stream of purple and orange light in black cosmos.

After 30 years, Hubble is still revealing new mysteries of the universe

Operating far past its expected life span, the telescope captures data that answer some of space’s biggest questions—and make glorious images.

A colorized composite image captures the Veil Nebula. It’s a portion of the doughnut-shaped Cygnus Loop, the result of a supernova explosion several thousand years ago.
Photograph by NASA/ESA AND Z. LEVAY (STSCI/AURA)
ByDaniel Stone
April 23, 2020
5 min read
This story appears in the May 2020 issue of National Geographic magazine.
two side-by-side B&W photos of the same four objects in space.
How did early Hubble images compare with even high-quality images from ground-based telescopes? Part of the first image Hubble made (above right) is about 50 percent sharper than an image of the same area of space taken with a ground-based telescope (above left).
Photograph by NASA/ESA

In 1990 NASA and the European Space Agency launched a telescope designed to peer deep into the universe. Above Earth’s atmosphere, the satellite would see without distortions from air, light, and pollution. Scientists said it would last, at best, for a decade.

pinkish cloud of irregular shape.
Known as the Horsehead Nebula, this celestial wonder was discovered in 1888 by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming. Her distinguished career in the United States included cataloging thousands of stars.
Photograph by NASA/ESA AND THE HUBBLE HERITAGE TEAM (STSCI/AURA)
bright-green cloud in black cosmos
four colorful blobs of light in black cosmos.
Neon-blue cross of light on cobalt-blue skies with bright stars.
orange, gold and purple splash of light on black skies.
cloud looking like irregular shaped piece of burning wood.
perfect spiral of light on black skies with bright stars.
white globe with torque-blue hallo.
red figure-eight in black space with stars.
colorful mess of light.
flower-like red nebula with green border and center.
diamond shaped star surrounded by white and golden clouds.
1 of 11
The Crab Nebula surrounds a superdense neutron star.
Photograph by NASA/ESA (M. WEISSKOPF, NASA MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER)
colorful cloud.
Images that capture x-ray light are combined with images that capture infrared light to make this view of the heart of the Milky Way galaxy. The turbulent region is home to stars in all phases of evolution.
COMPOSITE by NASA/ESA
skies full of colorful stars.
Astronomers studied 10,000 stars in Hubble pictures to make this composite image and to learn about the evolution of the Milky Way galaxy. Light from our own galaxy is the most recently produced and most vibrant. Several maintenance missions kept Hubble in shape to capture data that the Space Telescope Science Institute then deciphered and colorized to create stunning celestial images.
Photograph by NASA/ESA AND T. BROWN, STSCI

Thirty years later, Hubble continues to fascinate. Its famous images have helped astronomers answer some of space’s biggest questions, from How old is the universe? (13.8 billion years old) to Do black holes actually exist? (yes, with frightening ferocity). In 1995 astronomer Bob Williams had a zany idea: What if NASA pointed Hubble at a seeming dark spot in the sky? That yielded the magical discovery that even where the human eye sees nothing, thousands of galaxies exist.

Hubble on black skies over blue Earth.
NASA considers Hubble, which orbits 340 miles above Earth, to be one of its best investments.
Photograph by ESA

“One of Hubble’s lasting achievements will be how it showed the public the wonders of the universe,” says Kenneth Sembach, director of the Space Telescope Science Institute, which oversees Hubble’s science program.

Next year NASA plans to launch the more sensitive James Webb Space Telescope—but Hubble’s not done yet. Together, the two will craft an even more complex portrait of the universe and look for answers to a question that never gets old: What else is out there?

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