. [18], 2 15, 217. Pcrachora, i, 6 H. pl. 33.1 1 and 16: ii 3281. pls.
7
12
7• ·
and p. 1 35): Soine schola1·s have suggested that th ey stood as syinb ols of P;1011tes : K . Hoenn , A1'te11,is (1946), 98.
34•• 1\\'
,oscher . Lex 1·k 011, 1·11, ·,, p. r 66 2. tr. For ca vi·n·es,
female genitals.33 Cakes in t he form of breas ts ,vere offer ed to Parth enos )
3), · 1<. C. Guthri e, T he Greeks a?ld /heir Gods' (Bo 5t on '9 6 1 2 21t the cbtb onic
~·ottos, circular altars with b ot hr os, kernoi etc. comm~n) ~ P. ?Jarooni,
32 , Compare with. a s,m, · ·1
Lehmann ar hoard from t he 7th cent . B .C. in Samot hrace: I( . .. Oddesses (~lalop h oros, Ch t honi c Deities of Akraga.~. e c. 66r.
,~ t ud, Agrigen t ini" Ri visla delt'J slil. d'll rc}wol. 1 (19 2 9) 44 ·
33
•·
· ;;;:~ ~!."::~:,
' G111de lo Samoill!·acc 30
S~e ~t«, ii, ;98. · The dedicatio n of ca kes is a n old ~~:~
for the Queen of~ e,ti<l;:· r11d I vories, 40, note I : . c, ; 0
13arnctt , T he l\Ji111
G
3 · " •lsson o
37. J, · ,v·•csner
' a, ii, 669.
• 1>11s011/c•Select
,..,,z
, Gn,b
. . V ,s,icM "" d vorarbn·1'" ·
J 811.sti ts (ReNgio1,sg,sc/11chllt cl11 e
) 1ari" s · ...
•aven • and Jeremiah 7 18. Also P arr ot " Les fouilles. 6
·_ Berlin , s).
38• .I• ra, cr p 93 .
t,,,,.
H ,,,,,
' y iina , ~ XVJn ( 1937) PI · XI I • F rom' th' e Argivc Heraeu
• • 4- , 110S. 267-68 figs - S
' m : v\'11Idstein,
I 't h
_. ,
ivvv· 39. T. \V'.. ausa,tl1as: vol. iii, 444,. n . 33,. 4· . Kt1ll (ReligiOHS 81S&lt
lcAJ/'W
1

Cf. Pvttier and Reina h · i · 17, 7 : tray wit h ca kes and ta b e w, ••zur
c · . a Ntc,•o,potc de Nf ,,,.;,.<1 , 24 6ff. H ermann , 11,
•s1<
ach tc r, R.e»1h6ilsvorsc hrifl e11 1111 gr,eo}r. d b'bl
cl,c ·ii, ul llor«rboita11,, G iesse n 1910) 25H ., an 1
•
also t,ere, p. 1 3 7,
 CO;'ICLUSI ONS
• T HE CULT
211
210
. ,, to sorne insc ripti ons if one does not observe th ..
(althnugh 1hcr~ is no consiste ncy in these uses): 10 S01netime 5 \ •cord 10,, . t f . esc prohibi-
the ~acrifices took place insid e the te1nple or shrine, 011a h ' Parenuy,
1
~f • c
. i< one
n, ust pu rify th e sa ne ·uary or hav111gdone an imiiio
.
1 - • . tion was unp o rtan
110pun t f tl us
.or 1e mother after delivery• Even t he act.
47

as (or H.cra in J{os,. rlestia in 1-Ienniou e, l::Iera at Pe,·aealr c 1oraor•1 altar

Al ' 1,ea
. G ddesses th e1nse lv es \Vere not exempt from this •t I"
prayers were offered 1n front of the cult sta tu e, asking for certain · so \Iothc1- ,o ... ) B' . n ua
. _ . h. 1 v . 1 5Jf.; Paus. vrn.41.z . 1rth, like death, was conside d
in the same "·ay that 111odcrnGree ks pract ise in fr ont of spec· 1 . favours,
Icons of \'ir gin J\fary (e.g. in Tenos). Many of the dc~ailsiaf nttln-aculous (lnllt111-
' and required certain. n·t·ual s. 1' he punficatory
.. power of waterre
· ·
0 1e ntu I unclea
. th n cases (lout ra, apon ·1mmata, 1yu1ata) I1as often been mentioned by
not hand ed do1vn to us by anci ent write rs, have be en r e a, fo1bo ,19
. l. I . . eonst ructecl
throug l1 ep1grap u c an c str atJgraph 1c evidence , and other ar 1 . tra cdians and p oets. . . . . .
. ds ( B. al . . G l ·r
f10 e.g. at 1t en11111 ea, at soutso uro s in Crete) • one l
c tacolorr1cal
"' '
·.~ torch, a n1ea n s of p urifi cation through fire, 1s held by the Kouro-
1
L • • f . d I ' lopes that 11'eos(Milesian reli e-f, s1vp1•a,no. [657].) Fire is connected with child-
tuerc 1s1nore 1n ormati on un ~1:t 1e ea rth a 1vai ting discov ery. ' bat h for the cbosen.•o
birth as a Iollo\ving, sacre d , 1nunorta · 1·1z1ng
·
trop 1
Apart fro111 the blood sac ri fices th ere ,vere also tho se o( cak - (
. l t ·a . I . es an1ph- •. Rivers, Ny n1phs, an d some local l{ourotrophoi youths and girls
1p1011tes, n1as oe1 eis, JJe ano1, popa na, et c.) 42 and of vege tables 1o . hb . . n
fru its such as pornegranate. and offered their hair befo re th e ep e ~1aor_~arnag~. . . .
To Arteinis as Goddess of ch.ild-g1v1ng, child-bJ.Ith and upbnngmg
The pon1egranale, syn1bol of the w1derworld and of fert ility· ,
111 . r·
. tl1e ,\th c111an , a 11
·1gene1a,
. and is o(te n h eld b}' th e K otit·ot' "asL used women 0 f(erecl t h eir belts and peplos, and even men their s~dals:
,. . rop110s•m ilnthol. Pal. VI , 59, 271. (See also s1vpra . eh. XI, p. r21, offenngs of
the
. ,erracotta
. rep resentat 1. 011s. (K ourot roph oi fro n1 tli e He raion
· near
S1lan s, sup~a,no. [59]). Eve n 1\.thena Nik e in At hens retained thissy,nbol garments to Ar te 1nis-Iphig ; neia.) .
Conimon offerings to h.ourotropho1 were the terracotta statuettes
of_the fe'.blity Godde~ : I-Iarpohr. s.v . Nike Ath ena. rie ra f\rg eia also had
tlus attribut e (Pau s. 11.I7.4) .43 representing the Goddess as I{ourotrophos of the divine or a _mortal
nursling pu t und er h er protection, or a mortal mothe_r; also dedicatory
The b(ooclless sac rifices offered to cht honic Gods ,vere also appropriate
inscriptions by 1vhic h children ,vere declicated to the deity by the pa~ents.
for_the l\.ourotr ophor, especially for D en1eter an d Ko re and th e Nyn1phs.J4
(D1011.Hal. I 33; Pans. v.15.ro). There is a case of d edication of a statue of the I{ourotrophos accor~g to
an indication in a dr eam (s1-ipra,Type IV.A.r.f). Statuettes of childre~,
Son1e ~]ants were also i1nporta nt in the cult (sup1·r1, p.139, 140, 11.14;
cf. als~ J~orytha ha); other plants were appar entl y p rohibit ed in certain usually in the crouching posture, are dedicated to her; also_pr~tomai, 52
cases.'l l> - models of breasts, altars and escharai inscribed with declications.
Other offer ings, for safe delivery, are the terracotta statuettes. of
Ce:t ain abstent ions of 1itua l ch ara cte r can also be considered as
offerings of piety · Sonie 11
· 1scnp
.· t·ions •1nd 1.cate that abste ntion
. from wme. kneeling wo111 en, apparently depicting Eileithyia, the triple groups';!
d
and colourful dresses ,,•ere i·eq u irec . . . •rs
· 1 b y D cn1ete r: 16 Such a pro 111b1t1011 a cllild-birth scene like the archaic examples from Cyprus, ao mo
already k11ow11 fro1u th e H on1eric H y 1nn to D eruete r zo6ff .
. ,, 17, 6tf · and bib!,
47- Chatz is , AE 1908 , 95 ; \¥ii.chter, Rei-i1/te1tsvorsclir•1lcn,
4o. K. )leu li, "Gricc hische Q l b .. b ,, , iS. \V~cht er, Rei,11 /,eils vorschl'ijle1t, 25U. . . 111 ,id Lobe" der Altt11
J'vfiihle (Basel ) •• Per r~uc e , Ph, •lloboHa, F ostsd,,-ift P. 110" uer ,9 . l bul.. also M . Ninck, Die Bedo'11t ·11?1{;des 1¥asscrs '"' T<'.• 1•" d "mother!{'
lap ,, •• ,. " .. 1 9 4 6 •• 1 If. and b1bl. ]. Jludbardt !\'otions '0111lam
c ii/n/as dr
"' .... t .... , e11nieus" et acJ
- 8) .~ · • · ,
es con f-ll11lif
5
• l'
s <111 cult e <Inns la Grece cl11ssiq11c ·
(Geneve
(Darmsta dt 1960) ,Pt<ssi111; also ibilt, 25f. £or the fertihz ng an
19~ 23 8 • 2:,0. _ power of water . _ (r 6r-6z) I, 283-93.
1r. P. E . Corbett "Greek T
Archac-ologicai' Ev ·d ..emp les and G reek \Vorsh ipper s : Th e Literary an<
I ,o.l<ontolcon, "Re Gennesis tou Dios," l(r stC/trO?I.5 ~-l~ E~sman, L• ba.pu,ne
1

this pra ti t - ' _cnce . /3111/ l 11stClSt r 7 (1970) r·off . Corbett attr ibuted Also !or the baptisnt in fire by tbe Sernites and Cbri ban tl divine child-her?
• c ce o su rvivals f th B .? •• ~1• Jc11(Leipzig-Uppsala 19 40). In Finoi~h _mytholo~c/:'jung und Kereny,,
42. See supra p •oSI . d Rrom c ro 11.1. e Age, ibid., 'f 56, n. 2, . 15 :maUec tcd by the bi g fire into which it 15 tl_lf~'"°'K. d 50.
sa.cn'fi ces sangla
' · • ntS.· a n
43• E. Gerhard, Metroo,i 2
udbardl , '¥orzo11 s 1,0 11d ame11ta/es, c b . \ f , 2491· ·· LeS • E 111fiihrri,,g i11das ~Vcsen Iler Nlylhologie, Das golll,cl•~
, ,. :•.Pr'.',Part l t I, s.v. Ny,nphs, Okeanides, Potamoi,
,:i:e~e also bib!.: also
.
· • n. 44•
· ach tcr, Re.,1/ieUsvorsc/n•"t
4-1 \\' ·
61f
45 • \\'achtcr Rei,ifteitsio '!;•
11• lo 91f. Rudbardt , A'olio,,s j 01rdttme11/alcs, 2;1 · l?l~uh (s~ipra , 11. 40) 204 !.
51· rice 11., ·Passi m· Zuntz Persep!tone 142-57, 160 ·'
[ . A E (1896) 54: inscribed
4<,. Ibid ., 109 and b·b1 . rsc1ir1,t e11, 108 a nd bibl.
1 ., and r 7 r. al•·
~rs. ' .,
 CONC Ll.iS IO:-rS Tl ·l1:: CUl, T
ZlZ 213

"f animal,, fruit,. ships, or vota ries l_1o ltling ani1uals or sac red t . . •~n intluences ente r earlier in the iconography 0 , th
p1Jocn1c1p . . , e
<Jc<lic:ned ;i_s substitut es for the real ob1ects . hings, :ind os 'early Cret an suc kltng typ e). The Attic suckling type
· rot1°P I1 \ Both the style and the type
h Oll breas t i.s of Egypt ·ian 1J1sp1ralton.
· · ·
·\ terracotta sta tu ette of Hera . Argeia. holcling calyx· -flowers ·
1 <-_ I · tat uettes front Cyp rus show E gyptian • or Phoenician models.
boat sa recalls modern pro cessions by villagers in Lucania in a hotJnattr
1 '
. I uk . , near th
;u1cient sa nctuary o f }lcra Arge1a _e an1a; also th e 1narine eh aracter e of ,·evc1.,3. ~the externa l .111fl uences are not sue h tha.t one could say that
01 Hoivcv~i· as crea ted because of them, or that it was imported in the
her ;\]inoan ~redec essor .. i\Iotlels ~f boats were also found in the Ge I , cult .•w g J)cri.od with
mettic-dacdalic cave -shn ne of E1le1thy1a at Inatia (s1i"'ra °· L ic:
. man y ot I1er eastern. e1ements. Common traits .
. . h .bl l b t 'J:' ' p.
861) 01·1cnta11z1n foreio-n cu lt s are often du e to common .inhentance. . The
This practJce m1g t posSJ Y 1ave een s rength ened in Ir on Ag C · · 1 O
· f l •
by eastern u1fluences o t 1e patronesses of sa ilor s, Hathor of the L
erete ',·ith son . e o·f a-rain ,vit h 1nyths an d ntu · al s of fert ility an d procreation,
·
and Isis of Egypt (s11 .pra, p. 86f.) .6' evant c" onnection °
and the partaking of cooked gralJl · o·ffered . to Gods, lS· qmte· common
C-o·, ~, texts 011 Th e se venth century l{omenc Hymn to Demeter has
·111Vcc••uC• • 1"· · interpreted by philologists and arcliaeologists.57 Although
E. EXTERK/\L ! NFLU!;NCES IN THE CULT OF THE GR1,EK l(OUROTROPli OS
.·. I 11clo-Eur ope a.n origin from Ge-1\'leter: Demeter has been
been 'a.nous ,
The influence s con1e fron1 the East, fron1 co unt1i es round the i\1eclit _
·De111etc
• 1, ·scl by AUen and ot h ers the thes is •
of her E gyptian,· cretan,
ranean basin with ,vhich the Greeks were in contact by trade. T~e queSt1oni.: . ' [hessal·ian oi·iuin st~pported by some ancient and modem
concept of the an in1al-nurse, and the i111portance of the Cov, in the cult Tl1rac1an or ·· · <>· ' . •
, · . · 1nuch rnore vulne rable. When Demeter disgwsed as a mortal
of 1-l.
~ra an~ the i\ieteres (in Sicily, acco rdi11g to Di odo rus), might be 11ntc1s, 15· C h · t b bl
savsin the f1 oineric I-Iy nvn that she ca1ne from r~te s e 1smos pro a Y
associated with th e Cow-B.athor and Isis ,vith the co,v horns (see s11,pra,
;ing th e usual prete nce of disguised persons IJl Homer, who do not
p. 201ff .). Sacred n1eals ,vere celebrated for Isis; but the ritual meal as a 11
wish to be recogni sed; Cre te was remote eno~g~. so that she co~l! not be
means of uniting ,vith God is not an espec ially Egypt ian trait.
·tught out in a lie. She is probably "a specialized form of Ge • Alhte~ -
The sacra1nental nursing of a hero n1ight be connected with the C' · ti b the arc a1c
natively the fonn er in ight point to some assoc1a on f . ·t ia
nursing of the Icing by Ishtar , or of the Pltaraoh by Isis or Nehbet
Greeks o[ Den1ete r, the lndo -E uropean w[other-Goddess, ,vith Eilei hy '
(supra, p. 201!.); appare ntl y also the iconographic type of Hera suckling
the Minoan one ,vho came iron1 Crete. Either way there 15no :ea.son t~
Hcrak!es, stan_ding by her, is inspir ed by th e Egyptian typ e of the repre- 0
bcli~ve that she came fro1n th e Orient, in spite of t~e teHSbmdony
sentation of Isis suckling th e k-ing as a gro,vn cl1ild or yo uth. . d S. I obably baVIIlg ero . as a
Certain elernents in th e cult, sy1nbols and types of offerings, rnay Herodotus (ll.123 ; also Dio . ic. .29. 2 , pr . ti' ms
k" the of his favounte syncre s .
source)who was app are ntly ma 1ng ano r d 2 ) st that
reflect some eastern influence or they may hav e been survivals from
earlier local cultures (i'iii1o1an) revived and strengthene d by foreign
Although th ere is so me late inforn1ation (P~ut. l',f•z/$. • and 5 ! Greece
influence.ss the ancient 1nusician and poet, Olympos, 1n1ported alrea Y
. d Ko11i11klijhtNaderlaoose
The type of the crouchin g boy , a co1un1on offering to sanctuaries of ;6. J. Gonda, The Savtiyaj11as ( If 1w/ia,uleli,ige-,i, :r k lxxi no 2 Amsterdam
th e Greek l(o urotrophos, is of Egyptian origin. It seen1s that the Syrian Alwll. van We/~nsc/ta-ppe•11,Afd. Lslferk,111dc , J\ · 1 ee s ' · '
1965) 1-.~61, esp. 57[£. .d }fomoricHym11s•;G. E.
j7, ra rnell Culls iii 30 rr.· Allen and V,. R. Haili ay, E', ,.. ;s (iVasl,i11gton
53. Zancani,Bianco H e,•at 11 I , fI • ' ' ' J S11uct1,a,')' a1 i"' ....,. ·1ed
54. p Gilbert ' "~ : • l9, ll. -,; 1-rickenhau s. Ti,•,•n.s,I, 63, IZL . i tylonas, The I-Iy 1111, to Den1e/c1• an1l ,er · ff where also detat
T~mb ' ~oa/ei~_,s de I E.gyple a11oie11 (Br ux elles 1 6 ) fig. x2, Beni Hasan I, U11i v. Stud ·ies. N. s. Lang. 111t1dLit .• no. 1 3, 1 9~2 ) esp. fh~ Relations between
00 · 0- , PL x i v below, n1ummy 0,1 stand inside 9a 3boat· J Settgast U,iler· bibl.; J. D. j\,,{uhly. "1-Iomer and the Phoen,c•;;~jIron Ages", Bar_yf~is. 1
8
h 1t11ge11 "' a/ta• ' J115 nd
Greece and the Nea r East in the La te Bronze a R I" >: " HistoriaRtl1g10un1 11
sut
J(aiYo-Hamtn •0 ) ,pr;Sc""
I B estau,.,,g darstal/u11gan (A b/1 • . ·tl. D. Arc/i. 1
· 1
mull:cr in ,,
(rg6 ) (
~g-~:'" }ork i963) 76, too. 1-i.,v. Muller, "D ie stillende Gottes•
• gyp en • ~altru, /11/edicaNo,•dmar/, (.Ham burg) z. So11der/Jejl
(r96g) 19-6 4, esp . 5su.;A. VV.H. Adl~ns. "Greek,,: i::e~ic Hymn to Dtnt' "
I, (Leiden L9 6g) s5 f.. 399 1.; N. R1cl1ardson, 7 ·n
3
3 1
"Ky~leo~ns~~oe~~,e ~r,,,,lsis as protcctress of seamen and travellers. F. :Bomer . (?xlord 1974). . t Demeter is not na~ed
being transferred · 1;, 7! (i964 ) 130ft, !or t he sta tue oi Mother J(ybe c JS. !•arnell, Cults, iii. 30 (. Although it is no,~ certain !!:an religion is implied by
1 the Mycenaean ta b lets. her existence 10 ~Iyce • ro-411 .
55. Ste s,.pra. ships, -'~~1. es•i~us to Rome, via Tibe r, in a boat . . . . ,
p. 2ozff . p. ' dom in ant Goddess " 'ith young God, p. 205; v,rgin•I:) • . othe r ap pcllatives: Ventris-Chadwick. Docum••t:- blympus.
l 9• J· -r-r.
"Edmonds. Ly,a Gra<1c11 ,' (.Loeb, 1963) l, 5 ·•
 f'O!\CLUS I ONS THE CU LT
ZI.j 215

_,, 111,.J'hr,·gian kro111 11alaand the pr iests o f l{y bele, th e Id a . ·t seeins t hat t he or iental elemen ts in the Greek ~[othe It
rch 1 · • • T • r-cu s
aurl then invenlt:d the Choree ( - ) "wh ich occ ur s so freq~antlD~ctyls, resca
,c been
generally overestima ted. he lnclo-European elements on th
. . . , e
t11n1•,n<rd in the )[etroa", there is no ev idence that tlie Phry e_ n Yin lhe h3' d have not be en appreciated, especially in th e case of G
ther hall , 11· e
ca111<• to l ,reecc before the archa ic pe ri od (sup1•(1 , Jn tro d. •f g)i_anhI{ybele o . hos-111ete r, th e kour ot rop 1c nature of the wat ers and rivers
· . I and Iater peno. ds tl1ere 1s
Classica · a sy ncret isn' ::>es• ' owevc1· I' ourotr op 66 '
111 the 1 . • ' tl heroines and ancest ors.
. I>etween 1\.}'
· I)e Ie an d R~L1ea, 311d ic
l I1c " Niother of the Gods" ' pecially in
1·
Aluca,
F. EXPANSION OF THE CULT
in archaic ti1nes there \1·as a sync retisrn bet \veen Rh ea and G' ~s alSo
51
lntr od., 8). The cult of I..:ybele 1vas qu ite ,videsprea d in 1 vf>_ra ec , TI var iety an d diffu sion of the cult practices suggest a very rich,
·
:\ tlrca, bu t· was n1os l pop u Iar Iate r m · Asia . l\i1oor,
. as iVIet TI ass1ca1 . ic 'cl wid espread popu la r cult , publicly recognised in Classical
11 ,·ely an . . . . . .
)l eter \' asileia, l\Iegale :i\Ie te r and also as l\'fi Ane i ketos ass inlilert dieon, ,- tt, sfft.:1.
ll off icial sac rifices or prothys1a1. In Argos, Lucarua
. . . ' a e with Athens 11 1 ·
the 1ndigcnous Ana tolian }Loth er-Goddess _lita
(: p et- na 1u e for l\Iother).61! · d S 05 the I<our ot roph os cul t was a stro ng aspect of the cult of the
an . am · .
In Roinan tln1es she was somet . u11es assnru late d ,vith I si·s 111 · Greece· State GC1ddessl-Iera. The cult o:Ethe K.ouro tropho s, esse~ti~Uy a non-
:~01110.n s\atuettes of _l(ybel e-I s1s \Vere found in the Ise ion at Eretria_o; . one see1ns to have been very str ong not only 1n its cradles,
Qlvmp1a11 , . .
l he special popula n ty of Isis an d l(ybe le-l\fagna l\iater in Roman · ,,cl Crete and the P eloponn ese, but also 111the Islands, especially
Cyprll5 ,L •< • • 'f aJ
Greece, howeve r, JS not a par ticularly Greek pheno 1ne non but a g .1 I and in At ti ca. Th ere JS not as yet much evidence for hess y,
f I• f · · , enera1 R 10( CS, G b B t'
as uon or onenta l cu lts every where in the R o111anE inpire. 62 · p ]1 th iot is or Aka rnania that is centra l reece a ove oeo 1a.
Epe1ros, , · · ' ' . ·hd
D_etailed archaeological and lite rary invest igat ion ha s Jed to the con- 1t e~panclcd in th e coloni es and ar eas of Greek _mf.lnenceand flouns_e
clus:on that th e Greek _I<ouro troph os is not an " i111proved and enlarged" in Cal,tbria, Sicily and Apulia. In l\<Iagna Graec ia 1t also developed m _a
versi~nif either th e oriental Aphrodite -.'\ sta rt e, or I-C y bele 1vith eleinents special way, \Vith t he fun eral aspect more st ressed, through 01hic
?fIs is. Lately soine scho lars hav e suggested Egypt ian don1ination influences an d p ra ctices . Th e surv ival s of th e Greek l( ourotrophos into
~ 1 the Aegean in the 2nd n1illeniu1n (on t he evid ence, ho,veve r, of early
. . tun
Chnstran . es are many, not on ly 111 · t h e ·1conography• , but in cult elements
finds out of context) or at least st rong Egypto- L eva ntin e influence ,uch as the v1rg1 · • •
n1ty of Tu ,,r ary, 01 th e cere1noru'a l open-air meals: svn1bols,
•
already _in th e 1 4th cent. B.C., so that even Ho 1n er' s r eferences to the the processions, and the dee11cat1on o mo
. · f del vot ive offenngs
.,
(now
..
Phoen ici~ns are thought by son1e as non -a nac hr onis tic. 611 Others, ho1vever1
.m precious ,u etals, ho 1vever, rat her t h an terraco tta) , ,
such as the tamata
have point ed out tha t the ea rly Pho en ician settleme nt at I(it ion iJ1 on the island of T enos.
~ypru~ dates around the roth cent. B.C ., ,vbile n1any of the ea rly oriental
( ~ THE CONCEPTION Of
finds in Greece ar e sporadi c and out of con text . I t is true that both G. GEXE l<AL CHRONO L OGICAL DEVELOPMENTS •
Herodot.us (r •r o·::>) and Pa • (' ...
• u 5an1as 1.14.7 ; u1.23 .1) refer to a Phoerucian
. . ·rHE l (OURO TROl'HOS
te1nple 111 I<yt hera f.or. r1pl ' i-rod.1•.te 0 1wan-1 .a.; the ant iquity of the latter , Bel-iefand change
h owe,-er need not n1ucl1 . d B • z) Hesiod and
• an t e-clate H eroclotus.66 At the pr esent state o f Accordi ng to the firs t Greek Historian (I-Iero ·· .:,3 k· nd gave G
6o. Ohlemutz, Die J{u//e und Ii 1'I' .. (I Homer " are t he ones 1vho 1nade th e theogo ny for lbe ree • a
61. -:S. Papadake ,. /1.n . • ,gtumc ,· de:• Goller i n Pe,-gamon (1968), 185 •
esp · 131r·• c· ' • as kaphe fse,ou en Eretria" ' J)eltion 1 (1915) 115-19o,
1g. 10, I 8 7£. . G B"hler G,·1uufl'issdtr 1_11d ?·
62- See e.g. F loria ni S u · • .
for :1!agna :1later "~t~c ,ap mo , 1 C1titi Oricnta/i ad Ostia (Leiden 1967) Sff., <,G.Se~ supr«, In trod .. 2 rr., and n . r I the re; also.. ·. ~ A.' ~!acDoooll,. " \ edic
.1,•,sc/Jcn Phitolo•iu -wnd A lfer•/11m.skn11de , IU.1.A · ' · II Tht Yt1/1c,'1yl h •
63. Graillot, Le cultc <I C<\t1:is,worsh,pp ecl also as I(yb ele an d Bellona . ~lytllology " (Str~b ur g ,s9 7) Sfl. , esp. r2_; A. A. ~[ac one · 0
\letrcaque; J. 13 e k Yftl• c.~p. r-21,_ Pre limi na ires : Les origines du culte
°1°.IIY'(Dehli 1963) SSH., Prthiv i; 861£., R,v e_rs . h Virgin Mary "-astaken
P/JUosophica et 1~~z,c ! lomars 5 ches G,·,cchenland (IJcta. U1tive,·silat1s Caro/ 1110• 1>7. ~h,ller (supn, .. n . -,~) 2 LL: tha t the concept ion of t e band Osiris; however.
Greek cult of a lema '-t.· · ·
"' 5 or• d xxix 1969) i 6ff . an d r7S, a nd bib!. ·£or t he c~rly
l. ·,ca • over from Isis wl~o bo re Ho ro~ without her dead hu s 'rgin in spite or thnt.
dite. c e, Y and her p ossib le conn ect ions wit h orienta l ;\phro·
61- :1luhlv (supra ~'~ disregards th e fact t h.tl I sis wns never regardt ·~ 1:~ were. The influence
• )
65. Against Gordo:':, ] .• , rr., and deta iled bib!. 111 th ~ sense that At hena Arte 111
· is . Perscphoncn an ° o· ,,. ,vas
Greec 0 ,,,here vir<'inii)' ~,n
·rher ,
\fubly (sr,p1•a n s_v/1~v;,for the antiquity and importance or t his shrine 5'lC cm the new ~iot he r-Godcless conies Crom paga ,J .., 1,rle 1(11/lischentll>
' . :,7 o ' ·, and detai led bibl. C"5e ,. I
.._ n"ia eleme nt in 111 b
any Cll1t.s and o servm
,ces·· c. ,,e •
 COXCL.GSIOXS THE CIJI-T
Z.I (1 217

1h•· n:uncs nnt_

l lnr~ks t~ the Gods" . Acco rding to these earl s . I 1. 11c la tter seems to have changed .little through the centunes. .
th• Cntan Eilc-1lhy1a. Ga1a Pclor e and ch t hon1c He kate were thy _ources nlll"-· ,e conte nd ed that th e conservative Greeks held fast t th
· e Pn111 e .~01i1e ha' ' le they ofte n sco rne d tl1e b eIie £ that accompanied it olt .e
) fo1her-Gotldcsses; al so t.I1c nv. ers were ca . lled l(owrotro• "I .
r 101 air '-'al
d 'l 11nl. \\'111 f ff . l . . L~
by J-fomcr. The archacolog 1cal evidence adds Hera Argeia and Perse ea Y n thal the ritual was o ten o 1c1a, prescn?ed by law, and some
ln the Classical pci-iod n1any 1nore ,verc ad ded to the n b Phone. true ,oidab le • one could not hold certain oli1cesunless one sacrificed
. . . • um er b . cs una, ,
Erlnthyra and Ge Kourotrop hos see 111 preva lent ; Perse 1 ' ut tun ,sehold shrin es a nd in th e Temple of some PatrooiGods. Certain
1 the
·11 1iol . 1 . l .,. t' . •
prevalent 111 · the \ Vest. ·r11c N I ·
I ymp 1s and Ri vers ,vere worsll'
P ione was the rituals of the I(otiro tr op 101a so were 111s1tutions •, and remained
. d I . I . . d . tpped as 01 t' \ tlie dea th of th e pagan Gods, and some until today· e g the
Kourotr op I101, an t 1err pop u an ty inc rease 1.n the 1:-T ellenisti . un , ' . .
logethc r 11-itha host of other deit ies an d se rni-dei li es. Art ernic ;en ocl, so . . ary sacr ifices -for Ge l(ourotrophos, nurse of Erechtheus, in
111
tropbo s also (Lochia, Paidotrophos etc.) becon1e popular
. . .
t ~the
ouro. 11rel1n1 '(philocho ros) ,vh1c
,\thens '
· · h ,vere f'irst mshtute
.
· ·
.
d by E rechtheus lasted
. Ronian tim es acco rding to the leXJcographers, and ,vere continued
• .
Classical penod onwards, and was espec ially venerated as such • 1 th 1
panbellenic holy island, Delos . De1net er ,va, not invok ed as 1~ e
untl
. , Greek Orthodox. eh urc l1es as tl 1e pre lim'1nary Hymn-off enng .
ouro. 111t 11~ ' B ut ~elig1ous
. belief was aJso Iong-
lrop I10s un t ·1 I
I ater times,
. b
ut
. t I
1e
. cu I
t devoted
. to t he nur sing aspect
to Thcotoliosbefore th e Con1mun1on.
t b 1
oI I1er seems o e very anc ient 111t 1e 1nau1.lancl and the colonies. SI , . • , even a1nong th e more sophisticated Greeks. Scholars have
1a,11ng , . . 1 1· Cl
\\'as also associa ted_very early with th e di vine upb rin ging of heroes wi:I~ " 1es argu ed for the contrary, bringing as examp es 1terary as-
some«11 · •
nectar and a1nbros1a. sical and lat er sati res by playwrights and poets. _However, the Gre~~
Apart from such genera l observat ions, one can not tra ce a clear d were never "al l serious" about their ~ods, and sine~ Homer they .
· Ii an plaved a famjJiarity with then1, part icularly shocking the non-1t1edi-
consistent ne of developn1ent of the cult of l( ourotrophos in the whole
of Greece towards a particu lar dir ecti on . At present it seen1s that the ter;anean student of Greek religion, who does not know the '.11odern .
:\linoan predecess~r of the Greek l(ou rot rop hos ,vas less "po lyn1orphous"; Greek parallel stor ies and satires about saints-created and recited by -•
'
h?wc,·er the d~crphennent of the L inear A script may change this pious Greeks. As }'inl ey rightly observed 70 "whether we are abl~ to
view. Greek religion itself, comp rising 1nyt hs , be)jefs a11d rituals, but penetrat e their psycho logy or not. the Greeks, with har_cllyany exc~p~ion,
no dogma, was never J101nogeneous; perhaps not beca use '' th ere was wok Delphi seriotisly. B ut t hey also took it in their stnde. T~e untidiness
. . . • th d rituals fall 1n the same
ncv_eranyone ,vith the auth ority of the supe rhun1an int ellectual power" and n1any cont rad1ct 1ons 111 t 11e1r my s an f
t a d thev troubled a ew
to nnpose a unifo_rm patt ern Gs but beca use a fossilized dogma would catcvory. They t rouble the 1110 d ern st u d en , 11
,
0 X I anes or Herodotus or
be against the grain of the Greek ten1pera1ue nt . Greek religious thought ancient stude nt s as ,veil., such 1nen as enop 1 ) ti . ed
13
was ever-changing, evolving, bul not according to a cons ist ent pattern. Plato, each in his o,vn way. " Plato Comicus (supra, P· ~ h~ ~ut
However, one 1nay note a greater tendency to ,vards specialization of the 1itual of th e Kourotrophos, and Lucian used th e nameh gt Hy~er•s
. . b 1· .n her any more t a o
~nct'.on and separa_tion ~f t he different aspects of a Goddess in late l h1s does not mea n th at they did not e ieve I more
. . . . nbeliever. There was
assical and 1-Iellerust rc ti.1nes. New beliefs did not drive out old ones, descnpt rons mea n that he ,vas 1mp1ous or an u . K trophoi
but several . different approac I1es and cur rents coex 1·sted-so plustrcate · · d syncretis1n amon g both Greek, and Greek and Onenla l, onro1,, the
· C · 1 t' es (see supra, P· - 3•
111Yst e:,es
~or Persephone and concern for the sou l and earthy fertility 111 lassical and particularly post-Classica im
T • . . f G ·t11 Rhea an su
d bsequently
worship
. · · 1 and supe rst iti
. with. p iacuca . .ous nt. es for ;\p ' hroclite at Daph ni, · hessalon1k1papyrus) but syncret1sn1s o e wi h Kourotrophoi
in·c1Attica. The more t
. a d vanced and the 1nore pri n1itive ex ·isted s1'd e bY Rhea with I(ybel e ,app eared qu• ite early. • n>lOS.. noffort emany centuries•
s1
'.\l e, not 1ne rely Il l the same penocl . or soc iety , but in t he same person.G9 cuIts seen1 to hav e flou1;shed " '1thout interrupuo f the ~cropolis,
O
oft
. en ·111 th e sani e site (e.g. Ge l(ourotrop Iios on the slopeLt are at• least as
h· ost scholars. stress t·he ·1n1portance of the ritu al . Since Frazer t here
ave been clilfercnt op·1n1·ons a b out the connectio n of myth-belie· f and in Athens). ln Hellenistic and Ron1an times th ese c~ t~ Kourotrophoi
O
powerful as ear lier if not more so. The healing aspect e
~- Ad_ltins(s1tpra, n. 57) 385f
"9. lUd . ; be gives Acsch •I .
dicrory views. ) us as a good exam ple; Eurip ides too b cJd some contr'~ 1963)
70 · i1. T. Finley, T he A 11cienl Grcclts (New York 33 ff.
 CONCLt:SIONS Tm;; CULT
z18 219

is oft!'n cmJ)ha~izccl in later periods. Th e soc ial changes tlle d' ·he yout h 's hair as an offerin g to Kourotrophoi could b .
' ISSol t ·1 ·ts) l · . t h G k pro abl}
nf tlw polis and the wars do not seem to hav e had any se . u 0n te~ · . cd by the 1mpor ance t e ree s attributed to the '--
. l .. ·l rious effe t exp1a1n . Cl . . v.::auty
ill the cults of the T"ourolrop 101, per 1aps beca use th e bas" c l){l • .r (see arc hai c an d ass 1cal sculptu re 111 particular and p t )
' . . IC COnu n f the 1Hll . . . ' l ('f h " . . . ' oe ry
nilirs and social st ru ctu re were not serio u sly disturbed, in 5 •t U- o d by• ·ts 1 •
ciualitv •
of fast gro
•
,1 t 1. 1s practi ce still survtves in mod em
• mif' Pl e of the an . nuns offer their hair to \\'later Eccles ia before taking oaths and
political changes, nor were t 11ere any s1g · 1cant shift s in the •
o( the population. 71 Such ele1nents as ritual purity abstt· 11e make-up Greece_-g brides of Ch.ri st) . Often inconsistencies between belief and •
' nee fro l)ecorn1n . . l 1· f . .
cer tain things etc. were not d isturb ed eit h er by th e relaxed Ill · l ., du e to ot h er 1nterven 1ng Je 1e s : e.g. 1nvok1ng Artemis Lochia
. . . . ' mores r ritua a1
later tim es. \ Vo111e n 111Greece are st ill cons idered " i1npure" 01. "
une1ean"
° ihe mos
I.,
t virginal of th e Goddesses , as most knowledgableabout delivery;
h ers "A rt e1n1s . .1s L ocl11t1
'

· (responsible
after dd i,·ery _and certa in__d ays af ter_ chil~l-bir th the Gree k Orthodo . _1.1g to a p un of th e Iex1cograp .
acco1c 11 . ( • d},.
church aclm1111sters the nces of p unfl ca hon (cf. the a ncient G. ~ for la boU
r) beca u se sh e 1 s alochos un1narne
.
.
lymala). lf initially such observations had som.e rational exJ)lan •~ck The Greeks also offe red communa l gifts to helpful Goddesses, such
. f · · . . ,, atton
(bel1e
l
. 111conserving
a )stinence, as 111
. power, or ga Hung
. rnana ", n1agic power
_so,n_e n1odern tnbes) th ey proba bly fell finally into
the realn1 of the irrational; ho,vever, there was st ill confidence in tl ·
th
, roug11
:~I . the Ten,pl e to Athe na l\ileter in Elis, after the latter impregnated
the local wo n1en in one night, so as to rep lenish the city with men
·ng the war (according to Pa.us. v.3). They also prayed to Kouro-
I
cff 1cacy. _R udi 1ard ·' •· supp ort ed generall y the independence of le1r rite . hoi for aenera l gro ,vth and fertility an d off ere d pubi"1c sacn'fi ces
<Uri
t.1op " · f " cl" d ,..impure,.
£-ro_1n belief. F-~ow e ver, 1noclern ant h ropolog ists \VOuld argue that all (Attica, Sainos}. Th e rituals and ~otions o sacre . an
religious pract ices reflect certain beliefs and valu es, even if the latter rorm part of the genera l Greek social and psycho logic~l make-up. On
haYe b~en pushed back in the subco n scious. Th e l(our otropho i had 110 the whole, the ritua ls pe rf onned for th e l{our otropho1 seem to have
dogn1atic books or boo ks of revelation, but th e religious conuna nds fulfilled certa in social funct ions, offering an emotional support to women
for public sacrifices or other observ an ces \Vere la,vs. S01ne of the genoi and parents, and get -toge th ers of mothers, nurses and childr~n. The -
(
of Attica, as th e Sala~in ioi, sacrifi ced co1n1nunaliy to I(ourotrophos. survivinu offerings and th e i11creasi11gnumber of new deposits and ..
0 .
The Greek believed 111Justice and the recip rocal effec t of act ions; there• shrines that come on t from th e earth attes t th e eff'1cacy· o f these Kouro- .'•
fore he
1~ r_etu
~~ve to the Goddess an offering so th at "she \Vould give him trophos cult s fron1 t h e Geometric to the late Ro111antimes.
rn_ • For the san,e reason h e feaste d th e Goddes s in the Deipnopho-
ria~; besides, he enjoyed ban q uets as ,veil ...
1 he cult and ritual of th e Orphic P ersephon e, virg iJl and nurse of
the souls of the · d ecease d ·111 · ·
1t1ates, con1pnsed· · sacred Jorm.11
cert ain /ae
alread", crysta lli-ed
· z · u1· Class1c· al tnn· es, accordi · · n1etal
· · ng to th e surviving
tablets.
. The pu1ifi'c'ato 1·Y n·t es w1t · I1 wat er and fu·e · \Vere pro bab ly ·in •
spired by the nature of these t\vo ele111ents{alread y appreciated in Vedic

7 I. Fo r ca.~es
Geertz •·n·of clistu rba nee O f t J,e ritua
•
l under certain circumstances see Cl·
1 11
32_54 ··or ~tuJa ; d Soc,al th
Chang e", Americ«n Anl hropologisl 59 (Feb r. t95_i)
(~cw· Yo ·k · · emera l fl and R . A. Peterson s,,stem Cha•ngc and Co11Jlitl
-
tionalis,n r inr97
,"p
The Elcm l'1,t(ir
6
tb ) •31219anlb'IJ
- • ' J ' ·
C I ) • .ate ly t he re is too much stress on
app roach to t he rol e. of religion in society: E. Durkheun.
•u .fnc

lo~ica\ approa~h ::rsho/

'!''! Rcl,g1ous L;Jc (Glencoe, 111.1947 ). social:anthr_
th
reinforce the trad't'p aSizm~ e manner m which belief and espec 1all)' ritual
opo•
in which the 50 •a1' ,onal social bes between individual s · "it stresses the way
the ritualistic "'or mstructu
>th' re. o( a g_roup ·1s stre ngt h en,-,da nd• p e rpet uate<1 th
' rough
wh.ich it rests" (G ) ),c symbo lization or the und erlyin g social values upon
72 N r ccrtz .
, • o'°'" •~
/ondamettfale s P""S .
, 11i. esp. 303H.
 REP RESENTATIONS
I II

Chapter 'f, venty-One eel a.nd in a hie ratic post ure, looks like a parody of th Go
11hron [82 J).
i•1 e ddess
r/I no. ~ . .
R epresentation s (sll.P ' r·otiro tr ophos re clining on a couch, suckling or holdin
·1he '" · g nearher
'Id is also a ra re typ e, apparen tl y of Egyptian inspir t' A
thecI11 , . . E . a ion. ( n
A. i\1EANING . Eg)rpt ia n exa tnp 1e 1s 111 t 11e • gyptian Collection of the Bod
rarly ·Ea st B er li n ) . S
. uc I1 1.ep rese n t a tions
. occur on bronze t· e
Most of the sta tuet tes in terr aco tta or stone referr ed to in th \Juseuni, ' . . . . vo 1ve-
. d• J)Crhaps as prop hy lac ti c or as vobve offerings for successful
chapters served as offerings eith er in to mb s or, 1nore often i e above haO·,
propna . te sanet uan.es. TI 1e I'1te ra ry e v1c . 1ence infor n1s us abo, nt the ap ·
,Jdivcry.
3

of Goddesses-l{ourot rophoi. for exan, ple I·Ie ra with H erakles ~ ~tatu th ~ B. FORM
wiih Erichthonios (described by poe n1s in the Ant hologi ) r A e.na
. . II f f r a. .n m The earliest representa ti o ns of a l(ourotr ophos on what became
scn ptio n te s o a sta tu e o r._ou ro tr ophos ofie red to Deme te f ·
. B t ·I . I . . h. . . r a ter a Grcek-Mycenaea n terr itory go back to ~he early Bronze Age (Cyprus).
d.1ea111. u t , ere 1s a so ep1g1a p 1c evide nce for d ecbcation of children
The\' are sta nding , and most of the figunnes of Kourotrophoi from
to a god• or goddess •
(Herakl
•
es, the Ny1npl1s • E- iJe ·
ith Jvia)
•
bv• the 1r
' parents
According )!v~cnaean tin1es in Crete, Cyprus and mainland Greece are standing
. .to this
. . evidence th e ter raco tt a votive stat uet tes al1par ently ··
al;o. The seated type (it is not clear whether it represents a Goddess)
1epresent e1the1 the Goddess or a 111or ta l \VOtuan wit h h er cltild tt· ·
1.t_ un d er th e d e1 't ·
y s protec ti·on. _In th e g rave they often represent ' pu mg
the is found as ea rly as Neo lithi c tim es in North Greece.
In the post -ivI yce n aea11 pe riods , the earliest representations come from
Goddess as p rotect ress-1nother 111th e " 'o rld b ey ond . (CJ. t he Orphic
ta? !ets and South Italian -fig urin es iJ1 tombs.) Crete and Cyprus in Geon1et ric and Daedalic terracotta plaques and
_Lypcs r_epeatedly copied and used as voti ve offerings in sa nc tuari es figurines. S0;11e ea rly repr ese ntations occur also on Attic Geometric
with .or without a ttr ibut e , usuall J" rep resent th e Goddess• (H e1•a1on · nea1'. vases:1nou rn ing n1ortals ,vith th eir children. .
s·1 . The hand-n1od ellecl early figurin es fron1 Tsoutsou ros, Crete (Figs. 2a-~)
1a ns, Lnidos, Cypru s, Capua , Argive I·Ieraio n). AL<; o types inspired 10
by caste n 1 represe nt a ti ons of Goddesses such as Isis and Hathor should and even th eir Cyprio t count erparts hav e an expressive liveliness
rep~esent a Godd ess in th e Gree k typ e also . spite of the sketchy rendering. Th e Daedalic Cretan Kourotrophos
lh e ~olos is usually a sign of the d ivine 1nothe r, ta ken fron1 the East from Tsoutso ur os (Fig. 13} is a 111asterpiece of the period. It expresses
where it \\'as \\'Orn by th e 1n ot her goddess, but it is not always so.1 ll the local response t o AssJio-Babylon ian types. .
2
is . a . n1a1ro nlv a ttr il)ute , J)U t was ,vorn occas io
. ,
. nally by worship . pers; The arc ha ic peri od see ms to be th e 111 ost experimenting (Figs. ·4, 9).
'J'h • · ed and seated-on-the-
ong1nally
· It was a n,at. ' 1on I)·, orna1ncn t that could be ,vorn by rnortals e hand-n1od elled t radi t ion continues 111propp f
and as such was . used b)'• th e Iln'd e ·111t he n1arri agc ceremony. 2 floor types, ,vhich eventually becon1e partly moulded (head or . ron;
9
• Representauon
th s of a n·I ma l- k ourot . a re used as votive offerings
. .ro p 1101 . part). The propp ed P elop onnesian figurines ,vith n1oulded head (F~d d
111 of tll e GOdd ess, to serve th e sa n,e purp ose as the are par ticularly fin e espec ially the group from Silaris. The fully m~ .e
stal c• tcult-placesf ·
(in front) ar chaic s~atecl figurines culminate in works like e ~ ~i~~
th 1
~h uet es O huinan kourotr ophoi. Th e dov e \Vith t \\ '0 baby doves from 1
e sanctua ry of Bi ta! • enii· foun d toge th er 1vith n, a ny kourotr opho1 .
shows tl from Gela Grotta (Fig 1~) The ~led1na figurines display somehin 00
• • • ::>• • • r In t e a ' Ve
seated kle natur e of. the voti 'e, Off errng. · An ·1ntere st •1ng exa n1ple of tI1e ualrty and inve ntiven ess in the type and its sJm bo ism. t at in-
ourotropho r-monke ( all b'P { . . . .
, es ront ality 1s a ch aractenst1c , an
cl th
ere 1
·s no real attemp
. t suckling
Godde·s) is tl . ys ttSu Y offerings to a J< o urotropho s tcrc '-' · n The ear1ies
~ 1ea rcha 1co ne fr01n p a nti·k·apa •,on 1n • Io nian sty le ,v J'h JJC , s.. ng group ing or interaction of expressio · (F'gs 2 13),
exa I f T 5outsouros 1 • •
' . ,nip es kn o,vn at presen t are the ones rom M HvbJaia is
l he st at11e suckl ing t\\'O S\vadcllecl ba b'es 1 lrom egara · is the
l t0 this
' · ~\iilltr, Der Polos d ' . .
2 Fehrh,, Kultisc/,e ·l(;~,;;~•~:11-sc/,e Gollerk,,o-,!e (Berli n r915J 68ff ., S6, 8$. an ex • at contras
.. · press rve, rather robust example . 1n gre
Boc,uscher PQ!os in s~~h~J~~ ..
0
- f. E. Sim on, " Hera und d ie Ny01pben. ):;JII
f>•mturc a,itiq,,, ofj,•,·tes • Rtullrc i, ( 19 72) . (E lud es tic oenwl'iq11•,t dr
O P . Dev,oube:, l ) 205-220, ngs. 1-4 , 6.
 zzz JIJ
, 111 thl' 1'011rnlrnp l1111nnl the .\ crnpolis insn.-.1 tt.-
f I· SI( ,I hgunn, · frn111 Olv11lhos ( Fig. 18 ) .• \n n th e r figurin l ...tal 1H .... . . • r--'-'"'1 "'°
,.,.rI\-" i1. ' f . . c 1rom
•
a
Cil} rrll,,,, (J ig 2 , 11 rhsl'la,·,
1•
natnr;i _1s1t1o g1oup 1_ng_ and po sture Unique I
,..rl1'1!''·
\ tll' ,11r
khll!{ 1
t •rracotta
a ll 0 , er
I
C.r
\'l}l 11
C'<'t"P
l.
an<l
.\ .5.c
th e
1\·, which
•
had a
(,11J>ra
('11io111c,.
great
T\'pes
""pulant
r•
Ill A
Y
c
I, ,r t I,, p,ri"cl
· , with tlw clulr l re,1ch1ng
. up an ti k1s,-1ng the niothcr who . d w:1,diffuser I ") • .... 5
ti,,lt!- ii 11•11c1,-rlr. l' l'rhaps tltc f,n_c~l:,vc,rk o f _the -~rcha ic p~riod for ,ttl FiJsS,iz -i o .
i,.1)- 1:ll, 1. .,. Class ical te rra co tta., arc large\\· local modifications
vr,iuping and int <'raction or ex pr i,ss.,,n 1s lh c All ie re lie f fron1 Anavysos cane111,., • h h 'ld .
T11e ' ' . . of the Io nian type wit c I against the left shoulder
(~uprrt, no. 71n ). . _ · I1 a s~con d ch'ld
at1drcc·reitu onsl lcr occas io na lh· \1·1t I
· by (Types
standing
111tlH· ( Jas,icnl period lhc 1nonu 1nc n lal typ e 1s n1orc freciuent, but • the ~1iou c ' · f ·
11r on .' 1...
11 4
c Fig s. 3.µ. ). Son1t· o the 1•arly Rhodtan examples
thi, nia,· ,111Jy hC' lhr o ug-11 th e acc ide nt s o f SUJ'\·ival. 'fh e g racefu l tcrra- [IJ.IJ.r.a.1-_ - · ·•
rt11l:i ,latuc· tl 1• fron1 Locr i ( Fig. -19) ha s a 1no nu n1c nta l quality that
,irereally fine. tat io ns o f ,,,.ave 1non un1ents of the 5th and 4th centuries
11oulr1 indica 1e an ori/6na l s tatue. It is s tr ik ingly s imilar in posture- - e rc11. resen ps o f t he o· · · · · h'ld he dead
:,om therapa 1111s bnng1ng the c t to t
i·spi•n:illy that ,,r [he· ch ild- dr ess and da~e to an Altic vase pa inting
hal'C Pea
1 sing gro u .
· . g il quie llv behind the dcccasccl,as on the Loutroph-
.. 111
(, 11p,11 Type llf.D .2.j .ii). It has a co 1nbinal1 o n o f g race . dignity, balance • or ca 1r, I h
,not 1lC'l ' •
• • •
- d (F'g 1 •o) r11 th e 1-lellenistic pcnod 111 genera t e
nnd n1r111u1nl •11talily tba t \vou ld be ju st r ig ht fo r a s tatu e of a Goddess in c le\·ela n · -. · .
wi1h :i <livin,• nur sling. l n ll1is way it is th e best exa ,npl e of its ki11d.
oros b o ine inai.nly "enre 111nature. However, the seated,
ms to havc ec . " . . [J S)
lJJ the 1nalure Classical pe,-iod , vari ety of gro upin g ancl expression 1ypesec n1 t ·pe co n ti.nues through l-lelle111St1c (supra,nos. o ,
· T ed rna tr o Y ' · T
i~ found main ly in pain ling,'' while th e plast ic l( ourotrophoi are ge nerally lhgni, [ b].) to l~o n1a 11tin1cs (Type ITI.A.5.<',and Fig. 31, ype
[339·.[34z). 3+4-4 · · ).
ca lln, ~tal 1c and dignilicd . lt is unfori 11nat e that no n1on un1ental paint ings . - : d) and t he Late r\nllqu c (F ig. zo.
lH.A:;. . ' ·Id 'th er befo r e or after, has any other art explored
h:tvc surv i\'ed . A co mpl etely diff <'r ent pic t ur e o f th e divin e feeding is 10 1
>;owlierc 111Lhe ' • ei 'bilitics ol form, content and sym-
dt•picLr·clon a11 Atti c reel figur e l(rat c r (supra, no . [742 )) wher e a seated 1
soextensil'cly a nd lor so Ion~ t ,c J~Oss '.• In no other art has a type been
inebriated lJi o11ysos benrl~ his bead l<l a live ly baby-sa ty r \vho sta nds by bolism in the g roup of th e ch11d:beare1. as Ion as a n1illenium without
his knee with his ar ms 011 th e God' s lap a nd s ta res at hin1 ,vith ha lf-open di£fusec\ so far a nd bee n e xplo ited_ forl,. sgthat of the Attic seated
1nouth: lhr (;od h:1s :ilrca dy Lilted th.e Kanl haros fo r the divine feeding, becommg. sl ag nan t 1·, ke the· Ecrupt,a
,,.,. 11 SIS, al!
while :1 mitenad s La ntli11gin fronl o f h in1 re [ilJs iL fro n1 a jug. Kourotroph os .0
111 monum ental sc ulp tu re , the Ron,an co py o f Ath e na with Er ich-
lhon ios. in Potsdan1 (Fig. 48}, g ives an idea of t he ,natnre Classical 5. Srrpm, P:,rt I, Ty pes 1-Vl ll.
State-Go ddess , l(o ur otr op hos o f th e local h.cro. 6. Types lll. A.5 .c ; IV . B . 1.i .
A late 5th centur y type of .Hcr111c s with t he child -Di o nysos, preserved
in Homan copies a nd at tribut ed to Kc phi sodoto s , a nti c ipates the later
work of lhc• sa me a r tis t. th e fan, ous Eirenc. Th e irnp ortanc e of Eirene
has been overcsti111atccl.I l has a lways bee n regar d ed as t he first exa mple
of inl i,natc grouping of rnoth cr and child: it ha s bee n s hown a bove that
archaic art does not lac k ex a111ples of s uch int in1at e grouping. The
sealed Alli e n1on un1cnta l typ e is pr eserv ed in so ine orig inal reliefs
of the best period and workn1anship: the g roup s fron, th e pedin1ental
sculptur e and lhe frieze of th e Pa.r th enon (Typ es I V.B.r.b-c a nd d)
nd
a the group s rrom lhe frieze o f th e E rcc ht h.e ion (Typ e IV.B.1.e).
A celebrate d monum enta l Kour otrophos nea.r the Parthenon sculptur es,

I J . l ►. Heazley Ila · · 1, 1 •C J',I ,

Berm
, I (3) pi •113 "'·' '"
1 C u """'
" ' · (Oxford
• H••
,-> S) pi , "y11aike
· - ..3 ., ion scene,
• • • , ei:, L'J
n cbth on1os, Alhc na, in a fine gro upin g.
 The nu mb-,r,, in bracket,, ruh' r to the Ca ta logue numben, Part
1
1chel0<i>I I. is Meter 134; m Locri 1 1 H
' bna, Cypn1s 4 •, 9 2 Apulm 1 71, I. 7 ·• in
.le
\croconn th , Sa nct uarY
• of Uem1:tc r \n,,IJo
· ""¥ h 1S
9: K allitelmOII,Komubo,
and Korc •4·1 P os 7z ; Pytbios 11.sf.
1,..,ina 122 .\ pollodo ros 15z
·;1ic26
1
,\ po llonios Rhodi os 11s
·\cscbd os 10, 12, u o, 1r2. 134 .\ pplc, attribut e 43
\frica· ib t f.; - n 1 Apu lia (n) 35-6, 38, 39, SI 54 .S.S57
:igapcnor, tra nsmitter o f I.he c ult ul 176 ff. ' ' • '
Aphrodite from T egea to Paphos 95 Ar give 20, 40 : sec also Heneum
.lgdistis 189 Ari a dn e 45 , 98, 18g; with Staphylol
.1ghios (Ayios) So stis, T egca, depos it a nd Oinopion 56
141 r. ,\r iste ides, Thcban painter 6g
Aglaurcion, -os 104 ff., 113,117, 123, .\ri stop ha nes 72, 107! ., 111,117,117
-ids 102, r89 Ark esilaos 63
.\gorakritos 65, r 30 Arrb ephor -iai, -oi 101, 102, 104
.lgrai 124 f. Arso, Cyprus 9z
Akakkalis 1$9 ,\rt e mis 2, 6 1, 89, 127, 133, 138,
,lcragas 20, 29 , 36, 37 , .184 f. 204; Britomartis 82, 88: Hege,
Albani, l(o urolTophos 66 n\ onc, 'lead er of children' 141:Epl-
.lloxandria(cL ) 38, 5 1, 70: -stat ue 68 pban es and Hyakinthotropbosin
.\lkomenes 55, 60 , 63, 131, 135 l(nid os, games, Hellenistic inscrlp,
Aikman r 4o t.ions 160, 140; Iphige11eia, reUefs,
.lmaltheia 73, S 1, J89 offerings to 121 f.: Kalligeneia112;
.lmathos (Amalhus), Cyp r us 32, 4 1 , Korythalia 57, 139; Konrotrophos
9Z, 9S ,89-90; -Leto, in A. Min~r 157f.;
Amnisos cave, Cre te s , [f. -Lochia 125, 151 (shrine m Delos),
.lrnorgos I s6 157 r. (inscr.); Lysai~, b,elper ~
2
,ln,pclia, Phar sala depos it 16,1 Lab-Our: inscr. from Ep1dauros 0.4•
:lmphidromia 207 Paidotrophos, in Korone i39; sanc-
;~;1~p
:; bo~it
es 208: see a lsa cak es
P •pol,s, Maccdonja , ,
tuary, Kerkyra i49; inTbera
Asia Minor 61-2, 26-8, 3o, 37•49• • '
/,f
·\ n~vlocbos J ·
d · and l(ato Ana v locbos see 156
111 ex ll, C Rl' T ll /\thamas "~th Dionysos 71 • 190 .
A1tav1·so 1· • .
. S re , ..f 68
•Ath 168 1nn, 20.f ,
.\ nd • ena 1' 2 ' II ' · •Tb 7- iai 62
· roniach c 6 Erga.nc with Ploutos 111 esp , i.in'.
Anthestcria . 52 66 ., Kourotrophos (548],ff5g-6o
. .'-~••
Antin,ach . :i , [548) _..
Apaturi,1os o~Col?p h on 89 dia. 26, 88, 101, 154 t .. f ApollO
Aphrocli t~£c5t1va l 111Sa ,nos 152 ro2 ; Meter 138 (.; rno b:;o Erecb·
½. , • r-,1, 6, 44-5, 47, 57, 63, 66, "Hersos" 103: nurse114 i23 ·sactl·
in Na~i'. 1_89: l?a phi a 90 f., 92 ff.: tbeus IOI: Poli~ 114• •
Sh(:rcls ,r~t~s 9 1 : insc rib ed Classica l iices to - by ephebO•
1 2
S<!kos •of"' 1 u clec1·,ca tion s to h er 107; A thenacu s 135•"· 5 63 64, 102 ff ·•
t li3· as b . t l dd h · Athens, AcroPo"" ' , 28 f,,.JO ,
a Daph.ni
11 .
dd' ,r 1-go ess , s nne ro4 fJ., 116 ff.: Agota 2 ,"'or U., 11•
7' 0 n t h· ·c eP arthenon
•cations aft er delivery
frieze r30;
15 77
44 , 52, 55• 64• 65• ' '
"
 INl)EXliS IKOEXES

\uhirln~r~Lph<r~ ,,, 'lh Cic" r<> 1030, 204 ess ,89 Euphorbos, 11itb ~ipus -dlild
. noJ l-l Euploia, Hera s
< \'f'TU!' 2.8 C'isla 38, 53 , 60, 6 1, 66, ·~{i\t;\, e ,.. 7 71
\tJ1H•nr,11.
\tfi<(II/ .B, JiJ, .l,c;, -17, 50, 5<1:o r, 6:1· Coc k 54, [586] 172 vi nil 1...,1 Eunpides 8, 10, 10 5 , lo8, la
,,, If. 1u1 II; cult sta tu ~ oi .ErJ~1lhyra Consc rvato r i I<ourot Toph os
pik<}'"
0 ; 39• 20.1 rr
u,"'tor r, 7o .. 1 19 r.; Hyalcin-
b 135, l 52 6' 1 34,
01 , -type kourotrophm 107 Cop tic 35 68 ;onrS<lS5•• Paidotropbos 127; ~:
Corinth 21 , 36, 37, 49, D11iot10Pho,, b • u ,c :-I}'m phs 34, ·I-' • e, dedica-
Fat_es, protectresses of marnag
.\ltJ~ 120
143 f.
:\ugc with Td cphos 52 Cre,tc 17-8, 24 i. 29-30, 3 .1_ , , 11• 11urscdh\ 1 , Dionysos. o n the tion to 137
,\ vcsta 4 5 3 73 ~;v,tical c ; c ' _1a k chos , ch ild 82 L, Fay um 35
81 ff.; Ro1nan copy of A thcnaZt •
69; sec also Index 11 atuc braast' I L9 .:l·h ena 103; -Plou ton , Fayu m, relief 12 9 r.
llabvloma(nJ ,. , , 39, 43 d h }' "
llaubo 190 , nur se of JJc 111 elc r 150 Cul t 199 il.; statue 6 1, 6 nurse . , 76 rr. Fesi.i va ls 206
4 ~P "1,a
Hercmcc with d:tughter, sta tue 68 Cum a 36 ,n. -- ( Fire 20 1, 207 {connected with divine
Cypr us, -iot 17-22 , 24-5, 28 f., J O·l, , 11,ra
rf " · n ursin g)
Bird, wiU1 ·13, 209
Bitalcmi, or. Gela 32, -18, 1 $2 I.; sec 49, 5 1, 55, 56 , 73, 84, 90 fl . 48 Ste . 'bute 30, 43, 57 . FraHe (Salerno) 167; see also Index
GEi.A in I ndcx JI also Index IJ Egg,att'. ' 6 32-3, 36, 39, 4.o, 53 , 8 3 • u
Cyr enaica 29, 30, 31, 51, 1.61 f. l'•rpt . .,au ,
- 1 93
Blaulc 190 •• , ·
· niz1
.,a ..Il"
o 11.,·thy
' •ia)
. or -a,,· r, z, 7, 56 ,
Hocotia( n) 23, 2S f., 34, 42, 45, 46,
-19 r.. 55, 11
Cyzic us, coi ns witlt Ge hoid ing Ericb-
thoaios 69 £i!cithy,a ( ~' rr.,
1 81 8
ss, 10 1, 110 , 131 , ~33,
7 • L, 0 0-' •• Eu.ko lin e 125; h .ou -
Ga ia 81 , 84, see also Ge
Gameli on, month ol the Tbeogamia113
Ga n1es r6o, 206, 208
HemaDea 35
Brau ron 12 1 f. Da ed a lic 19, [3 1), 24 f. 15o, 19 ' · - -'6·1 · (stat ue and cult-s t a- Ge I, 4, 5 I., S, 10, 12, 59, 6o, 69,101,
Dameia, feast for Demete r in Tarsus, rotropbos . El'15 1 9 · in 1 14 (.. 119 {sanct.,cult); 130,152;
Brimo 11S f. }. Philomeir ax , 1n • 3 •
.Byz,1ntine 35, 109 r76 tuc· .· 10, . in Arcadia 138: at a t El eusis 128; Kourotropbos 105 I.,
Cakes, sacrificial 18, L' 5] (18] [21) 88;
Damia , goddess
Danae
148, 166 ii .
190; w ith P erseus 57
Agr~,
.\rgos, ga 1~ · of • 147 • at Athens ,
. ' t .., f •
107, 108 f., IIO f., IIJ, 123, 191;
Pa id otr ophos 8 _
.,mple dedications by paren 5 1 - 4· ·'
\'Oli\ 'C I 35, I 43, I ,16, l 54, 208; Daska lopetra, Chios, shrin e of I<ybcle Gela 29 (Grotta ); 31, 48; B1tale-
'.\cribcd a lta rs fro m i\[arathon t2 5 ;
amphiphon tes, pc la noi, pop a na 210 ; ( ?) 149 mi, deposits and Tbesmophorion
in the [orm or breasts {mast oeideis) '.~;inc and insc riptions at. P haJc-
Dea N u tr ix 40 ron 125; in Cori n th 143: ,n Crete 1 g2 ff. ; Acropolis sanct. 184fl.; see
208, 2 10
Deiancira l go; wi th I-folios 56 11.12 ; at Delo s, o rrcn ~gs 12 5, a lso Ind ex 11
Calabria 27, 53, 170 ff.
Callimac hus 138
Deinom e n idai p riest ly farn ily or hier-
opha n ts in Gela 184
templeioscriptio ns 15 1 ; 1n. P ~ os , Ge net hlioi 1, 124, 125 I., 1 :7•.194
healing i:oddess 1.19 (1nsc~ 1ptio ns, Genetylli s, -d es goddess ol _one~ birtb-
Campa nia(n) 35, 39, -12, 5 1, 54 ; De ipnopbor ia, ri t ua l mea l 105 , 122, h o1tr. pro tee tress of child-birth 1,
-sta tues 68 shrine); in P}'rg i 16S : rcl1ef fr om
207.
Canosa 37 D elos 150
Sigeion 158: at S parta, sbrine 14of. : 127, r33 l s 88
Capua 29, 35, 36, 4·2, 43, 45, 5 1, 53, 54; at Thcr~.sanc uary r49 Geometri c [ 1] , . (35], [62i, 12:• 194
Demeter 1- 3, $, 10, 32, 38, 43, 101, G crestai Gercstiades 125 ·• '
temple of Mater ~'latu ta 167 rr. 107, r30 , 133 , 135, 138: 204 ; -Cillo~
Eirc:nc 62, c27, 19 1
' th , rsesof Zeus 194
Carthage 23 Eleusinion, nr. the A Lhe n ian Agora 1 1 3 Glauk e and O er•: nu b Nikera-
106f., 113 (insc r. dcclrc, of sta~11e), Eleusis 65, u 7 ff. Gla ukippc with child, statue y
Cave 81, 83, 84 r.,86 H., 89; of ~'lcter -E iJcithyia in Syr acuse and 1 aras
l<ybele, Pcrgamo n r6r; see als o E111pcdokles I O t os 64
t82; l{o u rotrop h os, 73, 190-1; Malo-
Ind ex 11, Cm, Tl!, Tso utsoltros, Ephesos,Arlc 111i sioa 157 Gn at hia 55 under CYPRUS
CvPRus, Lapithos p horos, in Selinous 185 f.; Paid?· Golgoi sec Index TI•
t rophos, Pa ido pbil e 1 90- 1 ; in Apul:a Epigra,n (555] ; [692), to He ra suck ling
Ccnturip c 53 lforakJes Gorty s 1 8, 88, 127
Cha ikeia 1.02 , 76 r.; .Ill Ka ma nn • a an d I{ata
' 66·aia
Epilysamcnc, Eleutho De1neter in Tar as Go urni a 85
Cheiron 190 1$1 ; holdi ng gro" '" up K or~ t 1)6 Gr eat 111other 120
Ch~aramonti. I<ourot rophos 67 with Tripto lcrnos 6 1; . sb.nn~d~s Eponymoi, Att ic 116
l'Ia! ikarnossos 159 L ; - 111 I<nr U
Ch~cag~ Pa m tcr, P.clike ,
59 r 60 · - at J{n ossos see I 11dex . ' llrchia 104, t 2 3 f.; -an Ca le ndar of Halikarnassos 47•159. r. tomb at Xan-
Ch1ld-b1rth 52, 7 ,, 9 1, 95, 96, 99-roo, ' i; · ' - ,.n I<os. 15 3 i · ., relief ia • Sacrifices , 27 ff. Harpi es with Soul 73,
12~·7, I 57 f., 161 f. , l 80, 209, 2 I I ; Cltl!T ·s 1
:•echtheion 5 r. 1 , 0
•
Vien n a 120; mot her O f Art enuof 5 '~ tbos 73
,~rradne, prot ectr ess or 9s; dedica - Erct· 2
i na 9; 'sanct uary of the kouro- H a thor, ·S 2, 39 Ill, 127. 152 :
120: - of Iak chos 119 £., nur~on e 6
tions 161 L, 1 64, 167, 176; of D io-
nyso, fron, Zeus' thigh 7 , ; sacrc,c] Da mopho n 119 f.: a nd Pers ep
_TOp hoi'
Erichth · 137
i•
Hekate 8, 61 , 64•. . ,,;na 63, 159,
in Erebia. l••3·• 10 --
118
Chiusi, .cinerary urn (?o 2J, , 6
9
in AJ..,:agas 184 f.
Oe metr ias 52
20
o
11
Es
. on,os, held by A t he n a 59 L, 69
·' )'s1chtho
, qu,·1·Ill(:
n 151 I(ourotropbos ;92 81
Chytro, (J<yt ltrca) sanctua rie.~ see Jn- De metrioi, t h e dead in Ath ens lstruria 35 Hepbaisteion 59H~ralde$, I, 58, k~
dex l[ , CveRus ' Dia na 204 Etrus 36, 47, I 66 ff. nurse of alsOsue
H era 192: see ·a 8? r.,
Didymos T ro 67, can 39• 54, 57, 63, 73; -I on,an
. 134, 145, 150
. • 144: Atgel
68 ling; Akana
 --
22() INDEXES INDEX ES
227
\uhnh ,1,raphers 9, l 10 Cice ro , 030, 204 . uoddes:; 1 89 Euphorbos , with Oedipus -child
.\th1cn1111,Cyp rus 28 Cista 38 , 53, 60, 6 r, 66, 172 l)ikt-ai~, o 1 r Euploia, Hera 87 71
l) ·,1'•tvn11
a 9
\ lti c(a) 33, 36 . 38, •17, 50, 59, 6 1, 6,1, Cock 54, [586) · _ 39, 204 Euripides 8, 10, 105, 108, , ,
1,sff., 101 ff . ; cul t stat ue of EiJeithyia IJiodo~o~ • 6 , 70 (f. , 119 f.; Hyakin - 135, I 52 126 134
Conse rv ato r i l<ou rotr ophos 68
o 1 , -t,"pe kourotrop hoi 1 07 Coptic 35 l)ion)'>O>h J _ Pa idol-rop hos 127; ba-
Allis ,20 Corint h 2r , 36, 37, 49, 143 I . thotroP_,0i'°bv th e Nymphs 34, 45: Fat_es, protectresses of marriage, dedica-
,\ uge with Te lep hos 52 Crete 17-8, 24 f. 29-30, 3-1-5, , by nu~scCchi ld , 'Dionysos on th e tion to 137
Avesla 4 37 73 stJ
n,y ~a.1 [ . -Iak cbos, child 82 f.,
S, H.; R.o,nan copy o f A tb ena statu~ -ast. 119 ·' ·
Fayum 35
Babylonia( n) 24, 39, 43 69; see a lso I ndex ll brc, b, ,\t h ena ro3 ; -Plo u to n, FayLtm, relic! 129 f.
Cul t 199 II. ; statue 6 , , 64 nursed l · ff Fest iva ls 206
Baubo ,90; nnrse of Demeter 150 111•, 1,ulia ' 76 ·
Berenice with daughte r, stat ue 68 Cum a 36 n,,arf 75 L Fire 201, 207 (connected with divine
Bird , with 43, 209 Cyp ru s, -iot 17-22 , 24-5, 28 L, 30-r, s, n ursing)
4
BitaJemi , nr. Gela 3z, -1S, 182 f. ; sec 49, 5 t, 55, 56, 73, 8,J, 90 ff. SC• E , <1ttribulc 30, 43, 57 . F ratte (Salerno) 167; see also Index
GELA in Ind ex 11 also I nd ex IJ' li~~pt, .i;ul 6, J2· 3, 36 , 39, 40, 53, S3 , If
Blaut e 190 Cyrena ica 29, 30, 31, 5 1, 161 f. ~ianizing 5 r, 93 .
Boeotia(n ) 23, 28 !. , 34, 42, 45 , 46, Cyz icus, coins with Ge hoid ing Erich- Eilcilliyia (l lcithy ia) or -a1, r, 2, 7, 56, Gaia Sr, 84, see aJso Ge
th onios 69
-19 f., 55, 77 7I S I r•' 85 (f. • 88 , lOl, llO , l3 l, 133, Gamelion, month of the T.heogamia 123
Bona Dea 35 .0' 19 , • 05 • E uk o line 125 ; I<ou- Games r6o , 206, 208
.Brauron 12 1 f. D:teda lic 19, [31], 24 L 1:> '
trophos' - 5'1 (statue a n d cu It -s t a- Ge 1 , 4, 5 f .. 8, 10, 12, 59, 60, 69, 101,
Brim o , r8 f. Dam eia . feast fo r Deme ter in Tarsus, ro
tuc): Philomeirax, 1n · E• l"1s 139; ·n 1 1r4 f., 119 (sanct., cult); 130,152;
Byza ntin e 35, ro9 176 Agrni ro4; in A-rcacha 138; at at Eleusis 128; Kourotrophos 105f.,
Damia , god dess 148, 166 U. .\rgos. ga te of - 147; at A th ens , 107, 108 f., 110 f., n3, 128, 191;
Cakes, sac rificial 18, [15] [18] [21] 88; Dauae 190; wi t l1Pe rseus 57 Paidotropbos 8
temple dedica tions b y pa rents 1-z4 f.:
votive , 35, 143, 1-16, 154, 208 ; DaskalopelTa, Cb ios, shrin e of I<ybele Gela 29 (Grotta); 31, 48; Bi~~
amph iph ontes, pelano i, popa na 2 10; inscribed a lta rs frou1 i\-larathon 125;
( ?) 149 shrine and insc riptions at P h ale- ,ni, deposits and Tbesmopbonon
in the lorm of breasts (mas t oeideis ) D ea N ut rix 40 182 ff . ; Acropolis sanct. 184 ff.; see
20$, 210
ron 125 ; in Corin t h r43; in Crete
Deia neira 1 90; with 1-Iollos 56 11-r2; at De los , o ffer ing s 12 5, also Index II
Calab ria 27, 53, 170 ff. Dcinom e nidai priestly fa,11ily of hicr- Geoeth lioi 1, 124, 125 r., 1:7• . 194
temple inscriptions 15 r ; in Pa ros,
Cam machu s 138 ophai1t s in Gela 184 Genetyllis, -des goddess of. one~ birth·
Ca,npa nja( n) 35, 39, 42, 5r, 54 ; healing goddess '- 19 (inse riptions,
Ueip nopboria, r itua l meal ro 5, 12~. shrine); in Pyrg i 168; re lief from hour, protectress of child-birth 1•
-stat ues 68 207.
Canosa 37
Capua 29, 35, 36, 42, -13, 45, 5 1, 53, 54 ;
Delos 150
Dem eter 1-3, 8, 10, 32, 38. •13, 101,
Sigcion r58; at Sparta , shrin e r4of .;
at Tbcra, sancua ry 149 c:o~~~g
[1J, [35), [624], 85, 88
12 194
Eirene 62, 127, 191 Gerestai Gerestiades 1 "5 f., 7•
temple of ~la ter Mat u ta 167 ff .
Cart hage 23
107 , r30. 133, 135, 138, 204 ; -Chloe
106 f. , 113 (inscr. dcdic . of s~ tue);
Eleusinion, or. the Athen ian Agora 1 r3
Eleusis 65, 1 , 7 fL
Glauke an °
' d tb
ers,
nurses of Zeus 194
GJaukippe with child, statue by
Nikera·
Cave Sr, 83, 84 f., 86 U., 89; of 1'letcr -Eilei t hv ia in Sy rac use a nd faras
Kyb ele, Pergamo n 161; see also Empcdokles 1 o tos 64
182; l(ourol Top hos, 73, 190-1; ll'l~lo•
l ndcx 11, CRETE, Tsoutsouros, phor os, in Selin ous 185 f._;Pard?' Ephesos, Art c mision 157 Gn a thia 55 under CYPRUS
c,•pnus, Lap ithos Epigra111[555) ; [692], to F-Iera suc kli ng Golgoi see Index II,
tr op hos, Paidop hile 190-1; ,n Apulia Herakles Gortys 1 8, 88, 127
Centu ripe 53 r 76 f. ; i u I<amari ua aud • T<ata n~~
Chalkcia 102 ,Sr · holdln g grown u p r,ore 6 • Epilysamcne, Ele ut ho Den1et er in Tara s Goumia 85
Chciro11 190 •;6 Great i\-lotbcr r 2o
with Triptolemos 61; shr in~ at
Chiaramonti, l<ourotrop hos 67 H alikarn ossos 159 !.; • in Knidos ~po~)'moi, Attic r 16
Chicago Pain t er, Pc likc r59 , 60; • at L<nossos see I ndex 1!· r~lt,a 104, 123 f.; -a n Calendar o( Halika,rnassos 47, 159_f. tomb at Xan·
- Sacri£ices , 27 (f_ Harpies with Soul 73,
Child-birth 52, 71, 91, 95, 96 , 99-roo, CRE T E· • in K os 153 r.; rd ,ef '.0 1:recbtheion 6 - f. 130
12 6 - j, 157 f., J6 J f., 180, 209, '2 1 1 : .
Vienna . 120 ; mot I,er Of 1\rten11s o[ thos 73
I· retr" :, '
Ariadne, protectress of 98; dedica- r •o · - or I a kc hos 1 19 f., nur se · · •a 29; 'sa nct uary o [ t he kouro• Hathor, -s 2, 39 67 111 127, 151:
tions 161 r., r64, r67, 176; o f Dio- • '
Oamopbon 1 19 f. : an d p e rscphono
• tropboi' 137 Hekate 8, 61, 64•. Lagin~ 63, 159:
nysos from Zeus' lhigh 71; sac red :;n~l~th onios, held by A then a 59 f., 69 in Erebia 123; ,n
118
in Akragas 184 f. Kourotrophos 192
:'}s1cht ho11 1 - 1
Cruusi. cinerary urn r702], J 69
Chytroi (Kyth rea) sa nc luari eS, see In -
Uemetr ias 5-z
Dcmetrioi, th e dead in At hens 200
1'>quilinc
Etrur;,.
- :,
3:, Hcphaisteion 5~~rakles, 1,
Hera nurse of . see aJso su
,s.:~:
Diana zo4 l>tru 36, 47, 166 ff. 0 192, . 87 I
dex 11. CYPRUS · 6 sca11 15
D iclymos 110 39, 5+, 57, 63, 73; -I oma· n 134, 145, . ' r+f: ,ugeia ·•
7, 68 ling; Akarl 3 15
 INDEXES
I NDEXES
Kyllenc 193
r 38 ff. \rgcia Epilimcnia rS1 : ror Lh~ Mother o r Gods 1 l<y1ne 65, 158 f., 161
hilcith,,a 124, 180; in :-,iaukrat is, chilcl-birtb 137 t E' l 98, alter 1,ckropitl~ . 1:~iog cbi.ldre n , by Zeuxis
[( yoosoura, nurse of Zeus 81-2, 88
• o I eithyia b 1•aut:Hlrl S Sl
mscr. · 101; Euploia 87 f.; in Er- pare nt s 124 ; dedicato ry 01 _Y ' '71 ,no 131 ; Eir ene 62;
d1ia 123; in E truri a 168; Laci- d rcn to Deme ter and l( or oh>1 . ' ... 10 tos • • J..agina, temple of Hekate, frieze 63,
·re I',e ( by X e nokrate ,a - e t 20 1,eplu»o~ , ourotropho,; . 70
nia 166, 170; Lcucania (Lcukan ia) r25 . , Hern1c• I . d edicatio n 125 64, 159
. U , 1rom . 5·os shnne,
179 f. ; protectrcss of ,Harr iage 1-2; '\ tt ,ea 109 . ..; to Baubo et at 1(• 1'1u s _ '. with e ph eb e 73 Lapithos cave see lndex ll u. CYPRUS
with swadd led rock, by Prax iteles 150; from D ,ouy sos Theatre 11 : 1,cr 1'·6 ' . (Ceram ic us) 37, 46, 49 Larisa on the Her mos 26, 41, 53, 58,
03; Sa miau 101 ; Tele ia. h old ing fronl Eleusis 118·' to E ileith Y>a .3 · 1,cr:,01e1kOS os cave, Crete 85 159
, .
J ~ l OS 149, :
Eponymos 67 Delos 151, . and l(eiatok:l.tllP Larnax, Cyprus 92, 96
Heraeum ( H er aion}, Argiv~ ·21 I ., 40, Js,s {H_omau) 125, Eie iithyi ai and l\crtnyi J o2 f. Latium 166 ff.
q. 1 f. ; Pcracho ra 21, 32, ,3 5 ; of Artem is, a ltar at il'farathon ,2 .. a I ,~9 Lato, Crete 24-5
t(crk·yr S o 153
Samos .16, 58, 152 f.; ur . Silari s to H era Eile ithy ia, Na ukra lis •6~
: I( ernos S7, • -9
9, 9 ' Lebadeia 134
22, 43, 179 If. to _Isis Lochia. Ve':oia <.Roman i l(crtsCh )3,' . 11 CYPltUS Lecheates, Zeus 142
Hcraia. fca.~tin Corillth 144. 1.64, J\lothCJ Ga lles,a , punficator y . . see Jndcx , Lecherna special sacrifice to Hera, con-
K1t1on . t of Deineter r6o
Hera kleion , at the l sthmos of Sounion , 57: Jlfother of the Gods and Pa.,-. l(oidos, prcc1oc 8 nected with child-birth 146, 206
117 then os 137; il'letroia, Amorgos 156 - l(nossos 47• S5, S f Lekythos 36, 39, 47, 52, 56
Herakles, 39, 56, 103, 104, 192; re- Tbesmopboros, Gela 183 : sacrifi: . · 1 mca 1s 139 · Lera I<ydooias cave, Crete 83
l(op1dc~,n tu~<orcia (est ivaJ for Athena
lic! with Nymphs and chi ld, ded ica- cia l : .196 f:f., from E lcusis , r2, c.,. l\oriasc.1,tor Leto 2, 6l , 125, 150; Kourotrophos
tion for cbilclrc u, oHcring by cpbcbo i Jeud ar of Er clua , 27 !., o l ~farathon in Arcadia 206 193_4 ; painting with Apollo and
128 109 ff.; see a lso u. Artemi s a nd u. l(orvthalia 57 Artemis by Nikomachos 63
Hermes baby with tb.c Nymphs 57; Kour otro ph os l(os· 30,4 7,1 5 3f l. Leukothea relief [699) 1 69
held by Tris (56 1] ; car ryingD iony- l odma , 93 l(ouri 103 Ligucia 27
sos or Hera kles or hero Arkas +o, 70, Ionia (o) 62-3 Kourctcs S,. SS. 193 Pro • Lioclia 148
71, 131, 192, [7 15). [723-,f). [740-41];
Enagoruos I rS; Eu kolos, Paidoko-
lpb igeneia 2, 101, 12 1 ff. , 144, 193;
-Art emis, c ult 206
l(ourolrophion of Ath e ns, or.
laia 34 (see a lso Inde": 11): ,nen-
PY Liodos 20, 28, 31, 33, 43• 48, 49 7 • n' f 6

148 , 154 ff.; see also lnde,t:

res, in 111etapontion 176 lri s 2, 6; wit h Dionysos or Ploutos Lioned on Boundary stone ms_cr. found Lions, with 43
Herodotos 10 56 nr. Propylaia 106; excavation~ for~
Hesiod 8, 1211,s,, 82 , S.1, IIO ,06· 'in the Po lis', mentioned ,n 5t Locbaia 1_48. . ho brought special
lshtar 'dir ect ing a.II births ' , 6 Locheutiia,, virgUISw t women 145
H cstia. 2, 10, 125 f.: I{ourot r opbos Is is 31-5, 37 -8, 39, 40, 57, 98, 146, cent. 13.C. sacred la,v 107: l30 • , to pregnan
193 158, r62, r69, 189, 193 ; protectr css Kourotroph os 1-7, 1 12 1., 119 l.:.,_193; loutia . child-birth 137;
Lochia ded1c. after
Hesychios " ' 7. 1 76 o[ chil d-birth. kou rotrop hos a11 d Delos Itha ca, He llas 110 : Errene Athena 102 57
Hierapctra - Kavous i, Crete 86, SS heal ing goddess 125; statuette from ' also u. Ge , Arte111.1s,
110; see · Ath e.ua ·, Locri (Lokroi) -an 44, 51. 54, •
H ippolytos, Christian writer 11S sa nct . of Aph rod ite , Naukratis in Athens To4-5; Sa.mos 193; 111 · . pjnakes 171ff.
I 71 f[ ..
Hitti te, l<ourol-rophos 7 161 : suckliJJg 3 r If ., 33, 87; with scriptions ,nen ti oni ng her : 6r, 104:f., Locris 103
H omer 59, ror, 105, 1 26 winged H arpokrates 98 ; in Verroia 106, , o 7, ar chaic, in th e Athenian Lucania 54
H omeric Hym ns 8, 75 r64; see also u. Iriscriptions Eleusuuon nr . the Agora l 1 3,
Honey 209 Lucian 74, 13 1
Ithaca K ourotrophos 8 ~lilctos relief 157, statue (658),
Horai 193 Ivory, l\fycenaean stat uettes of children 'hiero1t kourotr6p hon ' , Erel-ria 1_37, Maffei. kouro trophos [6ol]
H)•akinth ides, nu.rses of Dionvsos 127 . f 33 f., 170ff.
from Pala ikastr o 83: triad 22 Hcllc1tislic dedicato ry after child- Magna Craec1a 28 "
Hyakinthos prot hysia for 105-6; 127 birth , 37, Hcll e 11istic P''.~if!catory, . ( 140-1
MaguJarc 11e
J ustin r 73 ff. Kos 154, Class ical sacr 1f1c1al, Sa:
lakchos holding Ploutos , relief 72; in N[aia 194 • 5eliuous 3, 4 2•
mos r 53, sacrifice by the ephebo• ~1a1ophorossanct1:1~ also Index 11
Tarcntine relicfs 1 77 f. Ka le child-ca re deity 148 114 ; rit ual IT.ff!., t16ff., r22H .,
l asos of Kollytos, sculpto r 66 54, 185 f., 194. . 172ff.
K a lligencia n z, t'2l, 193 . 207 see also u. sac ri[ice; shrines 1o6 (f . ~tarasatemple, LoCfl of sacrifices etc.
ldalion See lndcx ll , CYPRUS Kallirroe sp ring , kouro tr opbos r25 I. Krateros cave, Crete $1, 85 f.
Ikaria (Tcaria) relief -16 111[a1athon,calendar
Kallitekrtos. Apollo 160 l(rcousa. with Ion 65; 130
Ino 194: -Leukothea 61 : in ~liletos, Ka lym nos 29 l~rimea (Crimea) 48. , 62 r22 f. . cyprus 41, ~ ,.
contest of boys I5i r.; in Laconia 1\)'belc 5, 7, 10 , IZ, 130, 134 L, r49, ~1a1ion-Ars 1 noe, of Athena, nera
I<alyntc ria ,03 Marriage. protec~tral fatheIS, zeus
shrine and ora cle q 1 ; in Tb cssalv J(amar ina (Camarina) 29, +8, 50, 18 1 11· !93: at Argos 146; in Ky01e 158; EuminidCS, an
r64 · Kameiros 156 111Larisa on th e H crmos 159; in PatrOOS 1 [.
~ription s in Cypriot syllabary 92 ; Ka melarga [4), 92 , 96 Tarsus 158: re presentatio ns 55• ~{avrospe r,o, crete 17
1~ Pboe.nicia n, Kition sa n ct. or Aph.ro• , 166 If,
T<arageorgis 97 (I<.ition) G4 f., 161: -ty pe 157 [. Mater j\Jatuta 2 • 7 33
d1te 96; dedications: 96, Ro man K atania (Catrulia) 30 f.. depo sit 18 1 l(ydonia (Chania) Cre te 88
 ...
1:0:DEXES
1:- 01,xr,. s
Pnpatc\1-o,c;,,, 3.
f u.1h.1 f, ..1 t h ,r l l1' n 1 111.u· :\(;1t"Tc:
~ '\ur,i • 75 If , o f I 11onysos : :1\lc
' l ·rcte 8 1 l 1 n. ,on 1 zn, l'raxn.hoa with daughtcr ol Erechtben.
56 fli. l~l:Wc, , h e P cricJ?:C
I t •.,; f YIIW, omim ttl Rc1 . ,tti:15t 63 88 T2 0 , I l, I, I 2(1, 65, 1 30
Af, d , . '·11• f:Jl (l• J ~, \\ ll h ~PII, by Nursing , di vi ne•o f her o , 8, ff __ rau~« <,r (, 'l, • ' • ,, .
3 38 j 5 } <l• 'ff 1 50ff " - I C) Prokne . and ltys. by _.\lkameneo 6)
\lk ..11111Ill.. 55, Hj
lh1J111.1 J ~. 11, ·l.lff, 1,,c,. 175f.
5q f. , 2 1...?.. 2 ro
:S:y rup lt (s) 3 4, 37, 38, ,12, .1,
•• :,,,
,33
·S, 138· 41\l~~
~ ;:\~, scu
3RJ 6<)7) 113 Propyhua 34.f., m,;cnption 1o6: 107
Prothy-ma, -sm 10, 105-6, 1CJS I., 111,
1 1 1 2 1 8 1
70 8J ,J p,iu,~~. offerings
t'"
8o ....
9,1.: Ge n et hl ioi c·•
.J I •
:\fr~H l .i 1H, ].t
\ J,·~11r..t 111'1,la<:;i 30, ,i i, .l' f. , f.>7
,
4 , •1 • 4,
r a isla i see uxider word · hill of 'tl •· J~d31lC.•l•l , o O s I 2J
Prilckncr 17z If
"'....
1"'Jano1 . -h Aohilles 72
I ~I rf 1 2u,. r.. · o r J', y 11
enc w11.h· 'ba by H ' " · l'urificaliou, alter delivery u 1, 218
. crme~ PekllSwit Jo nia 37 , 69, 16 3
\ l..Jirl•J111ra,c , t n•tc 85 5 7 : 11ur sc of Dronvsos Pyrgi, sanct. of Pclnsgic EUeithyia 168
52 ( · Peli>, ,l ace< 2 1 . s~c al so LI, I (c.
, 1,,1,,,:i(I) 11urse, of Zeu• 73, s,.,. on s ilve r vase 16 4 : • Thcbai ' ~sSJ, 1111cs1a n · Pythias. miraculously born, with the
\ h•los, -,an relivf , 59, 7 1, 73 01 Scn, elt: 13.). •. . . . , 11urses pdoPo ( ,\r give ) , M rcc nac an
help of l,ourotropbos. lochia, the
1. 1\na1. n urscs of
Jifr n; 111ak1 J2, 9z A p oll o r 26: Tyro , 36 r3c11•
n • • , , 3z, 135 11· k . Fa tcs aud Phoibos, acconling to
p,mchor - • le of ,\p o lio l<a ,t e 110s
, 1,,ta p qnl io11"' " lud cx Jl 1'y$a ' 37 . inscr iption 13;
,1t!kr r , 5, "' jl ; Alb en.a. 59 : -lJin- 1,,o;anion t~mp l Meler [( ybc tc 1 6 1
,60; ca, e o
d) nw " c, i,:odclcss i11Hocotia 133 r.; O en o tr ia L 79 1. Ragusa. Sic ily 35, 44
. Ky bclc, ca ve 161 -theo n Aul och- O ff erin gs 13 1
Pero JQ
l ...
b r,C p I10 n (• • , 3
- • • - ' j' '
111 ;.\pu 1a
I -6 ,r .
,-1 38 ·13· 48, 5 1 f.,
, : Jn
Rhap so 125
Rhea JO, $2, 125, 195
lh6n 165; "" " 1,5 , 194 ; , 1ete res
in Sid Jy 18b
OiJJcs tcri a ded icat ion by the Athe nian
epb cboi lo H crakles r28
119 f.. ." 1)' .
1\ ·•una nn a I
.. .

I8
r.
r ·' .
,
it, Lokroi. i'ilcd-
ff · with
Hig-Vecta 4
Mc t r6 1;1 lcnst u f th e mot her ( H elle n . Okeani d es 194. Orplu c 1 74 · · Rhegion 37
1
ma 7.' f "r ·so ul' , ' 6 16}; sa ne- Rhitsona see Index II
inscr. fro ,n Amo r i;-os) 156 Ol co, lh e L ycian J, 15 r large ",n gcc ff55 Rh odes, -ia n 30 fl., 34, 43, 47, 49, 58•
~leLr<> on, A l.bem an Ago ra 65 Cllo us sec J ndex 11, CRETE ' · · Ta r as L76 ·
111:u y 1n ~. l shri ne to seve ral S9 '54 If.
Milctos 61; relie f [657] , 1 12 f.. 157 Olympia Phoc ni cian bow l with suckling Phaleron, Clas,;1ca
M,noan( s) , 7, 56, 8 , re. Rh•c·rs as I<ourotrophoi ,. 5, 103, 1~4
nursing dcil ics 12 5 f.
Monkey ko ur otr op hos 77
Isis 138; depos it 139
Olyntbo s (Oly n tbu s) 32, 36, 40, 44, Phanodc111 os, ,\ttbidograp h cr , , 6 Rome, -an 27, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42 i'
59-68. 70. 74, a; , SS, 96r.,qR II.. as '
J\lolh r·r Gclles ia, insc ript ion 157 I 63 ff . Ph~rornkicles, chi ld-hirtl.1 de01o ns 133,
Russia, South ,17
....
l hcr- Co<ltles~ ·1·5 f. , 7; o.f t he Gods -,:'
~l<> 0 1'e it hyia with the ch ildren of Boreas 144 Ruvo 55. 1 18
.
115 ff.; offerin g by tb e eph c boi 65 ; 130 Phar, :>la,Thessa ly •I 2
, 15; sc« <tlso u. :'llct cr Orphi c to J.; ta bl ets 115 rr. hoi etc 81 fl..
Pheidias 65 Sac rilicc to kouro t rOp .I ff
~Jut 39 Orphi c H ym n 36, 204 Phiale attribu te •~3· •I 7 • II 5 116 If. an< l2Z '
Myce na ea n J7, ·18 -2 2, 58 , 8 ·1 ff ., l)l f.. ,03, io4, "~ ·. . • 128, 151-4,
Phigalia 57 (public, ofhcaal). , 2~, ' also u.
10 1 ( . , J Z2 J?acdagoguc 75 r. Philcrcmo,. Rhode s 1 56 2~' ff
199 rl.. v, :· .•
• ,8 I.' sec
L berna, PrO-
Myr i11a 26, 28, 30, 49 , 53, 54, r6o f.; Paestum, -an 31, 34, 50, 179 r.; tcr • Philuchoro,; 8, ro, 1o5 , 126 Elcusis. 1nscrip\Jons, ec
-t y pe figur ines , 07 ra col1:a stat ue 66 Phocnician l i, '2,t ·26 thysia
Mysteries 89, 123; in Ath ens for Pagasai 36: sa nct. of Pasi lrrata 164. Pic-ria, nr . Th c::isalo nikl •l 6 Sa lami s, Cypr ns 3 7 o, (719]
Agla ur os and Pauclro sos 117 ; .Elc11- (267] Pi1H\:lt' 11 , 50 , jO, n o. 120 (., 133 s' lnion AthcnaiOS, sculptor 1
sini a111Cretan 82 r., 118 H.; sacr i- Pa idotrophos, Ge 8 PIMO l ll a,. 8 152!
(ice to Ko urotr o phos (befo re the Pa lai(o )pap hos, Cyp r us 92 , 98 ff. Plato Comicn::; 1J'2
Samos 46, 5 · · · hos· 205 f.
Sa nct uary, J<ourotr[ op ] . also lnde" 11
myste ri es' 1u Pa lesti nia n Goddess 25 l'liny 63 , 6g, 70 124
rnys l ical ch ild I., satricum 33· 37• ·
11 8 , 20 l' a lmyra, gr ave -rclicfs 40 tos ,190 , 56, •03, 118 H..
l'lo11 Scboliasts 7 2 86
•
Pamphilos (I.pd Al hen. 128 held hy Ei r cnc 62; held by scornavache 35,44
Nn ukr atis 32 I., 5 1, 91; cul t of Hera Panathc naia 102 chos 72
Eil eilhyia
Xemi 167 ff.
t6l Pa 11clrosos, Pand roseio n 10,1 f., 11 7 f.
Paphos [345], 99; Pap hi a, mentioned
Plyntcria festiva I, in scr iption o f sacr i-
ficcs 103
Scylax ~ 79. f
SeleseeS 1lans ) 2 ~. 26, 37, 54. 185 ,; -.
0
Sclinous (Selious
~eo -Attt c T\ourot rophos by Pausania s in in scr . fr om Ch yt r oi 9 3 Poicmon «/>d A //Jen. r 4 0 . sec u. Matophoros
67; marbl e kr ate r fr om Gaeta 70 Pa ras tas is (p rese n tat ion) 120 l'o li, Cypru s 92 ••
Nikeralos br on, e sc ulptor, Alhc nia n se mclc 19? f., , 43, 212
43, 4 s, 50, 54•
Paros 14.9 f. l'olion, Par ian scu lpt or 46 f S hi p 111odcb 87
6 ,i Polos 2.1, 32, 49, 50 , 156, , So · 6 35
Pa r theno i H ya kinthidcs 195 Sicily 20. zz. 2 , ,
N ikcsian e, Pa ngac on 51 Parlhe non 34 f. , 65, 130 Pomef(rana t;, att ribut e (59) , 43, 47,
Nilsson 117, tr 8 Pa r thenos, Goddess, temple at Kava la 53, 57,2 10 181 H. ,. (to Ei leith>,ja(1) hl~chsth8
Xinhar sar; = Xint ud 6 . "eion ,e
5 ,., . re(Sele) ear w , I
162 Pompei 4 '2 river n ·a 179f . ;
Xiohc 63, 1 30 f., , 35 Pasik mta see LI. Paga sai 1'ose iclon with Taras 72 s ,lan~ f Hera Leuklllll •
::-.llnh Grcecc 47,. ,9,5 1, 163 rr. Pasiphac 195; with baby ~1inotau• Poscidonia (Pa est nm) 179 (
shfJRC 0
sec u. Heracum
~o~ ~h;' poc:m s l 73 (.
ro s 57 Potan1oi (rivers) '1()5
 tJS
Z ,2 l>M.fJ::i

Tl1r,u1• 17 3>1• 51•54.• hO· \rt~mis l.o<:hia sanctuary OIi ll\.

1,11,. \~1l h l 1m 11,v, .. duM 7 1, h1•rt•
1
Thuflth;,, protccLTcs., o f lhc 11, d ,. 14 fr . 111 I\ ynth,,_, Clu. 1cal-Hellolllltlc 11a4
1uc tS· ir,s of th e liv,ng 1 6g e.a • nurS() ol ,·otive rel,~b m the Olkm
11:i k, H
T1111okratcs pa in l(•r 4 7 r. 151 f.. Hellen insmp t1on 'al py1a1
~,p•n hnldrnM: Soul ii ai kata kourotrophon' 152
"-t,l,,n 1<, 10 5 Til h cnictia, festiva l for i\ rle.mis l<:o
~ pa r lH 1,,, 57 , . lTopho~ 122 , _135, 139. 1 34 •ro. ~PHESO$
Spri 111!"'J{o 11rll1ro ph tH J .!.6 l ocra (a . rcuc hcira), Libya , \ rte mision 157, 165-173•1
9
'-1•·1•· I~- .1h, 5l, 111, 57 f Toumba to n Skouro u, Cypr us 9 ,
~1r.a1m r•1R Triple Gr o ups ' 43J, [67), [122) If ., [, FR.\ TTE(SAl.l> RNOI
45
SI YX 11,5 p. 32 b), [2 11] I., [278), [J 5o] , [35oi> J' lltT", •f,)II
sec
·1 u. l ,c I·a Classica l deposit , 1257), [3161
1<>7
[365) I., [489). 41 , 48 ' dcpns1 ,
Suh g ,'OUWtn c. I ~. 58, <Jl
Tript olernos 39 JlR., ~•"~13ot hr o 5 un ller the Temp i~ or GEL.\
Su<klrn g 1~. 14, 31 H. 33 fr., 35. 39
Tri to n with Th ese us 71 archntc . , 1 f • ;1t·c hai c tlcpos,t of Bita lemi, 1) old deposit, by (mi. 7tb-
(:1n adu lt) , 51, 53, (it;, 7•1· 77, 87 , 1-
Tril opat orc s sacr ifice at Mar at hon 123 \r tc1m,;; •· 5t h cent. B.C 18-zf., [23SJ, l588J,
HI • I Z'J • I ,,2 '?0 -/ (.
Sumeri an 6 Tr o phoni os 13~ 11H1g~
, - ' 1819): -z) Tbesmophorlon,7th•5th ...
..,
Tsa rnbr eiS, Cyp r es 92 cent . B .C. several deposits (new
Sy-r:,cu~e 5,1, , ~ 2
·r so ulso ur os cave , Cr ele see i ndex LI, u. (oru:-;n 1 e xca vat ions) 182 II., (514], (820)
Syrja oo f. sa n ct uar y of De n1etcr
CRETE \ crocorinl h Sanct uar)' on the Acrop<>lls [n 7]
Twin s, with· [42), (239). [350], [350b). and t, orc Sma ll S,mctuary on the Actopolis.
T:unn ssos, Cyp ru s 92, 98 .
'J'a11agra 28, 32, 36. 43 , 4 7, 51-55, [365) f. (RJ.H . · l1a ·, c [l -4 ] Cln,;sical 37, (-z43)
\navlochos clcpos 1l, a rc /
75•6, ') l , 107 T yc he 195; with Plo utos 62, 161
\n.1to~~1vc. sec Tsout so,!ros ... 1-lo\LIKARN/\SS OS ,
Tara s 19, 2 1, 30, 3 1, 35, 36, 37, ,18, 4'l , T y mp an um 57 Kato AnaYlochos depos its, (to ~-ile•· D emet er Temp le and votive deposit
50, 57, 72; hero ,1,1, 72 thyia, a rchaic, Class ica l 87, [Si),
Vase(s) 17-8. 20, 34, 36. 38, 39, 45, 15() f .. ( 179•] , (446•)
Ta rsus 25-6, 55, 158: votive p laq ue
lo ·1,ybde l6o4) 46-4 8, 50, 52, 56-7, 59-62, 70-3, 7 7, Q2 i156] ,
Ved ic religio n 4 ff . K~\'011si, Hierapctra gco1ne_tnc•. a~- t( .Ett.K, ' RA .
T:tlia n l:f>, Adn. G,·,,ccos for lh c st.'lt uc chaic sanctuary ol E 1le1th y 1a( •) Ar te mis sanctuary. dep<>s1t149
of Gla ukippe, mol hcr of" portentou s Vei i 4 7; kour olTopbos 169
ch il,1 64 Vclc h ani a, rest ival for Zeus V elchanos SS . Kos , £ De eter neat
84 Knossos, n~mclcr Sa nct uary, archaic· ' Spri ng-sanctuary o m.
T:turi c Chcrsonesc 36
Hellcnisl ic 88 , [488 "). the harbour, arcbaic-Ctass1cal, 153
T cgc:, /\ghios Sosl'is 19, 49 : stalu e Venu s Geneb·ix 63
Vc rr oia, Mace d onia 29, 36, 53 Lalo dcpos ils to Ei le it h yia ( ?). Kv>1£ • nd statue
68, 95 l(yb clc votive olfermgs a ·
Vita Hcroclotca, H.om. Vita e 15 2 r. Oacdalic Lo H ellen is tic 87 I.. [So)
'f cnos 15 0 ·ar chaic onwards 1 58
Vouni, Pa laipap hos Cw ru s 4r, 92, 98 I.era l<yd on ins ea vc (o r A ka ka llis ?) :
Terra Mate r 57
Th:\SOS 4 7, 5 1, (546" ) Vo unou s 90 Clas.sica I finds 8 3
Ol0us ,kpos it , ,u-c haic-Classicfl l 3o , L ARIS,\ 01' THE HER>IOS
Thcha i, Nymp hs r 94 \l ulci 1681.
SS, 1,10-9 1), [ 193-9 5] [493} , dep os it [112-14]
Theb es 23, 29, ,16, 62, , 35; -an Xanthos , tomb 73
painter Aristcides 69 Tsoul.souros cave o l Eilc it hy 1a , 1, M- LIN oos ., 525-400 B,C.
Xc nokr:c1.tcia re lie f 46 , 125 r. archa ic 32, 33 , 86 ff., [ 14), f79], 'Great Deposit 't ea~] [t88J, [1891,
Th cisoa, Neda and Agno 1<J4 Zeus 150, 195; birt h o f 159; child 148, 154 If., III '
Th cmis r95 here figs. 2a•c , l 3.
8 r ff ., 88; conn ected with clul_d· CV PRUS (192), [4741. , f ex-votos, 3rd cent,
T hcoto kos 109 I. birt h r27 r.: giv ing bir t h to Dio•
Th cra fr,, " IS I. Chytroi (I<ytlu·ea) sa nct ua ry o f Pa · ·s ma ll Depas it ~f [ 1,1~2], [492],
nv sos out or h.is t high 7 1; 1<0111e.~ B .C. 148, 154 " 157
Tb csmophori a 1 , 3 .
148 : Lcchcates , Hyp s1s ·os
.t ,~s: phia 30, 92 f.
T hesmop horio n sec I ndex I I, u. GELA Golgoi, tc m,ple o r Ap hr od ite 95 ff .. [501-2}
\Vclchanos 84 [1,1), [ 138-40], 321-2 7), (576 ")
Th essaly 36, 45, 46, 95 : al$<) u.
Pagasa i, and Tndcx T1 ldalion sanctua ri es '.!2, 28 , 41 , 9-z ff .. ~1ETAPONTl0~ des' votiW deposit
Zeux is, pa inte r 7,1 •Dionysos-na
_;GG) , [ I 36•], [3371
1\lti on , Acropolis, t own, salt Lake, 178
TL SELECT INDEX OF DEPOS ITS AN D GR OUP FINDS K::u11eku·ga,$anctua r ies 0 £ Aphr o•
NAUl<ltATIS I l'l, 161f.
ditc and Arte mis 96 U.. f3•4), Aphrodite temp e
A FR I CA rS6J, [92-100), (3 , SJ, [344)
AHl'tAGAS NEMI f Diana Locina Nerooieo-
•n~a Nutrix· fi nd and inscri ptio ns in Sanct u ar }' of t he Ch t boni c Deities,
. •Q
l.ap ,th os, Ko ur olTopho s ea vc , clcpo• Sa nctuar)' 0
lho sanctuary of Saturn as, Bi r-Bu- fin d t o th e " 'est o f, arch aic · · ' s,t daeda lic-arc ha ic 24, 25 , 9 1 • sis (125•21]
Rckba 40 92 ,[34), [38], (82)
[149-1521, tS5 f.
 1:-:oEX F.S
Z ,4

<;tl .. \fCJS (S1cLe) nr p 118S 'rtr,i CossT A:<T1SOP•.~-( l•tambull

OL' ,.tJ'I\
I 1q,o ll ,u J lerac nm, two bol hr o· ~'""'""' ol .\nliquities I
108 44 . 103•4 .
c,1I 1111 , 70 , , 79-8 1' s~
., ,. archaic 4J, '9,, flt ], lll•l4 J, •155] 173
173•., lt7((. 188-Sq], ·
1921: uJ6J'.
f',U .. rt:•,1 TAIL\$ l:ll . 24z,. 374-82;, 44()], 1446•
,rt:na#_Ufll umh-r 111" lt,ilic 1,•mpll•, 'Ciov inazzi l>c pos it.' to p. 4 14 • .494], 49Sj, '501-2], sSo'.
1,nthro"' ( 1a-....1ral-l(um;u1 I 7<1 r, a nd H adcs-D io nvsos GtbcrscP hon~ . 64 t], ,6501, _672). ',678), '682'. if1981
J hJ, 22(1, .q5-111, tlfJ l 1 B,.c_. , 77 rr.. (2· ·rr • .. [.·Jrd. ~n t CQVE~ HAGEN ,I • •
"
"'..,
111
Pf· V.\f"llt,k \ s 1m 1lnr dc1,osit u 'l ·'t69] . 5Ce X y-Ca rlsberg Glyptotek z6s-66J,
1li•r•v•lHll, nn hait
• , wcapo t·1 345], ' 732
l' izz-one votive D epos it• n 0n
• enc1 or ,, CORISTR
51, ,. ce nt. lo H elleni s t ic , , [ i] 74 1 :l!
J ,\ll SUS, Ct LICIA 77 3 )lu seum =
e
Hur rsoSA rs , 31 E
rlcpo-it, ar chaic
B<1t•11ha, 73-74 Voliv~ Pl a nqu es to K yb<:le( ?) of
CYPRUS
1(11:-.H:., ( ,\P l1 '0LJ.NR mo crs anc 1 c hil dren, Hcl!oni .
l(oma n 158 Sbi> M useum , Nicosia f4J, :2s]. ,36], 91,
,a nduary <>f~lincrva Mcui ca 128 ]
TEGEA , AG Ht OS SOSTIS 9,J ff .. 96 ns. 14411 [231), (343j, .
..,
S.\'.\IOS Depos it to Deme ter a nd J<or•,;;.ar "•J1,U
.c
CYREl<E
5271. 519], !529•). is73-4J "
Ht ra cum bulhro s , arcllaic 153 14 2 f .
SA TJOCl'M T 1!.NOS ~luscum 21)]
'Jcu ,plc of ~late r Mal uta. arc haic (o T hcs mopho rio n, a rchai c , 50 DRESDE"
Hellenisti c, 33 , 37, f 124J TH ASOS
Alberti num 1212], \523], _657]
Sg1.11<ous A rtem,is(o n 4 7, 5 1 . 16 4,[ 4-50•], [546']:
~lnlophoro s sa 11c lu~1ry. arc haic t0 •• rem in isce nt of tbe clepos itsofLind os tLEUSIS
liellcni slic, , 85 r.. I 53), f I 58] , l ll E$SAJ . Y Museum [582), [685),[6<JS]
[ 15q J, [222·, ' 4591 Ampe lia . .Pha rsala depos it 164•. 3491
S1c11.v, HAGUs ,, Pagasa i, H cllen.ist ic ,ia nctu ary of 2.2 1.
l' LORR ,; cE
Archaeological Museum "" .
oi-:-
[259: Pas ikra ta , 64 . [ 267 ] llo,s
,\kademisches l\u nstm uscum 2 l.t:}.
Pala1.1.o Uffici 6661 " -,:.-
Fu1..0A
lU . I NDEX OF MUSEU~fS AND COLLEC1'IONS (213]. [2S3]. f.1S4], [600). [770] Museum [668• ]
~lost or the Muse ums •} f Lhe Ca l a logue (Pa rt T) are included . Tl1c chec king up 1los1ox
of all or some o f th e objects in so me llifuseum s (H uss ia, E. Ger m a n y. Turkey, Cyprus.
some p rivalc Collectio n s) wa~ not possib le ro r various reas ons. T bc numbers in
)luscum 11f J"inc Art.s
F373J, I s1S]. [sn•-31- f7 1 .1]
[58 ] fig . 9 , GELA
Nationa l ,\rchaeo1og1ca1
.
[ 117), [154] fig. 15. 220). [•43]
Museum
..
. .,.;.
br ackets are those o r t he Cata logue, Patt I. IIRUSSELS rig. 19 , r307], {463). 1514]. ,_s2
01
)lusccs Hoya u x d' Art cL d' Hi s loin ;
Al>AXA f l ! ] Cig. 1 GoTHA
:Museum of Antiqu ities f, o, ] (6o, 1J Museum (562 ]
AOOLP II SHDt< C.\) IHHll)GE
HAMBUR G ,, und Gewerbe
Schl oss Fasa ncr ie. l.a ndgraf P hilip Fitzwi llia m i\1lu sc u n1 40 Museum liir ,.unst
of H esse [310] Ci\PUA (47-48] rig. 8, [218]
AECl"NA (Aigin a) MuscoCa mp a n a [155], [35 i] , [7o7] ,
11useum [•+l
1-1
ANOV ER g ) (85] TischOJ1·
[705] J( es tner Jlluseum [' 3 ' 1 fig. 39
AG HJ0$ [Ayios ) NIKOLAOS CAUTII AGE clorl Coll., [34 1l• fsn ,
Museum, East Crete 8S, [ igo-g, ] , 'Bardo Muse u 111 [69] ll t<IV&RSJTY (5S?•]
HARVARD '
r,93-95J. [,196J (Sicily)
C.\S1'ELVt, 1' !!Al< O Fogg Ar t Mu,;eum
ACR ICE':',;TQ
Conin1un,1l Co llect ion [t 58] fiERAt<LEIO!< • 86
~I useo Civico [ , 49. 5 2 ) , [ 263 ) , f-l 1cAco UNJVE ns1Tv
C1-1 Mctaxa Collection] rgs ~a-b, ,79)
Al.1:.X.\NDRIA 661
14
Classical Co llection [34 2] J11useum 32(· ~ [St}. [174], ':+1)
Graeco-Roman Museum [Joo ] , [ , 51_ C111us 1
fig. 13, 80 1• . n fig. 20. r 1561•
AMSTERD .\~ 1 7
Muscu111 [6,17] Yamalaki _ Collectt9~]. (654] fig. 47
~!lard Pier;;c,n i r11se um [4o 8J [ ,J C l, JWELAN I) (4731 r,g.
35. 4
cheuTlecr Collectio n [ , • • 49 • ~luccuo, o f A.rt [ 55 oJ, iig. 40
Ancos 87 1 Co,11•
1ilcisE LKARIA (Icar!a) SchOOI 14361 •
11uscumf67g) Kataphygion, •
~luse,11,, (7 421
 ...
1:S lll:.Xl·.S
237
hg. ·H, 1>17, 618, ..,
J1r1s ,1sl NI\ 1,r,11\·.lt l 'rhan., 74-4 . ;ISo 7- • 731
C a, .. c-,,11 ml I uropean Co1Jl"Cllon 1..\KCJUl:-1.\
~ S fa~ l'' ~-•l1onal )lu-m 6o2"
IIA I I 11
.,,0.
llu utn Jcru-al,m 1;; )luseum ♦S<>" , 54,..
l{ ,\Srl <Nl iU r11F.IIES
B,1d1'k.ht, 1 ,trtdt·,mu._,,11111 11. l5 , Mu~um 73·4. 4u . 437
i7, · \' 14 · , ...., T11•.R,
h 1r,s1.1 (( atan1a) Mt10CUJll 1>55,
I ....an \fu.,.1101 -- ,_. 1~o.,. -•o .l •
11~ t • Tnf."s ,t.ox1K1
iot,-.1n, ; tl111 '1useum 174•. 233, hg 18, 214-
"" \',\f \
37 , zC,.~-77, 317 fig. 29, cm].
\I use-um 5", , . 5l 5., ,, ' 138 , 4Sf. 48<1 581 , (5115"16.
78<1
I • n. t Totoios Collcct.100 487 fig. 37
\fu,1.·11m fJOh l{H ,11t ~
TottosTo ••
...,
'-.:IS< R \0 \111-.c.'Ulll
Hoyal Ontano ~IUM:um 143) (Lock
Hermila!(<'
-,,
I -
264, 482, 6511, 666,
..
\11wr1c,W .\ t,.,td cn,y
1 l.3,,
(Colltctio n)
TRlf.STE
LtP.\kt 212,
Ci,·ic )lu,,.,um 31 ,
\luvum ,,:7 t ,N - -•60'
rlpitol i1w Mu~Clllll I i!! ] 40(), . 471•, SlS,
Los°' '" '\at~,nal )lu-.eum of \'ilia G1ulia
Ariu~h ~lah,•um 91J, ,, 7, 7• 10 , . 33 •
. Ill, 12r,.,7 1.r 240-11\ 130.5),l3 141, Y•'.STl\llGI.I ,\
j~ · ~2, 165-72, 173b, ' 179•, Mw,cum, (Coll. Bordigbctt) 111
1<17•q8', 2 tO•I 71, ' 230 _, 286-88 , l'.\ESTU~I • ,!4'.lJ
31>,1 1 \ lcTORIA t·s1v11R•ITV of \\'elliongtDII,
l'al.1110 tlri Con•;er\·atori 12.ct • .:h.? ,
Jl,5;, 3JX., 33<1• 346_, 347, .\r ch:ll'O IOl(1cal .\lu..cum 59 _, 2, 6,
•jO I1 Ncw Zt•aland
163
4 76;'
361i • 3<l6 •n;'.
4<15), 52., J, 532], [5<>6 ,,
446" • 473', 2 45·49), 504 , f536], 691]
PALJi. KMO f';i!ulO l~~n--< b() l
Cla:,_,icalCollection 17 fig 4 .-
Th.rme )lu,cum f6 13 \'1£.SSA
''°'', 63n. 653•·. 660. l;ll3, , ..\rchacolog1cal Mus eum ' 118], 11q
\"a111..,tn,Pontif ical ~h1,eum:-i and Museum Kll
708, 77 1 • 784 , R0<1-101, 11,5 153. 15q:. 163-64) fig . r6, (2 22], ,..
l VOS r. ,ller11·, 'f, 45, t,()61, 6<17', b<l6' VoLo~
351, p6 '. r45qJ, "462·, 588• Museum • 43'1•
,07 , Jl'l • 43'>":
c:allo-Homan ,hi..cum 40 P\~TIK.AP\ION r1~ 27.17, s• J. 735J
)f \URIIJ ~ru,eun, ·s24 \"ill \ll~~m. Prince Torlonta C,qJ SSS
Ii~. :;,, f6qo \'oL1'ERR,\
Xataonal ..\rcha<·olog1cal )lu-.eum l'.\RIS 601 , 601
c;unmacci ~luseum
54 7, 51)8 fig 13 Cahinct .\ledn1lle:. ,48: J, l>Jl
de, ,1Lh1<so (I• ralll' )
)f \RSI- ILL►~ Grcnu Collccl iou 99- 100, Cypriot Con11n
un,1L\luseu111 z57 ;, 3 16
Xatannal \rchacological \luscnm statut.•tte, '-1l[X \
!C:~t<•au Hor~ly) 33 , , 2 q, , 1561, Collection Guin1ct, see l..ouvrt· Chig1Mu,cu 111 , 12]
5 ,q_ LOU\' TC .\Juseums 24, 97 , 5) (old \oip\RT\
)h .T A1'<l:-.To Coll Guimct), , 13), r23J. 32] fig 6,
~lus,•un, f2b1
\nuquanum 1 -1 2
J7], 66 , [87-88], ( 1021, n 6. ,, l>S• \" C!',;t\'t-.RSJTY
~I l ' NICII ~ 1z1b j, 121<], 'l_l l) , [141J, IJZ •
1 Nicholson ~lnscu1n .5"1, 263" 1
'-=,tlich, ,\~tikc nsammlung<•n, ~lu- 146), 186J, 212]. 22 4 -51. r,9S •w~\(l' SE
" um anl1ker Klr·inkunst (prt·,· 3 19), 358) , 370-72], [450), [4So·
'l:alional ~lu..eu 1n t, 4 , fil( to, 6S
Pnnz 1'arl
_ Pal,11,) 33 , 1 _, 2 (P.1nax)• s,i. £186J lig. 36. 530J. f55IIJ. ·5.s9' h~. 11, [ 182-3), r2 1ql, 123H•3<J ),
lll 51<J, (nf< "6◄11' 6 ·q • 567), [577]. f6oo). [6o5], (,07],
;, , · ~ , 7 2 o_, 6 10-11 J. [6 15). 6 19]. ' 634. 6◄-4 lllli', 4 11 • 457 fig 34, 45 II.
5
1, f464-5 }. [51 \ 1• 515-6}, 1575
1
<,53]. 668•:, 66R•J.677;, 1is• · 4<>1
~ Af"L hg 4 1 , "51i7]. 58!1!, R1qj
~atihnal \1u'f'UII\ 7i8-2QJ. 737J, L746J, 756 ' . 77° •
1 R1-k5,
212 •• 254, 25X_, ·78 1], '786). ' 788], (7()0), 7'11 • l,a,~TO
l<)O, 2'JI ] , l<J61, 2<J7b
',
l 1'i 355 359-1,2 , \67., .36<i, Pt.LLA
7<16). Ron , fllo6l. 81 1
-
Xallonnl ~ lll st:Ulll 1141,
1 11 ,,sl
\Ml JQl ,
·I 'CJ •171•', '.sorf. h~. 1 7, [279), [280] , 28 1- 2] , Z<JZ1,
\lu""um (.\lacedo nin) 100 1"• 3!17 lig. 32, 410 ·, 4t,q,
171 ' 5051. ~• 1- ,2 1, 16141. 61(11
 1..lST O F 11, t USTRATIONS

,\ cropoli s, S n1all Sa nct ua ry. No. (243].

List of Illu strations ,.
11
G_cla,_t· )' Gela Na tional Nfuseun1).
cs .
(l 0 111
. , Rhoclia n type . No. (244].
1. naean. No. [ 12).
) lvc<' ,n. C~~- ·
., '·leion ~I us eum, Cr e t e . Y an,a IakIS
· Collection)
•
(Cou~esy, )fu sees Roya ux d"Ar t e_t c!'Histo ir e, Bru ssels). (He1,1" •
. ,co-ita lic . No. (2 5o].
2. a-c. fsoulsouros (Crete) cave o:f E ile1thyia . No. [1 4]. ; I• (.,ac ·t S)' E Be rlin St aatli che i\'1useen).
(Ol li e , · . .
c. Pregnant wo1nan. ( ,\ croJ)OliS l{ourotroph1on. No. [251).
photo s a-b, by the author; c : Cour tesy , N. P lato n.) .\111Cll S,•
,J . Greece. No. [2y2]. . .
3. Tegea, Aghios Sostis. No. [27]. l} (Courtesy, E . Be rlin Staat bche N{useen).
(photo by the aulhor).
T~ras. No. [2S0]. .
+· Boeot ia . No. [17}. ll • (Courtesy, Ta r anto A.rcha eolog1cal iVluseum).
(Courtesy, Vic toria Unive rsity , \ ,Vellington, New Zea la nd ).
Corinth . No . [2 93J. .
5. Dacda lic of P elopo nn esian ty pe. No. (30]. is- (Courtesy, E. Be rlin Staatlic he llfuscen) . .
(Courtesy, Ashn1olea n J\lu5eu1n, Oxfo rd). :. )'um graves tone. 5th cent. A.D . cf. Type 11J.A.5.c.1v.
b. Cypro-archaic. l\O. (32]. 1h• l. cl J

(Cour tesy. E . Be rlin Sta a~ iche Mu_seen).

(Courtesy, Louvr e, P a1is ) .
,. Marble Kour otr ophos Ch1aramont1, No. [696).
i• Sicily? No . [44].
Iu se ums and Galleries).
·I· (Courtesy, P ont ific al 11-
(Courtesy , Ashn1olea n J\Ius eu1n. Ox-for d).
S. Tara s? ~ o. [48]. J8. Crete. No. [301].
(Courtesy . E. Berlin Staa tliche lVluseen).
(Court esy, J'iuseun, fiir I<un s l u nd Gcwerb e, H.a n1burg).
9. Corinthian fro1n Sicily . No. [58) . ,9. Ol)mlhos. No . (317].
(Court esy, iru seu111of F ine Art s, Bost on) . (Courtesy , Th essaloniki l\lluseum).
r o. Sy rac use. No. [6+]. 30. Anthedon. Boeo tia. No. (348].
(Cour tesy, SyTacuse ~Iuse un1). (Courtesy, Athe ns National Museum).
1r. )I onte Bubb onia, Sicily . No. (68) . JI. Ron,an ~fa tro na, cf. 'fyp e Ill.A .7. M

(Court esy, Syrac use J'h1seu1n). (Court esy, E. Be rlin Staatliche Museen).
12. Thebes. No. [76]. 32. Taras, 111ould.No . (387).
(Cour tesy, Aslunol ea n )iuse u1n, Oxford). (Court esy , Taranto Archaeological Museum).
1 3, Tsoutsour os (Crete) ca ,·e of E ileit hyia. Reco nst ruction and pholo 33- Lebcs Ganlikos by th e Washing Painter. No. [4z3].
by the author. No. [?g_. (Court esy, D eutsches Archaeol. lnstitut).
(Herak leion )f useun , , Crete). 34 Syracuse. No . (457]. i
r+. Lo kroi. No. [120J. (Cour tesy, Sy ra cus e Archaeological ~1oseum).
..:,
(Courtesy, Ashmolean i\[use u1n, Oxfo rd) . 35, Gortys (Crete) . No . [478]. "'.,.
1 5- Grotta, Gela. No. [ 1 ]. (Courtesy, Herak leion lVlus eum, Cret e). .:J
54
(Court esy, Gela National l\llu seu.111 ). JG. Tegea. No. [48s] .
16- Lc:ft: Ra ndozzo. No. [163). Rig _ht : I·I i1nera . No. [164]. (Court esy , L ouvr e, Paris).
( urtesy, Palenn o Archa eolog1cal Museuin). 37· ~laccdonia. Pri vate Collection Totsios. No. [4S7].
17• Taras. ~ o. (21 ].
5 (Cour tesy, Dr . Char. Makaronas).
_ (Courtesy, Tarant o Archaeo logical ;\>luseun1).
,~ \
' . 's ia Minor. No. (493).
18 Olynthos. J:,;0 • [ 233]. (Court esy, E. B erlin Staatliche ~Iuseen).
(Courtesy, Thes.5aloniki i\'fuse u 1n ). J~. Boeotia. No. [ 512].
(Courtesy , I<.est n er l\1useun1, Hanover).
 L J;;T OF 11.[.l'STllATIONS

\then •. gra, ·e lekytho s. No. [550).

(Cnu rt.,sy , Clevela nd }lu scum o f Ar t).
Ccnturipc. Sicily. No. [575).
(Courtesy. S)Tacuse Archaeo logica l ~1useum ).
s. I{ ussio. No. :s90].
(Court esy, E. Berlin Scaa tlic he l\lu seen).
Lucania ( ?) or Ca1npani a. No. [598].
-13·
(Cour tesy . ~Iaclrid Nat iona l Archaeo logical Mus cu 1n}.
Taras, mou ld. No. [616].
(Courtesy, Ta ra nt o Archaeo logical il!luseun1).
Selinus hold ing Dionyso s. No. [695].
-15· .
.,..,
(Cour tesy, At hens National ) •I useu.n1).
Eileit hyia. No. [623) .
(Courtesy, E . Berlin Sta atli che )'lu see n). PL i\TES
-17• Ei leil hyia. No. [654j .
(Courtesy, I-fe rakleio n J\+Iu.seun1, Crete).
Ath ena Kour otrop hos with Erichthon ios. No. (652].
(Cour tesy, Pot sdam, Schloss Sansso uci , Ant ikensa n11nlun g).
-19· De1nete r with Tripto lcmos ( ?), Lokr oi. No . [585].
(Court esy , Univ . o f Illinoi s, Urb an a, Classical and E ur opea n Coll.).
50. l{y bele, Ath enian Agora. No. [680).
(Court esy, A.rn erican School of Classical St ud ies at At hens).
51. Er echth eion Fri eze group. No . [687}.
(Cour tesy, Acrop olis ?liuseun1).
Nlarbl e l( our otr oph os Albani. No. [693].
(Courtesy, Th e Di1·ection of P1 ince Torl on.ia, Villa Alba ni).

ADDENDA
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