Mule vs Donkey

Diffen › Science › Biology › Zoology › Animals

A mule is the offspring of a male donkey (called a jack) and a female horse (called a mare). Mules inherit desirable qualities from both donkeys and horses; from the horse they inherit strength and stamina, and like donkeys, mules are generally patient, sure-footed, intelligent and have an even temper. Mules are sterile but female mules are known to produce milk.

Comparison chart

Donkey versus Mule comparison chart
	Donkey	Mule

Kingdom	Animalia	Animalia
Diet	Herbivorous	Herbivorous
Phylum	Chordata	Chordata
Males called	Jack	Jack or John
Class	Mammalia	Mammalia
Females called	Jenny	Molly
Order	Perissodactyla	Perissodactyla
Family	Equidae	Equidae
Manes	Short & Upright	Short & Upright
Built	Heavy	Heavy, tall, larger than donkeys
Fertility	Can reproduce	Sterile; cannot reproduce
Life span	30 to 50 years	30 to 40 years
Size	Most donkeys are shorter than horses.	Mules are usually larger than ponies.
Number of Legs	4	4
Weight	400-500 lbs	800-1,000 lbs
Natural Colour	Black, Grey to Sable & White	Black, Grey to Sable & White

A horse (left) and a mule (right). Click to enlarge.

Physical Characteristics

Donkeys have long ears, a short thick head, a short mane, thin limbs and narrow hooves. Mules share these characteristics with donkeys but they are larger and taller than donkeys. The physical characteristics that mules share with horses include shape of the body, a uniform of coat, and teeth. The hooves of a mule are harder than those of a horse.

There is a large variation in the color and size for both donkeys and mules worldwide.

Donkey and "burro" are interchangeable; burro is Spanish for donkey.

Coat

The coat of a mule is usually brown (sorrel) or bay but there is considerable variety just like horses. Other common colors are black and grey, while less common coats are white, roans (both blue and red), palomino, dun, and buckskin.

Donkey are usually grey but some are dark brown, black or light-faced roan. They also have dorsal stripes (a dark stripe from mane to tail) and a crosswise stripe on the shoulders.

A donkey in France. Note the stripe across the shoulder and the dorsal stripe.

Ears

Donkeys have very long ears that are dark at the base and tip. Mules have longer ears than horses but usually somewhat smaller than donkey. The shape of a mule's ears is the same as its parent horse.

Sound

Every mule has a unique bray that is a combination of the horse's whinny and the grunting of the wind-down of a bray. Most mules start out Whinee..... like a horse and end in -aw ah aw like a donkey.

Intelligence

Donkeys are very intelligent and mules share this trait. Horses do not have very high intelligence.

Fertility

Mules are sterile while donkeys can reproduce normally. Donkeys have 62 chromosomes and horses have 64 (or 32 pairs). Mules are hybrids and only have 63 chromosomes, so they cannot produce the haploid cells required for reproduction. The male mule can mate, but the emission is not fertile. Male mules (called johns or jacks) are usually castrated to help control their behavior by eliminating their interest in females. There are no known cases of male mules producing offspring.

Female mules may or may not go through estrus. In general female mules are also sterile but have been known to produce viable offspring in very rare cases.

Diet

Both donkeys and mules love broad-leaved weeds and roughage such as barley straw. This should form a large part of their diet but donkeys must not be fed large amounts of protein, bread, puffed rice or processed food because they may develop foot disease and become lame.

Population of Donkeys and Mules

According to FAO statistics, there are about 12 million mules in the world, with the largest numbers found in China and Mexico (over 3 million each), followed by Brazil (over 1 million). There are about 19 million donkeys worldwide, with over 3 million in China, over 2 million in Pakistan and over 1.5 million in Mexico, Egypt and Ethiopia.

Life span

Donkeys have a life span of 30-50 years. Mules have a lower life span of about 30 to 40 years. In poorer countries, working donkeys have a much lower life span, typically 15 years.