<p><b>Bauxite</b> is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world&#8217;s main source of aluminium.</p>
<p>Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium minerals gibbsite(Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)) and diaspore (α-AlO(OH)), mixed with the two iron oxides goethite and haematite, the aluminium clay mineral kaolinite and small amounts of anatase (TiO<sub>2</sub>) and ilmenite (FeTiO<sub>3</sub> or FeO.TiO<sub>2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"></sup></p>
<p>In 1821 the French geologist Pierre Berthier discovered bauxite near the village of Les Baux in Provence, southern France.</p>


What is Bauxite?

<p>In certain corners of the world where climate catastrophes strike with alarming regularity, the impact on marginalized communities can transform their perception of daily life. A recent study from the <a href="https://www.ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a> has shed light on the impact of frequent exposure to severe weather conditions. This exposure has led to the formation of what could be termed a "disaster subculture" in a poverty-stricken neighborhood in Seoul, South Korea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disaster-subculture-helps-to-normalize-hardship">Disaster subculture helps to normalize hardship</h2>



<p>A disaster subculture refers to a set of shared attitudes, behaviors, and practices that develop among a group of people frequently exposed to natural disasters. This concept is often observed in communities that regularly experience events like hurricanes, floods, or earthquakes. </p>



<p>These communities adapt to their challenging circumstances by developing unique coping mechanisms, knowledge, and survival strategies that are transmitted across generations, helping them manage the psychological and physical impacts of living in high-risk environments. </p>



<p>Essentially, the disaster subculture helps residents normalize and endure their hazardous conditions, often leading to a resigned acceptance of their situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disaster-subculture-in-seoul-s-jjokbang-chon">Disaster subculture in Seoul's Jjokbang-chon</h2>



<p>Residents of Jjokbang-chon, a district marked by extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/india-poverty-is-key-source-of-global-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poverty</a>, endure the harsh realities of climate change from the confines of cramped, 70-square-foot living spaces. Throughout a year of immersive ethnographic research, Joonmo Kang, an assistant professor of social welfare, delved deep into the lives of these individuals to understand disaster subculture. </p>



<p>Kang discovered that many residents have become so accustomed to severe weather that it shapes their entire outlook on life. The study uncovers a poignant narrative of indifference and acceptance among the residents. Despite living in conditions that many would find unbearable, they often express a fatalistic acceptance of their situation. </p>



<p> "All year around, all four seasons are filled with distress; every day is a disaster… the weather doesn't matter," stated one of the residents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-social-work-and-climate-justice">Challenges in social work and climate justice</h2>



<p>The implications of this study related to disaster subculture are profound for social work and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ipcc-climate-action-urgently-needed-to-end-human-suffering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate justice</a>. "This research focused on how people make meaning of extreme weather. The findings revealed they developed a ‘disaster subculture'… It is what it is,” Kang noted. </p>



<p>This acceptance and normalization of hardship reflect a significant challenge in addressing the needs of these communities. A community organizer working with the residents offered insight into their mindset, suggesting that the residents' acceptance might also be an expression of their efforts to cope. </p>



<p>"It might also be their way of telling us, ‘I am trying my best to adjust,’ and at the same time even though they have a desire to get out of here, they might just be saying that because they don't have the resources or the means to turn things around," the organizer explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-disaster-subculture">Understanding disaster subculture </h2>



<p>Understanding these lived experiences is crucial for social work professionals who aim to serve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hurricane-related-deaths-on-the-rise-especially-in-vulnerable-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vulnerable populations</a> effectively. Kang’s research emphasizes the need to address the root causes of such living conditions and to listen closely to those directly affected. </p>



<p>Kang draws an analogy with the boiling frog metaphor, suggesting that unlike the frog, people in these extreme conditions offer valuable insights into potential solutions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advocating-for-marginalized-communities">Advocating for marginalized communities </h2>



<p>Kang plans to further explore how to empower and advocate for marginalized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-communities-on-river-deltas-will-be-hit-hard-by-coastal-flooding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> in addressing the daily impacts of climate change. “The folks who live these experiences know best. They have agency, and we need to listen to them."</p>



<p>His approach suggests a shift towards a more inclusive and responsive strategy in social work and climate justice, emphasizing the importance of listening and responding to the needs and desires of those most affected.</p>



<p>In conclusion, this study not only highlights the resilience and adaptability of marginalized populations in the face of environmental extremes but also calls for a reevaluation of how social agencies engage with and support these communities. </p>



<p>By acknowledging the distress and suffering of the disaster subculture in Jjokbang-chon, we must recognize an urgent need to address the broader implications of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-increases-poverty-in-asia-pacific-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> on a deeply personal level.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijsw.12650" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Social Welfare</a></em>.</p>



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'Disaster subculture' helps people cope on the frontline of the climate crisis

In certain corners of the world where climate catastrophes strike...

<p>Dust emissions in Central Asia have surged as the Aral Sea continues its dramatic decline. Once the world's fourth-largest lake covering an expansive 68,000 square kilometers, the Aral Sea has drastically diminished since the 1960s.</p>



<p>Originally, the lake was fed by the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, drawing their waters from the mountain ranges of Pamir and Tian Shan. It thrived until unsustainable agricultural practices in the mid-20th century began to divert its essential water sources. </p>



<p>This transition ultimately transformed the once vast lake into the Aralkum Desert, a major source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric dust</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-dust-from-the-aral-sea">Rising dust from the Aral Sea</h2>



<p>Recent research highlights a troubling trend: over the last three decades, Central Asia has become 7% dustier. This increase corresponds with a near doubling of dust emissions, escalating from 14 million tons in 1984 to 27 million tons by 2015.</p>



<p>The study, conducted by a team from the <a href="https://www.tropos.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research</a> and the <a href="https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Free University of Berlin</a>, suggests that these figures are likely underestimated. Traditional satellite observations often fail to detect two-thirds of dust emissions, as they frequently occur under cloudy conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-effects-of-increased-dust-emissions">Far-reaching effects of increased dust emissions</h2>



<p>The widespread effects of increased dust emissions from the Aralkum Desert are significant and have consequences across Central Asia. The fine dust particles released into the atmosphere pose serious health hazards to local populations such as respiratory issues and cardiovascular problems. </p>



<p>This degradation of air quality isn't confined to areas close to the desert; it extends to urban centers like the capitals of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, which are notably far from the source.</p>



<p>The dust has environmental impacts beyond just air quality. It lands on glaciers, darkening their surfaces which leads to faster absorption of sunlight. This accelerates the melting process, contributing to a quicker reduction in glacier volumes.</p>



<p>As these glaciers are crucial water sources for the region, their melting intensifies the existing water scarcity issues, affecting agriculture, drinking water supplies, and the overall ecological balance in the area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aral-sea-dust-dynamics">Aral Sea dust dynamics </h2>



<p>To better understand these phenomena, the researchers utilized the COSMO-MUSCAT atmospheric dust model to simulate emissions and their effects. One of the challenges they faced was the lack of comprehensive data on the soil and surface characteristics of the Aralkum Desert. </p>



<p>Another challenge involved varying wind patterns, which influence the distribution and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. Westerly winds tend to dominate this dust storm activity. The researchers noted that as the Arctic warms, westerly wind currents could become even more frequent in winter, with consequences for people east of the desert.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radiative-effects-of-dust-over-aral-sea">Radiative effects of dust over Aral Sea</h2>



<p>"Looking at the changes between the past and the present, the near doubling of dust emissions over the Aral Sea/Aralkum region has led to an increase in both radiative cooling and heating at the surface and in the atmosphere," said lead researcher Dr. Jamie Banks.</p>



<p>These phenomena do not persist year-round but occur in episodes, profoundly influencing the seasonal climate dynamics. </p>



<p>"Aralkum dust increases the air pressure at ground level in the Aral region, altering large-scale weather patterns," noted Dr. Banks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-central-asian-dust-conference">Central Asian dust conference</h2>



<p>The findings were presented at the Second Central Asian Dust Conference in Nukus, Uzbekistan, near the former Aral Sea shores. As the research continues, the scientific community aims to refine these models and deepen our understanding of dust's climatic impacts. </p>



<p>The establishment of the "OLALA" research group at TROPOS focuses on enhancing the remote sensing of mineral dust, a crucial step for global climate monitoring.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-environmental-management">Global environmental management</h2>



<p>This case study of the Aral Sea underscores the broader environmental challenges faced by regions around the world, where desertification and degradation pose immediate threats to ecosystems and human health.</p>



<p>The situation in Central Asia highlights the complex and delicate interplay between human activities and the health of our planet. The ongoing expansion of the Aralkum Desert, which is directly linked to previous unsustainable agricultural practices and water management, underscores how human interventions can lead to severe ecological consequences. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cautionary-tale">A cautionary tale </h2>



<p>The increasing dust emissions from the Aralkum Desert are not just a local problem; they represent a broader environmental signal warning us of the critical need for sustainable practices.</p>



<p>As the desert grows and its dust impacts air quality, human health, and even climate patterns far beyond its immediate surroundings, it serves as a powerful cautionary tale. Without adopting and enforcing better practices, similar ecological and health crises could unfold in other parts of the world. </p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Aral Sea dust emissions have doubled, with major climate impacts

Dust emissions in Central Asia have surged as the Aral...

<p>Rivers serve as vital lifelines across the planet, sustaining ecosystems, human populations, and economic activity. Understanding their dynamics, including the amount of water that is stored and discharged by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/river-deltas-are-threatened-by-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>, is essential for effective freshwater resource management. </p>



<p>A recent <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>-led study provides novel insights into these dynamics, highlighting regions experiencing significant water stress.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-river-water-storage-amount">River water storage amount</h2>



<p>Historically, obtaining accurate and reliable estimates of the total volume of water stored in rivers worldwide has posed significant challenges due to limitations in measurement techniques and data availability. </p>



<p>The recent research conducted by NASA has made significant strides in addressing this issue. By employing a combination of advanced computational models and extensive stream-gauge measurements, the study estimates that Earth's rivers collectively hold about 539 cubic miles (2,246 cubic kilometers) of water. </p>



<p>The volume of water in rivers, although small, is significantly important. It represents a fraction of the total freshwater resources, which are only 2.5% of Earth's water. Yet, this amount is essential for management of the global water cycle.</p>



<p>River water supports ecosystems, agriculture, and human populations extensively. Its impact is much greater than its volume implies. This knowledge is crucial for those managing water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-of-river-segment-simulations">Millions of river segment simulations</h2>



<p>The research team integrated traditional stream-gauge measurements with advanced hydrological computer simulations. This method involved analyzing approximately 3 million river segments across the globe, representing a comprehensive effort to map <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mahakam-river-in-east-kalimantan-indonesia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> dynamics more accurately than ever before.</p>



<p>The researchers observed important discrepancies between the runoff simulated by their hydrological models and the actual data from stream gauges. These differences highlighted the need for adjustments in their computational models to more accurately mirror real-world conditions. By addressing and reconciling these discrepancies, the researchers refined their models to improve calculations of river water volumes. </p>



<p>The ability to calculate both storage and discharge with greater precision is vital for understanding the balance of water within river systems, assessing the sustainability of water use, and planning for future water management strategies under changing climatic conditions. </p>



<p>This innovative blend of empirical measurement and simulation represents a major step forward in hydrological science, providing a clearer picture of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/river-respiration-is-a-lot-like-breathing-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">riverine</a> water dynamics that are essential for both science and policy-making.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-s-river-water-storage-amount">Amazon's river water storage amount</h2>



<p>The Amazon River basin has been highlighted as a particularly significant area in the recent study, demonstrating its substantial role within the global hydrological system. </p>



<p>This vast basin, which is the largest river system in the world by volume, was found to contain approximately 38% of the world's total river water storage. This significant figure not only illustrates the sheer volume of water that the Amazon holds but also emphasizes its crucial role in maintaining global water balance.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study found that the Amazon basin accounts for 18% of the total river discharge into the world's oceans. This high percentage of discharge reflects the Amazon's pivotal function in transporting freshwater from land to sea, influencing oceanic salinity, currents, and ultimately global climate patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-areas-of-water-stress">Areas of water stress</h2>



<p>"These are locations where we’re seeing fingerprints of water management,” said lead author Elyssa Collins, who conducted the analysis as a <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a> intern and doctoral student at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.</p>



<p>The study pinpoints regions where intensive human water use results in reduced river discharge. Notable areas include the Colorado, Amazon, Orange, and Murray-Darling river basins. This analysis identifies potential hotspots where careful water resource management is paramount.</p>



<p>"We don't know how much water is in the account, and population growth and climate change are further complicating matters," said JPL’s Cédric David, a co-author of the study. "There are many things we can do to manage how we’re using it and make sure there is enough water for everyone, but the first question is: How much water is there? That’s fundamental to everything else.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remote-sensing-for-river-monitoring">Remote sensing for river monitoring</h2>



<p>The recent launch of NASA's Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite offers valuable new data for water resource monitoring. SWOT's ability to map global surface water elevations, including river heights, complements the findings of this study, enhancing potential for refined analysis and informed management decisions.</p>



<p>This comprehensive study advances our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-new-insights-into-the-dynamics-of-meandering-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> water dynamics and pinpoints regions facing increasing amounts of water scarcity. These insights emphasize the need for proactive freshwater resource management strategies to ensure the continued health of these vital systems and the communities they sustain.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01421-5"><em>Nature Geoscience</em></a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA</p>



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What amount of water do Earth's rivers hold?

Rivers serve as vital lifelines across the planet, sustaining ecosystems,...

<p>Scientists at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> have made a significant breakthrough in understanding how certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, spread through the air. The findings reveal that carbon dioxide (CO2) levels play a critical role in the lifespan and transmission of airborne <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-a-new-virus-put-an-end-to-the-global-amphibian-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co2-increases-virus-lifespan">CO2 increases virus lifespan</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Viruses</a> are known to spread through tiny droplets expelled when we breathe, sneeze, or cough. These droplets carry viruses from one person to another through the air. However, recent research explores how the chemical makeup of droplets influences the lifespan of a virus.</p>



<p>Under normal circumstances, the fluid in these droplets is slightly alkaline. This alkalinity works against virus survival, deactivating viruses gradually like a microscopic defense mechanism.</p>



<p>The study introduces a critical variable: CO2. When CO2 is present in the air, it interacts with the moisture in the droplets, acting like a mild acid. This interaction is crucial because it decreases the natural alkalinity of the droplets by making them less alkaline.</p>



<p>In environments with high CO2 levels, like poorly ventilated rooms or crowded spaces, the acidity in droplets increases. This disrupts their natural self-cleaning process. </p>



<p>By reducing alkalinity, CO2 creates more favorable conditions for viruses. This allows them to stay infectious longer. The extended virus lifespan increases the chances that more people will be infected. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-co2-virus-connection">Significance of the CO2-virus connection</h2>



<p>This research provides valuable insights into how and why viruses are transmitted more effectively in certain environments, highlighting the following key points:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crowded-poorly-ventilated-spaces">Crowded, poorly ventilated spaces</h3>



<p>These areas are often found in public transport, offices, or indoor events. They tend to have high CO2 levels because many people breathe in close proximity. The study suggests that high CO2 levels decrease the natural alkalinity of respiratory droplets and prolong the life of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-virus-lingers-body-two-years-after-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> within them. </p>



<p>This chemical shift likely leads to higher virus transmission rates. Crowded spaces that are poorly ventilated are known hotspots for spreading diseases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ventilation">Ventilation </h3>



<p>Fresh air has always been considered beneficial for respiratory health, but this study quantifies just how crucial good ventilation is in controlling virus spread. By introducing outdoor air, we can effectively dilute the concentrations of both CO2 and airborne viruses indoors. </p>



<p>This reduces the overall viral load and speeds up virus deactivation. Improving ventilation or opening windows enhances public health safety in crowded spaces.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The broader environmental context of this research cannot be ignored. As global CO2 levels continue to rise due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, the implications for public health could be profound. </p>



<p>Increased atmospheric CO2 could mean that even outdoor environments might someday mimic the less alkaline conditions typically found in crowded, poorly ventilated indoor spaces. </p>



<p>This could increase the stability and transmissibility of respiratory viruses worldwide. It highlights a dire need for robust public health strategies to address both environmental and health policy challenges. This approach is crucial to mitigate the risks of future pandemics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-co2-virus-connection">Implications of CO2-virus connection</h2>



<p>The study has far-reaching implications for public health measures to help prevent airborne <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-virus-threatens-global-chocolate-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> transmission. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-ventilation">Enhanced ventilation</h3>



<p>Indoor air quality emerges as a pivotal factor in mitigating the transmission of viruses. Enhancing ventilation is essential, particularly in shared and frequently occupied spaces such as offices, schools, and public transportation. This can be achieved through several methods:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Natural ventilation:</strong> Simply opening windows can significantly improve air exchange and reduce CO2 levels, making this one of the most accessible methods.</li>



<li><strong>Mechanical ventilation:</strong> Upgrading HVAC systems to ensure they are not only circulating air but effectively replacing it with fresh air from outside.</li>



<li><strong>Air filtration systems:</strong> Implementing HEPA filters or other air purification technologies can help remove viral particles from the air, complementing the dilution of CO2.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-co2-levels">Monitoring CO2 levels</h3>



<p>Monitoring CO2 levels in indoor environments provides a practical way to assess air quality in real-time. High CO2 levels often indicate inadequate ventilation, signaling a higher risk for prolonged virus transmission in these spaces. </p>



<p>Therefore, CO2 monitors can serve as an early warning system, prompting necessary adjustments to ventilation practices, particularly in crowded or enclosed areas like conference halls and classrooms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continued-importance-of-masking">Continued importance of masking </h3>



<p>Physical barriers such as masks remain crucial in controlling the spread of respiratory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-have-eyes-and-ears-on-their-hosts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>. Masks effectively block a significant portion of respiratory droplets from being inhaled or expelled, thereby reducing the overall risk of virus transmission. </p>



<p>This protective measure is particularly important in settings where ventilation improvements are impractical or insufficient.</p>



<p>While the research is ongoing, the findings from this study contribute to a new understanding of airborne virus lifespan and transmission in the face of rising CO2 levels.</p>



<p>"We are now gaining a much more complete picture of the role exhaled respiratory aerosols play in transporting infectious viruses between people and the mechanisms that control their survival," said co-author Professor Jonathan Reid.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47777-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Virus lifespan and transmission boosted by high CO2 levels

Scientists at the University of Bristol have made a significant...

<p>In today's fast-paced world, finding time for exercise can be challenging. However, a recent study presented at the <a href="https://www.escardio.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESC</a> Preventive Cardiology 2024 congress in Athens reveals a simple way to boost your heart health and longevity: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climbing-stairs-can-slash-your-heart-disease-risk-by-20-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stair-climbing-and-overall-health">Stair climbing and overall health</h2>



<p>"If you have the choice of taking the stairs or the lift, go for the stairs as it will help your heart,” noted study author Dr. Sophie Paddock of the University of East Anglia.</p>



<p>Dr. Paddock and her team took a rigorous scientific approach to examine the heart and health benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climbing-stairs-is-a-simple-way-to-test-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing. They conducted a meta-analysis, a statistical process that combines the results of multiple studies to identify patterns and draw more robust conclusions. </p>



<p>This methodology is particularly valuable in health sciences as it increases the reliability of the findings by broadening the base of data considered.</p>



<p>For their analysis, Dr. Paddock’s team selected studies that collectively involved almost half a million people, spanning various demographics and health backgrounds. This large sample size not only lends credibility to the findings but also ensures that the results are applicable to a diverse population. </p>



<p>The study participants included in the meta-analysis varied in terms of age, ranging from 35 to 84 years. The research also included data from individuals who had previous cardiovascular events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stair-climbing-and-heart-health">Stair climbing and heart health</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that individuals who regularly engage in stair climbing had a 24% decreased risk of mortality from any cause when compared to those who predominantly use elevators or escalators. This statistic is particularly compelling, suggesting that even moderate, low-intensity physical activity like stair climbing can have a significant impact on overall longevity.</p>



<p>The benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/every-move-counts-even-minimal-activity-can-boost-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing extended specifically to heart health, with a 39% reduced risk of death from cardiovascular diseases. This figure highlights the potential of stair climbing to significantly bolster heart health and prevent fatal heart conditions.</p>



<p>Dr. Paddock and her team concluded that promoting stair climbing as a form of daily exercise could be a simple, cost-effective public health measure with the potential to improve heart and health outcomes on a large scale. </p>



<p>This study not only reinforces the importance of physical activity for maintaining cardiovascular health but also emphasizes the accessibility of stair climbing as a practical and effective way to incorporate exercise into daily life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-stair-climbing">Health benefits of stair climbing </h2>



<p>Consider stair climbing as a "stealth workout." As you navigate your daily tasks, you simultaneously provide your heart and lungs with a brief, yet intense, fitness boost with stair climbing.</p>



<p>This activity demands more from your muscles and encourages deeper breathing - factors that collectively strengthen your body gradually. Regular physical activity is crucial for maintaining good health, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-recycling-stairs-climbing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing presents a cost-effective, readily accessible method to incorporate exercise seamlessly into your daily life.</p>



<p>"Even brief bursts of physical activity have beneficial health impacts, and short bouts of stair climbing should be an achievable target to integrate into daily routines,” noted Dr. Paddock.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stair-climbing-in-everyday-life">Stair climbing in everyday life</h2>



<p>Here are practical tips to effectively incorporate stair climbing into your daily routine and enhance your heart and overall health:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-start-small">Start small</h3>



<p>You don’t need to overhaul your routine overnight. Begin by incorporating one or two flights of stairs into your daily activities. As this becomes a more comfortable part of your day, gradually increase the number of flights. This approach helps build endurance and strength without overwhelming you, making the habit more likely to stick.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-build-it-into-your-day">Build it into your day </h3>



<p>Look for opportunities to choose the stairs over elevators or escalators. This could be at work, in apartment buildings, at shopping centers, or even during your commute. </p>



<p>The key is to integrate this activity seamlessly into your day so that it doesn’t feel like a chore but rather a natural part of your life. Making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/need-pick-climbing-stairs-beat-caffeine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stair</a> climbing a default decision whenever possible maximizes your physical activity without requiring extra time.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-yourself">Challenge yourself</h3>



<p>To keep the activity engaging, set challenges for yourself. You might time how long it takes you to climb a certain number of flights and try to beat your time with each attempt. </p>



<p>Alternatively, use a fitness app that tracks the number of steps or floors climbed and set daily or weekly goals. These challenges can provide a sense of achievement and progression, making the exercise more rewarding and motivating.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrate-every-step">Celebrate every step</h3>



<p>Change your perspective on stair climbing from being just another exercise to an act of self-care. Each step you take isn’t just physical exertion - it's an investment in your long-term health and vitality. </p>



<p>Celebrate your commitment to better health with each flight you climb. This positive mindset can make the experience more enjoyable and less of a duty, helping you maintain this beneficial habit over the long term.</p>



<p>Stair climbing not only improves your physical health but also enhances your overall well-being by embedding an empowering, sustainable practice into your everyday life.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Stair climbing linked to a 24-percent lower risk of mortality

In today's fast-paced world, finding time for exercise can be...

<p>A landmark scientific investigation has revealed a shocking truth: a select group of multinational companies are the primary contributors behind the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/9936-chemicals-found-in-plastic-products-used-for-food-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> waste crisis. This study lays bare the need for urgent corporate action on plastic reduction and waste management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-plastic-waste">Consequences of plastic waste</h2>



<p>Plastic pollution represents a severe and escalating threat to the health of our planet. It not only mars the natural beauty of our coastal regions, creating sprawling and unsightly waste areas along our beaches, but also necessitates expensive and extensive cleanup operations. When left unchecked, plastic waste can transform vibrant beach landscapes into litter-strewn environments.</p>



<p>Further complicating the issue, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-win-the-battle-of-planet-vs-plastic-drastic-changes-are-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> pollution severely impacts our aquatic systems. It clogs rivers, lakes, and streams, hindering the free movement of water and thereby increasing the risk of flooding. This obstruction also complicates navigation, making waterways less safe and efficient for transportation. </p>



<p>More critically, the accumulation of plastics in these waters chokes marine ecosystems, trapping and killing aquatic life, and disrupting the balance of these habitats.</p>



<p>The consequences of plastic pollution extend into our food supply as well. Tiny particles of plastic, known as microplastics, have infiltrated marine life, entering the food chain through fish and shellfish. </p>



<p>There is growing concern that microplastics might also be making their way into agricultural produce through contaminated soils and water used in farming. This introduces a direct pathway for plastics to enter human bodies, with potential health implications that are not yet fully understood.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-origins-of-plastic">Understanding the origins of plastic </h2>



<p>Addressing this crisis demands a thorough understanding of its origins. Recognizing where and how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-kills-ocean-embryos-during-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> pollution starts enables us to tackle the problem more effectively, targeting the sources and mechanisms through which plastics are entering and harming our ecosystems. </p>



<p>By tracing plastic pollution back to its roots, we can implement strategic interventions to prevent its escalation and mitigate its impacts on our environment and health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-waste-contributors">Plastic waste contributors</h2>



<p>Thanks to a global citizen science initiative, researchers have meticulously tracked the sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> waste. This project harnessed the power of public participation, with volunteers in 84 countries conducting over 1,500 "brand audits" between 2018 and 2022. </p>



<p>The dedicated individuals collected over 1.8 million pieces of plastic pollution, meticulously documenting the brands of each item. This unprecedented data set offered a unique window into the corporate origins of plastic pollution, allowing researchers to link specific waste items back to their source producers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-polluters-from-plastic-waste-contributors">Major polluters from plastic waste contributors</h2>



<p>The study's findings were staggering, illustrating a disturbing concentration of power within the plastic waste crisis. A mere handful of major companies shoulder responsibility for a massive portion of the world's plastic waste. </p>



<p>The Coca-Cola Company leads with a staggering 11 percent of identified branded plastic pollution, closely followed by PepsiCo at 5 percent. Nestlé, Danone, and Altria also bear significant responsibility, contributing 2-3 percent each. </p>



<p>Astonishingly, only five corporations generated almost a quarter (24%) of the branded plastic pollution detected globally. The lack of labeling on much of the remaining trash suggests that the true impact of these corporate giants is likely even larger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-single-use-packaging">Single-use packaging</h2>



<p>“The companies above the trend line were typically food and beverage companies, while the companies below the trend line were mostly household and retail companies,” noted the study authors, led by Dr. Win Cowger. </p>



<p>A clear trend emerged: companies specializing in single-use, disposable packaging and "on-the-go" products are the primary drivers of plastic pollution. The study reveals a strong connection between a product's intended lifespan and the likelihood that it becomes pollution. </p>



<p>Short-lived, single-use items are designed for rapid disposal, overwhelming waste management systems and polluting the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-call-for-corporate-action">The call for corporate action</h2>



<p>Reduced plastic production is the primary solution to curb plastic pollution. The responsibility now rests with major corporations to drastically overhaul their production and packaging methods to address this issue effectively. Here's what this transformation entails:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phasing-out-single-use-plastics">Phasing out single-use plastics</h3>



<p>It's essential for companies to move away from disposable plastic items. They should focus on enhancing reusable product delivery systems and investing in the creation of innovative packaging solutions that do not rely on plastics. This shift not only reduces waste but also encourages a move towards more sustainable consumption patterns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transparency-and-accountability">Transparency and accountability</h3>



<p>Companies must implement clear labeling and robust reporting systems to accurately track and report their plastic production and disposal methods. This transparency is vital for monitoring progress and ensuring that corporations are held accountable for their environmental impact. </p>



<p>Effective tracking and reporting enable stakeholders, including consumers and regulatory bodies, to verify that companies are actively reducing their plastic output and contributing to a more sustainable future.</p>



<p>While individuals play a role in plastic reduction, the study highlights that without systemic corporate change, this crisis will continue. The time for incremental adjustments has passed. The major plastic waste contributors behind the world's insatiable plastic habit must lead the way to a cleaner future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj8275" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Coca-Cola, Pepsi among top contributors to plastic waste

A landmark scientific investigation has revealed a shocking truth: a...

<p>ESA's Mars Express has captured a fascinating image of the southern polar region of Mars, revealing a landscape covered with "ice spiders" and dotted with dark spots and intricate patterns. </p>



<p>These features are not actual living creatures, but rather the result of a unique natural phenomenon that occurs during the Martian springtime.</p>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Angustus-Labyrinthus-Mars_Inca-city_perspective_mars-express_esa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small, dark shapes</a> form when spring sunshine falls on layers of carbon dioxide deposited over the dark winter months. </p>



<p>The sunlight causes carbon dioxide ice at the bottom of the layer to turn into gas, which subsequently builds up and breaks through slabs of overlying ice.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-martian-ice-spiders-form-on-the-surface">How Martian 'ice spiders' form on the surface</h2>



<p>The process of the "ice spiders" formations on Mars is a fascinating one. As the carbon dioxide gas builds up beneath the ice, it eventually bursts free, dragging dark material up to the surface as it goes. </p>



<p>This gas, laden with dark dust, shoots up through cracks in the ice in the form of tall fountains or geysers, before falling back down and settling on the surface.</p>



<p>The gas bursts free in Martian springtime, dragging dark material up to the surface as it goes and shattering layers of ice up to a meter thick. </p>



<p>This creates dark spots of between 45 m and 1 km across. This same process creates characteristic 'spider-shaped' patterns etched beneath the ice, giving rise to the spooky story that Mars "ice spiders" may be lurking below.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-exomars-trace-gas-orbiter">Insights from ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</h2>



<p>In addition to the Mars Express imagery, another ESA Mars explorer, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (<a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TGO</a>), also captured images of the Mars "ice spiders" patterns. </p>



<p>The TGO images <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Angustus-Labyrinthus-Mars_Inca-city_ice-spiders_mars-express_esa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reveal the tendril-like patterns</a> especially clearly, lying near but outside the region shown in the new Mars Express image.</p>



<p>The Mars Express view shows the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Angustus-Labyrinthus-Mars_Inca-city_perspective-view_mars-express_esa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark spots on the surface</a> formed by escaping gas and material, while the TGO perspective also captures the spidery, web-like channels that are carved into the ice below.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-angustus-labyrinthus-also-known-as-inca-city">Angustus Labyrinthus -- also known as Inca City</h2>



<p>The dark spots captured by <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Express</a> can be seen all over the image, creeping across towering hills and expansive plateaus. However, most can be seen as small spots in the dark region to the left, which sits just at the outskirts of a part of Mars nicknamed Inca City.</p>



<p>The reason for this name is no mystery, with the linear, almost geometric network of ridges being reminiscent of Inca ruins. More formally known as <a href="https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2024/04/topography_of_angustus_labyrinthus/26050842-1-eng-GB/Topography_of_Angustus_Labyrinthus.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Angustus Labyrinthus</a>, Inca City was discovered in 1972 by NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mariner-9/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mariner 9 probe</a>.</p>



<p>Scientists still aren't sure exactly how Inca City formed. They surmise that sand dunes could have turned to stone over time. </p>



<p>Perhaps material such as magma or sand is seeping through fractured sheets of Martian rock. Or, the ridges could be '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esker" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eskers</a>', which are winding structures related to glaciers."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landscape-shaped-by-time-and-nature">Landscape shaped by time and nature</h2>



<p>The landscape of the southern polar region of Mars is one that has been shaped by time and the forces of nature. </p>



<p>Towards the <a href="https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2024/04/mars_express_sees_traces_of_spiders_in_mars_s_inca_city/26050582-1-eng-GB/Mars_Express_sees_traces_of_spiders_in_Mars_s_Inca_City.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">middle section of the image</a>, the landscape changes somewhat, with large roundish and oval swirls creating an effect reminiscent of marble. This effect is thought to occur when layered deposits are worn away over time.</p>



<p>To the right-center of the frame lie a few prominent steep-flanked, flat-topped mounds and hills that rise up for more than 1500 m above the surrounding terrain. </p>



<p>These form as softer material is eroded over time by flows of wind, water or ice, leaving behind the harder material that forms these hills.</p>



<p>The ground towards the right (north) becomes increasingly covered in smooth, light-colored dust. Some signs of the Mars "ice spiders" can be seen scattered across the plateaus here, lurking amongst various canyons and troughs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-spiders-inca-city-and-the-never-ending-wonders-of-mars">Ice spiders, Inca City, and the never-ending wonders of Mars</h2>



<p>As ESA's Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter continue to explore the intriguing landscape of Mars, they reveal the Red Planet's dynamic and complex nature. </p>



<p>The discovery of the mysterious Mars "ice spiders" in the southern polar region, the enigmatic Inca City, and the evolving terrain shaped by erosion and time demonstrate the importance of ongoing Mars exploration. </p>



<p>These findings captivate our imagination and provide valuable insights into the geological processes and history of our neighboring planet. With each new observation, we take a step closer to unraveling the secrets of Mars and understanding its place in the cosmic puzzle.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://journals.aas.org/planetary-science-journal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Planetary Science</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Mars Express finds ‘ice spiders’ on the surface of Inca City

ESA's Mars Express has captured a fascinating image of the...

<p>The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is a unique ecosystem renowned for its rich biodiversity. Home to over 11,000 animal species, some of which are endemic, this basin is now facing a significant challenge: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-lionfish-have-arrived-in-the-south-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasion of lionfish</a>.</p>



<p>A comprehensive study conducted by researchers from Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands, has shed light on the rapid spread of lionfish in the Mediterranean and the potential ecological impacts of this invasive species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venomous-spines-and-unconventional-beauty">Venomous spines and unconventional beauty</h2>



<p>Lionfish possess a striking appearance that sets them apart from other marine fish species. Their body bears a series of distinctive vertical stripes, alternating between dark brown or maroon and white. These stripes act as a warning coloration, signaling to potential predators that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/targeted-removal-of-lionfish-may-prove-helpful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lionfish are venomous</a>. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a complex system of venomous spines along their dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins. Their spines contain venom glands that can deliver a painful and potentially dangerous sting to humans and other predators. </p>



<p>The fins of lionfish are large and elongated, giving them a majestic and flowing appearance as they swim through the water. Their head features a series of elaborate, antennae-like projections called cirri, which add to their unique and striking appearance. </p>



<p>Lionfish can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm) in length and weigh up to 2.6 pounds (1.2 kg), making them a substantial presence in the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ravenous-lionfish-appetite-quickly-destroys-ecosystems">Ravenous lionfish appetite quickly destroys ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish are opportunistic and voracious predators that consume a wide variety of prey. Their diet primarily consists of small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. </p>



<p>They use their large, fan-like pectoral fins to corral and trap their prey before swiftly engulfing them with their expandable stomachs. They're also known to consume prey up to half their own body size, allowing them to take advantage of a broad range of food sources. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a high metabolism and can consume substantial amounts of prey in a single feeding session. Studies have shown that lionfish can reduce the abundance of native fish populations by up to 80% in heavily invaded areas. </p>



<p>Their indiscriminate appetite and ability to adapt to various prey species make them a significant threat to the biodiversity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functional-eradication-may-be-the-best-approach-to-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems they invade</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seas-under-siege-as-lionfish-spread-around-the-world">Seas under siege as lionfish spread around the world</h2>



<p>The new study from <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University and Research</a>, published in the open-access journal <em>NeoBiota</em>, reveals that the lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> has significantly expanded its territory in the Mediterranean since the invasion began around a decade ago.</p>



<p>Lead author Davide Bottacini is very impressed by the adaptability of these predators. Expressing his astonishment, he explained, "After years studying these predators, I find it amazing how they can easily adjust to so many different environments and be successful in areas that are so different from the ones where they evolve."</p>



<p>Originally from the Indo-Pacific region, lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> and <em>Pterois volitans</em> are considered the most successful <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive fishes</a> in marine ecosystems. They have established a presence in the eastern Mediterranean, with observations now extending to colder waters previously thought to be unsuitable for the species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-show-remarkable-resilience-in-new-ecosystems">Lionfish show remarkable resilience in new ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish exert a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lionfish-invasion-is-the-fastest-ever-reported-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant ecological impact</a> on the ecosystems they invade through their predatory behavior. As generalist predators, they voraciously consume a wide variety of native fish species, including those of high conservation value and endemic to the region.</p>



<p>Bottacini notes, "It is always impressive to see how such a flamboyant and–to us–conspicuous predator can approach its prey without being noticed." Native prey species, unaccustomed to lionfish, usually do not flee from this new predator.</p>



<p>Lionfish's indiscriminate appetite can drastically alter local fish communities and threaten biodiversity in invaded areas. Their efficient hunting tactics, combined with the naivety of native prey species unfamiliar with this new predator, allow lionfish to catch their prey with ease.</p>



<p>The presence of lionfish can lead to a decline in the abundance and diversity of native fish populations, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<p>The impact of lionfish extends beyond their immediate prey, as they may compete with other predators for food resources and alter the structure of the food web.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-the-red-sea-to-the-mediterranean">From the Red Sea to the Mediterranean</h2>



<p>Genetic studies have revealed that the lionfish found in the Mediterranean originate from the Red Sea and likely entered through the Suez Canal. </p>



<p>This finding underscores the importance of monitoring and regulating the movement of species through artificial waterways to prevent the introduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> into vulnerable ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study identifies gaps in our understanding of the lionfish's interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean ecosystems</a> and proposes future research directions to address these challenges. </p>



<p>Such information is vital for biodiversity conservation and will have practical implications for policymakers aiming to devise effective mitigation plans.</p>



<p>The researchers also highlight the crucial role of citizen science initiatives in tracking and reporting lionfish sightings. </p>



<p>Community involvement provides valuable data that supports ongoing research efforts and is essential for enhancing our understanding of the invasion dynamics and devising effective control measures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-and-the-future-of-earth-s-marine-ecosystems">Lionfish and the future of Earth’s marine ecosystems</h2>



<p>In summary, the lionfish invasion in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-in-the-mediterranean-are-moving-to-deeper-water-to-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a> demands immediate attention and action. As these adaptable predators continue to expand their territory and threaten the region's unique biodiversity, we must prioritize research efforts to better understand their ecological impact and develop effective mitigation strategies. </p>



<p>By fostering collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and local communities, we can work towards controlling the spread of lionfish and protecting the Mediterranean's delicate ecosystems. </p>



<p>The future of this remarkable sea and its countless species depends on our collective commitment to conservation and our willingness to confront the challenges posed by invasive species head-on.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110442/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NeoBiota</a></em>.</p>



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Invasive lionfish continue conquering global marine ecosystems

The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is...

White-tailed,Deer,(odocoileus,Virginianus),Sniffs,Behind,Fawn's,Ears,-,Captive

<p>The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild expanse of trees and waterways – is undergoing a stealthy transformation. White-tailed deer, icons of more southerly landscapes, are migrating northward. </p>



<p>This slow-motion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deer-migration-is-driven-by-springtime-vegetation-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>, meticulously tracked by scientists at the University of British Columbia (<a href="https://ok.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UBC</a>) Okanagan and their partners, is rewriting the rules of the forest, putting a beloved species, the woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/largest-on-earth-caribou-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, at further risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-landscape-from-migrating-white-tailed-deer">Changing landscape from migrating white-tailed deer</h2>



<p>The boreal forest is no stranger to cold, but climate change is making those winters milder. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-development-disrupts-mule-deer-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deer</a>, those less extreme conditions mean a better chance of finding food and avoiding harsh weather.</p>



<p>Our activities, from logging to energy exploration, inadvertently create open patches and young forests – a buffet for browsing deer.</p>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Rob Serrouya, a key member of the research team.</p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serrouya continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migrating-white-tailed-deer-are-disturbing-caribou">Migrating white-tailed deer are disturbing caribou</h2>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-deer-are-protected-from-deadly-disease-by-genetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deer</a> are ecosystem disruptors in the northern boreal forests," explained Melanie Dickie, a doctoral student at UBC Okanagan's <a href="http://atford.weebly.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Restoration Ecology Lab</a>. The following steps threaten caribou survival:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deer-population-increases">Deer population increases</h3>



<p>Climate change and human activities are transforming habitats. This creates favorable conditions for white-tailed deer in the boreal forest. Their population grows as a result. </p>



<p>Milder winters make survival easier for deer, boosting their numbers. Forestry and energy exploration activities also modify the landscape and clear old forests and introduce new food sources. These changes further support the deer population boom.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wolf-surge">Wolf surge</h3>



<p>The increase in deer provides a plentiful food source for predators, including wolves. Wolves, being opportunistic feeders, thrive with the abundance of deer, which become their primary prey. </p>



<p>This surge in wolf population is directly linked to the availability of deer, as they rely on them for sustenance throughout the year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-decline">Caribou decline</h3>



<p>With more wolves in the forests, the pressure on other native species, particularly the woodland caribou, intensifies. Caribou are less equipped to handle predation pressure due to their slower reproductive rates and specific habitat requirements. </p>



<p>As wolves expand their hunting to include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-migratory-behavior-is-reflected-in-their-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, especially when deer are sparse or in areas where caribou are more accessible, the survival of this already threatened species becomes even more precarious.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change">Impact of climate change</h2>



<p>The research team spent years meticulously monitoring the situation. They strategically deployed 300 wildlife cameras across a huge swathe of the boreal, gathering motion-triggered snapshots of the forest's inhabitants. </p>



<p>This massive data, once analyzed, revealed those key findings: harsh winters put a natural limit on deer expansion, and while human habitat changes matter, they pale in comparison to the transformative power of a changing climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-migrating-white-tailed-deer-and-climate-change">Caribou, migrating white-tailed deer, and climate change</h2>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Serrouya, UBCO and Biodiversity Pathways researcher. </p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serroyua concludes.</p>



<p>The white-tailed deer invasion spotlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems – tug on one thread, and distant parts of the web might quiver. Woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-help-rare-plants-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a> are already facing an uphill battle, and this added challenge throws their future into greater doubt.</p>



<p>The northward march of the deer is a reminder that even subtle climate-driven changes can have ripple effects we must work to understand and mitigate. As researchers continue their work, wildlife management faces a new layer of complexity in their quest to preserve Canada's iconic caribou.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17286" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em>.</p>



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White-tailed deer are migrating north into caribou country due to warming climate

The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild...

<p>Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our winterscapes; it's a dynamic and multifaceted element of nature. </p>



<p>At first glance, describing snow seems straightforward - it's cold, white, and ubiquitous in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter</a> landscapes. </p>



<p>However, beneath its simple appearance lies a complex nature that has recently attracted significant scientific attention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deep-dive-into-the-complexity-of-snow">A deep dive into the complexity of snow</h2>



<p>A recent doctoral thesis defended at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU</a>) in Gjøvik delves deep into the optical properties of snow. </p>



<p>The researcher, Mathieu Nguyen, has conducted an extensive study analyzing over a thousand images of snow to understand how it interacts with light.</p>



<p>Nguyen explained: "Snow reflects all wavelengths of light and can appear very different depending on the conditions and the angle at which light hits it. The age and density of the snow and air pollution also affect what it looks like. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-humidity-snowmelt-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Snow’s appearance</a> is a very complicated matter."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-sparkling-snow">The science of sparkling snow</h2>



<p>One of Nguyen's primary interests has been how snow absorbs and reflects sunlight, causing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-of-snowflakes-and-their-astonishingly-predictable-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow crystals</a> to sparkle spectacularly on sunny days. </p>



<p>These crystals act like tiny mirrors, reflecting sunlight directly at viewers and creating a "spark" effect in the landscape. This phenomenon is not only beautiful but also potentially very useful.</p>



<p>"Understanding how snow sparkles can help us in many practical ways, from improving road clearance decisions to enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/traces-of-a-glacier-avalanche/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avalanche</a> monitoring in mountainous regions," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-for-future-technologies">The potential for future technologies</h2>



<p>The implications of Nguyen's research are broad. He believes that this understanding could be crucial for the development of sensor technologies, especially in countries like Norway, where snow is a significant part of the landscape. </p>



<p>Such technologies could make winter travel safer, particularly with the advent of autonomous vehicles.</p>



<p>Furthermore, Nguyen's work could lead to more accurate methods for classifying different <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/six-different-types-snowflakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types of snow</a> from images - a capability that is currently lacking. </p>



<p>"If we are to have fully autonomous cars here in Norway, this type of technology will also contribute to safer travel on winter roads," he noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-perspective-is-necessary">A global perspective is necessary</h2>



<p>To refine these classifications, Nguyen emphasizes the need for a more extensive dataset, ideally with images from various global locations. </p>



<p>"It will be important to get images from other places where the environment is different. Understanding how different levels of pollution play a role in the appearance and properties of snow will be crucial," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-in-digital-and-future-realities">Snow in digital and future realities</h2>



<p>The digital representation of snow, as seen in video games and simulators, often falls short of capturing its true complexity. </p>



<p>Nguyen's findings promise to bridge this gap, offering a more realistic depiction of snow that could enhance virtual experiences, especially as global climates change and snow becomes less prevalent in many regions.</p>



<p>Nguyen's dedication to his research could not only revolutionize our understanding of snow but also help us prepare for a future where snow might be a rarer sight. </p>



<p>"If we are to teach someone who may never have seen snow before what it is, we must be able to reproduce it in all its complexity," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-snow-research">The future of snow research</h2>



<p>With climate predictions suggesting significant reductions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/accurately-measure-snowfall-new/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowfall</a> across the Northern Hemisphere, Nguyen's work is timely. </p>



<p>By improving our understanding of snow's properties and enhancing its digital representation, this research not only satisfies scientific curiosity but also prepares us for a changing world where the familiar sight of winter snow may become a precious memory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about snow</h2>



<p>Snow is a form of precipitation that occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals. These crystals form unique, six-sided structures and can clump together to create snowflakes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Snow is distinct from other forms of winter precipitation such as sleet or freezing rain, primarily due to its soft, fluffy texture. It typically falls during colder months when the air temperature is at or below freezing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The presence of snow can influence an area's climate and ecosystem, providing moisture essential for many regions, and it is a key component of winter sports and recreational activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The insulating properties of snow also affect soil temperatures and plant life, impacting agriculture and wildlife patterns. Snow's reflective surface helps regulate the Earth's temperature by reflecting sunlight, thus playing a role in the global climate system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/2/35" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geosciences</em></a>.</p>



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Secrets of snow complexity can improve winter safety

Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our...

<p>Cannabis use has long been associated with stereotypes of laziness and lack of motivation. However, a recent study challenges these preconceived notions, shedding new light on the everyday lives of chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis users</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-busting-the-lazy-stoner-myth">Busting the lazy stoner myth</h2>



<p>The intriguing research, led by Michael Inzlicht, a professor in the Department of Psychology at <a href="https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U of T Scarborough</a>, was published in the journal <em>Social Psychological and Personality Science</em>. </p>



<p>The study surveyed 260 chronic cannabis users, defined as those who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-americans-have-tried-cannabis-and-nearly-a-fifth-use-it-regularly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consume cannabis</a> at least three times a week or more, to investigate the effects of getting high on their daily lives.</p>



<p>"There is a stereotype that chronic cannabis users are somehow lazy or unproductive," says Inzlicht. "We found that's not the case -- their behaviors might change a bit in the moment while they're high, but our evidence shows they are not lazy or lacking motivation at all."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-high-and-getting-things-done">Getting high and getting things done</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting findings of the study relates to motivation. The researchers examined participants' willingness to exert effort in completing a task while high and found that they were just as motivated and willing to invest effort as when they were not under the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-speculation-heres-what-really-causes-the-munchies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence of cannabis</a>.</p>



<p>The study did reveal that getting high led to lower levels of self-regulation, an important trait for accomplishing tasks. </p>



<p>When chronic users were high, they exhibited behaviors such as increased impulsivity, less thoughtfulness, and less orderliness. However, these factors did not make them less hard-working, responsible, or able to focus.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers discovered that chronic cannabis users experienced a boost in positive emotions like awe and gratitude. In addition, they reported a reduction in negative emotions such as fear and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety while high</a>. </p>



<p>However, those who consumed cannabis more frequently experienced more negative emotions both while high and while sober.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-weed-hangover-helps-debunk-the-cannabis-stereotype">No "weed hangover" helps debunk the cannabis stereotype</h2>



<p>The study found no evidence of a "weed hangover," meaning that chronic users did not experience a decline in emotional or motivational function the day after being high.</p>



<p>Professor Inzlicht runs the <a href="http://michaelinzlicht.com/#lab-view" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Work and Play Lab</a>, which focuses on self-control, motivation, empathy, and the use of social media, digital devices, and recreational cannabis. </p>



<p>He emphasizes the importance of taking a neutral, clear-eyed approach to studying the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effects of cannabis</a> on chronic users in their everyday lives.</p>



<p>"Part of the motivation for this study is to take a neutral, clear-eyed approach to see how cannabis affects chronic users in their everyday lives," Inzlicht explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comparing alcohol and cannabis hangovers</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enduring-the-aftermath-of-a-night-of-drinking">Enduring the aftermath of a night of drinking</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-more-alcohol-hangovers-thanks-to-new-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alcohol hangovers</a> are a well-known phenomenon, characterized by a range of unpleasant symptoms that occur after a night of heavy drinking. These symptoms often include headaches, nausea, fatigue, dehydration, and sensitivity to light and sound. </p>



<p>The severity of an alcohol hangover depends on various factors, such as the amount and type of alcohol consumed, as well as individual tolerance levels.</p>



<p>The primary cause of alcohol hangovers is dehydration, as alcohol is a diuretic that promotes the production of urine. Additionally, alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach, leading to inflammation and the production of stomach acids, which can contribute to nausea and vomiting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Aftermath of cannabis use</h3>



<p>In contrast to alcohol hangovers, the concept of a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-cannabis-users-no-longer-need-conventional-sleep-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weed hangover</a>" is less clearly defined. While some cannabis users report experiencing residual effects the day after heavy use, these effects are generally milder and less debilitating than those associated with alcohol hangovers.</p>



<p>Research on the topic is limited, but some studies suggest that heavy cannabis use may lead to symptoms such as fatigue, dry mouth, and mild cognitive impairment the following day. </p>



<p>However, these effects are not universally experienced by all users and may depend on factors such as the amount and potency of cannabis consumed, as well as individual tolerance levels.</p>



<p>Unlike alcohol, cannabis does not cause dehydration or significant inflammation in the body, which may explain why cannabis hangovers are typically less severe than alcohol hangovers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hard-working-motivated-and-high-can-you-be-all-three">Hard-working, motivated, and high: Can you be all three?</h2>



<p>While this study is not an endorsement of heavy cannabis use, and there is ample research highlighting the risks associated with heavy use, especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">among adolescents</a>, it provides valuable insights into the experiences of regular users.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/start" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Statistics Canada</a> data shows that nearly one in 10 adult Canadians are regular cannabis users, coming from all walks of life. </p>



<p>Despite its increased legal and social acceptance, relatively little is known about the everyday experiences of these individuals.</p>



<p>"Our data suggests that you can be hard-working, motivated and a chronic cannabis user at the same time," concludes Inzlicht.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-cannabis-into-the-future-by-ditching-stereotypes">Taking cannabis into the future by ditching stereotypes</h2>



<p>In summary, this eye-opening study challenges deeply entrenched stereotypes about chronic cannabis users, revealing that they can be just as motivated, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runners-high-cannabis-makes-exercise-more-enjoyable-and-boosts-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hard-working</a>, and capable of exerting effort as non-users. </p>



<p>By taking a neutral, unbiased approach to examining the everyday experiences of regular cannabis users, Professor Michael Inzlicht and his team at the Work and Play Lab have opened the door to a more nuanced understanding of the effects of cannabis on individuals' lives. </p>



<p>As cannabis gains increasing legal and social acceptance, this research underscores the importance of moving beyond outdated stereotypes and focusing on evidence-based insights to inform our perceptions and policies surrounding cannabis use.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19485506241245744" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Social Psychological and Personality Science</a>.</em></p>



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Cannabis smokers are not lazy or unmotivated, despite stereotypes

Cannabis use has long been associated with stereotypes of laziness...

<p>Imagine the despair of experiencing dog theft, where a beloved pet is not lost to natural causes but taken forcefully. </p>



<p>Recent research highlights the profound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/placebo-effect-broken-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional pain</a> endured by dog owners when their pets are stolen, a sorrow comparable to the loss parents feel when their children are tragically taken from them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-deep-emotional-bonds">Exploring the deep emotional bonds</h2>



<p>The study explores the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-have-deep-emotional-connections-with-their-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional connections</a> between humans and their canine companions, akin to familial bonds. </p>



<p>Owners express feelings of intense grief after dog theft - often surpassing the sadness they feel after the death of a friend or relative. This heightened intensity largely stems from the unique closeness they share with their pets, a bond not always present in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-had-a-stronger-influence-on-the-dog-human-connection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human relationships</a>.</p>



<p>Akaanksha Venkatramanan from <a href="https://www.berkshirehealthcare.nhs.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust</a> and Dr. Lindsey Roberts from the <a href="https://www.uwe.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of the West of England</a> explored the specific emotional reactions to dog theft. </p>



<p>The researchers note that dog owners commonly experience sadness, despair, emotional numbness, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lsd-can-treat-crippling-anxiety-with-a-single-dose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a> - responses similar to those observed following the death of a human loved one. Yet, these emotions stand out due to societal attitudes towards the death of animals versus humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Validating the grief of dog-theft victims</h2>



<p>“Pet ‘ownership’ is empirically evidenced to improve mental and physical health, with research suggesting an anthropomorphic bond between ‘owners’ and dogs that equal familial relationships, including children,” wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>“However, bereavement of dogs, and especially dog-theft, garner scarce interest, leaving a huge population to suffer disenfranchised grief unsupported.”</p>



<p>“This study aims to validate the overlap of emotional value in familial and ‘owner’-dog relationships, and grief between dog-theft victims and those with missing loved ones.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The study explores the needs of guardians suffering ambiguous loss, how they cope with it, and the role of social media in this process, to grow existing literature on the topic and guide psychological support resources.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-societal-views-and-lack-of-support">Societal views and lack of support</h2>



<p>Societal misunderstandings about the value of animal companions often exacerbate the distress owners feel when they lose a pet. Additionally, current dog theft laws, which treat pets merely as property, intensify owners' feelings of helplessness and injustice.</p>



<p>The absence of adequate legal and police support further amplifies the grief, as does the traumatic nature of the thefts, which often involve forceful or deceitful removal from the owners' property.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coping-with-dog-theft">Coping with dog theft </h2>



<p>Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-dog-owners-cope-well-when-their-pups-misbehave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a> try to cope as if dealing with the disappearance or death of a human loved one. Some turn to social media to continue searching for their pets, seek support from others in similar situations, and try to retain hope amidst their anguish, noted the study authors.</p>



<p>These coping mechanisms, while helpful, do not fully mitigate the risks of developing long-term psychological issues such as post traumatic stress disorder and post grief disorder, especially when closure is unattainable.</p>



<p>The researchers advocate for more focused psychological research to develop resources that can better support grieving pet owners. Such efforts could inform best practices for managing grief and the broader psychological impacts of pet theft.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rising-threat-of-dog-theft">The rising threat of dog theft</h2>



<p>The value of pet ownership goes beyond companionship, with studies linking it to improved physical and mental health outcomes. </p>



<p>During the COVID-19 lockdowns, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-owners-felt-less-lonely-and-stressed-during-covid-19-lockdown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> played a crucial role in mitigating the effects of isolation by providing reasons for their owners to engage in outdoor activities. </p>



<p>However, the increased demand for dogs during this period also led to a significant rise in dog theft, highlighting a dark side to their popularity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-and-social-reforms-in-response-to-dog-theft">Legal and social reforms in response to dog theft</h2>



<p>The researchers and their colleagues, including Dr. Dan Allen of Keele University, are pushing for substantial changes in how dog theft is treated legally and socially. </p>



<p>Their ongoing research and advocacy efforts aim to transform how these crimes are viewed and handled, pushing for recognition of the deep emotional bonds between humans and animals and stronger penalties for those who disrupt them.</p>



<p>As this body of research grows, the goal is to not only provide solace and support to those affected, but also to spur legal reforms that will better protect our beloved pets from theft and their owners from the profound grief it causes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/hai.2024.0004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human-Animal Interactions</a></em>.</p>



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Heartache from dog theft is as intense as losing a loved one

Imagine the despair of experiencing dog theft, where a beloved...