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Lee Bontecou (1931–2022)


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Untitled, 1957 soot on paper 27 5/8 x 39 3/8 inche...

Untitled, 1957
soot on paper
27 5/8 x 39 3/8 inches / 70.2 x 100.0 cm
signed and dated

Untitled, 1967 colored pencil and gouache on paper...

Untitled, 1967
colored pencil and gouache on paper
15 3/8 x 20 5/8 inches / 39.1 x 52.4 cm
signed and dated

Untitled, 1969 graphite on paper 19 7/8 x 25 7/8 i...

Untitled, 1969
graphite on paper
19 7/8 x 25 7/8 inches / 50.5 x 65.7 cm
signed and dated

Untitled, 1974-75 graphite on gessoed paper 43 1/8...

Untitled, 1974-75
graphite on gessoed paper
43 1/8 x 76 3/4 inches / 109.5 x 194.9 cm
signed and dated


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Artist Information

“My most persistently recurring thought is to work in a scope as far-reaching as possible; to express a feeling of freedom in all its necessary ramifications – its awe, beauty, magnitude, horror and baseness.  This feeling embraces ancient, present and future worlds: from caves to jet engines, landscapes to outer space, from visible nature to the inner eye, all encompassed in cohesive works of my inner world.  This total freedom is essential."[i]

Celebrated for her wall-mounted assemblages and refined drawings of organic, otherworldly forms, Lee Bontecou (1931–2022) first rose to prominence in downtown New York’s midcentury avant-garde scene. Her enigmatic landscapes of imagined cosmic outer and inner worlds are augmented by her innovative use of materials—soot and found textiles primary among them—which accentuate the subtle yet incisive political critique inherent to her imagery.

Born in 1931, Bontecou grew up in Providence, Rhode Island, where her mother worked in a factory wiring submarine parts during World War II. The circumstances of her mother’s vocation combined with news reports about the war and the Holocaust had a formative effect on the young artist’s understanding of the sociopolitical climate of the 20th century. The artist’s preoccupation with world events continues to this day, and her work often demonstrates a sharp awareness of the horrors of war and social injustice. As a child, Bontecou also developed her life-long love of nature, particularly marine biology—an interest rooted in the many summers she spent in Nova Scotia, in her mother’s native Canada.

From 1953 to 1958, Bontecou attended the Art Students League in New York, studying with William Zorach and George Grosz, among others. In 1954, she learned to weld, during a summer course in Skowhegan, Maine. Two years later, she was awarded a Fulbright scholarship, which she used to study in Italy from 1956 to 1957. There she devised a novel drawing technique using an acetylene torch. Turning down the torch’s oxygen, Bontecou conceived what she called “worldscapes”: soot drawings in which “velvety black forms graduate slowly and atmospherically toward a horizon,” foreshadowing, as Mona Hadler points out, “Bontecou’s arresting amalgamations of two-and three-dimensional elements."[ii] Bontecou returned to New York in 1958 and began to translate the formal ideas expressed these drawings into three dimensions, creating the large, raw, wall-mounted assemblages that often feature a central gaping black hole opening on to a black velvet backdrop; these images would become her most well-known motifs and marked the artists entrée to critical and commercial success.

Bontecou enjoyed a steady stream of accolades throughout the following decade, initiated by her first solo exhibition at Leo Castelli Gallery in 1960. A year later, the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York purchased Untitled (1961), a large-scale relief fabricated from canvas, rope, and wire in which the central hole grimaces with “teeth” sourced from the blade of a band saw. That same year, her work was included in The Art of Assemblage at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York. By 1963, MoMA had also acquired one of her works, and that same year she was commissioned by the architect Philip Johnson to create a monumental sculpture—which remains her largest to date—for the New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, which opened the following year. Bontecou also participated in the São Paulo Bienal in 1963; and in 1964, she and Louise Bourgeois were the only two women chosen to represent North America in Documenta III, Kassel, Germany.


[i] Lee Bontecou as quoted in Elizabeth A.T. Smith, “Abstract Sinister: Traveling Exhibit of Sculptor Lee Bontecou’s Work,” Art in America, September 1993.
[ii] Mona Hadler, “Lee Bontecou’s ‘Warnings,’” Art Journal vol. 53, no. 4, Winter 1994, 56.

 

In the 1970s, Bontecou began a nearly twenty-year teaching career at Brooklyn College, City University of New York. It was during this decade that the imagery of her work shifted to resemble botanical and marine life, which she often rendered using vacuum-formed plastic. This turn marked a particularly strident moment in the artist’s career-spanning criticism of humans’ ongoing destruction of the environment. In 1971, these sculptures were exhibited at Leo Castelli Gallery, which would be her last solo exhibition in New York for nearly thirty years. In 1972, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago organized a survey exhibition of her work. Ensuing frustration with the demands of the art market led Bontecou to gradually detach herself from the New York art world, devoting herself to teaching and spending time with her family.

She continued to work in private, turning her attention to a series of ceiling-mounted sculptures comprising a welded frame embedded with handmade porcelain elements. “These works,” she stated, “have an expansive and calming effect. They are both galactic and terrestrial.”[iii] This series would not be publicly shown until 2003, when a major traveling retrospective of her work was held at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; the Hammer Museum, Los Angeles; and MoMA. A year later, she received the Skowhegan Medal for Sculpture, and in 2007, Bontecou became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2018, the Women’s Caucus for Art awarded her a Lifetime Achievement Award.

Recent solo exhibitions of Bontecou’s work include Lee Bontecou: All Freedom in Every Sense, MoMA (2010); Lee Bontecou: Insights, Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany (2011); Lee Bontecou: Drawn Worlds, The Menil Collection, Houston, TX and Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ (2013-14); Lee Bontecou, Gemeentemuseum, The Hague, Netherlands (2017); and Into the Void: Prints of Lee Bontecou at the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (2019). Bontecou has consistently been included in major group exhibitions worldwide, recently appearing in Sinister Pop, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (2012); Take an Object, MoMA (2015); Surrealism: The Conjured Life, Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, Chicago, IL (2015); America Is Hard To See, Whitney Museum, New York, NY (2015); The Great Graphic Boom: Amerikansk grafikk 1960-1990, Nasjonalmuseet, Oslo, Norway and Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (2017); Making Space: Women Artists and Postwar Abstraction, MoMA (2017).

Bontecou is represented in numerous museum collections worldwide, including Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, NY); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco (CA); Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (CA); Moderna Museet (Stockholm, Sweden); Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago (IL); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (TX); National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC); Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art (Philadelphia); Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, DC); Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam, The Netherlands); and Whitney Museum of American Art (New York, NY).

 


[iii] Hadler, “Lee Bontecou,” in Joan Marter, ed., Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Volume I (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 310.

 

SELECTED MUSEUM COLLECTIONS

Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY
Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art, Ithaca, NY
Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX
Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, CA
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC
Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, HI
Kunstmuseum, Basel, Switzerland
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA
Menil Collection, Houston, TX
Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden
Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX
The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
New School of Social Research, New York, NY
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA
Smith College Museum of Art, Smith College, Northampton, MA
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY
Wilhelm Hack Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany