Cameroon, officially Republic of Cameroon, Country, West Africa. Area: 179,943 sq mi (466,050 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 27,334,000. Capital: Yaoundé. The country has numerous ethnic groups, including the Fang, Bamileke and Bamum, Duala, and Fulani. Pygmies (locally known as Baguielli and Babinga) live in the southern forests. Languages: French, English (both official), Fula, Bamileke, Duala. Religions: Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic and Protestant), traditional beliefs, Islam (mainly in the north). Currency: CFA franc. Cameroon has four geographic regions. The southern area consists of coastal plains and a densely forested plateau. The central region rises progressively to the north and includes the Adamawa Plateau. In the north a savanna plain slopes downward toward the Lake Chad basin. To the west and north along the Nigerian border the relief is mountainous and includes Mount Cameroon. Of the main rivers, the Sanaga drains into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Benue flows westward into the Niger River basin in Nigeria. Cameroon has a developing market economy based largely on petroleum and agriculture but with a growing services sector. It is a unitary multiparty republic with two legislative houses; its head of state is the president and its head of government the prime minister. Long inhabited before European colonization, Cameroon was populated by Bantu-language speakers coming from equatorial Africa to settle in the south. They were followed by Muslim Fulani from the Niger River basin, who settled in the north. Portuguese explorers visited in the late 15th century, and the Dutch were also active there. In 1884 the Germans took control and extended their protectorate over Cameroon. In World War I, joint French-British action forced the Germans to retreat, and after the war the region was divided into French and British administrative zones. After World War II the two areas became UN trusteeships. In 1960 the French trust territory became an independent republic. In 1961 the southern part of the British trust territory voted for union with the new Republic of Cameroon, and the northern part voted for union with Nigeria. The independent country has faced chronic economic problems, which produced and exacerbated unrest. Pres. Paul Biya, who took office in 1982, maintained firm control of the country into the 2010s.
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