119/12/2015 Phototrophic Bacteria. 229/12/2015 Morphologies l The five major morphological types among cyanobacteria are: –Unicellular –Colonial –Filamentous.

Presentation on theme: "119/12/2015 Phototrophic Bacteria. 229/12/2015 Morphologies l The five major morphological types among cyanobacteria are: –Unicellular –Colonial –Filamentous."— Presentation transcript:

1 119/12/2015 Phototrophic Bacteria

2 229/12/2015 Morphologies l The five major morphological types among cyanobacteria are: –Unicellular –Colonial –Filamentous –Filamentous heterocystous –Filamentous branching

3 339/12/2015 Unicellular l Many cyanobacteria produce extensive mucilaginous envelopes, or sheaths, that bind cells or filaments together in aggregates. l Gloeothece, phase contrast; a single cell measures 5-6 um in diameter. (Brock6, 717)

4 449/12/2015 Colonial l A colony, which contains millions of cells and can be seen visually, develops from the asexual reproduction of a single cell. A colony contains a population of a single bacterial species. l Dermocarpa, phase contrast (Brock6, 717)

5 559/12/2015 Filamentous l Marine Oscillatoria fix nitrogen without heterocysts, and seem to produce of cells in the centre of the filament that lack photosystem II activity. l Oscillatoria, bright field; a single cell measures about 15 um wide. (Brock6, 717)

6 669/12/2015 Filamentous Heterocystous l Some cyanobacteria form heterocysts, which are rounded, seemingly empty cells, usually distributed individually along a filament or at one end of a filament. l Anabaena, phase; single cell measures about 5 um wide. (Brock6, 717)

7 779/12/2015 Filamentous Branching l Fischerella represents filamentous cyanobacteria that divide in more than one plane to form branches. These branching cyanobacteria also form heterocysts and akinetes. l Fischerella, bright field (Brock6, 717)

8 889/12/2015 Habitats l Nutrient rich rivers and lakes l Hot Springs l Mud flats l Stagnant water l Swamps - hydrogen sulfide

9 999/12/2015 Yankee Springs l Close up view of the purple veils contains several different species of purple sulphur bacteria. (Perry, pg. 518) l The darker green growth that occurs on the top in some areas is due to cyanobacteria. (Perry, pg. 518)

10 10 9/12/2015 Hot Spring l Grand Prismatic Spring (Yellowstone National Park) shows the development of extensive mats of photosynthetic bacteria (primarily cyanobacteria and green bacteria). The orange color at the edge predominates because of the rich carotenoid pigments in these organisms. Brock4 pg 240 Plate 2

11 11 9/12/2015 Floating Cyanobacteria in Lake l Floatation of cyanobacteria from a bloom on a nutrient-rich lake, caused by the presence of gas vesicles l Brock6 pg 78

12 12 9/12/2015 Bacterial mat l Close-up of a small bacterial mat, in Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park. The temperature where the mat shows the most extensive development is about 55 degrees C. Brock4 pg 240 Plate 2

13 13 9/12/2015 Chromatium Micrograph of the purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium species. These bacteria deposit sulfur granules within their cells that are iridescent and appear multicolored.

14 14 9/12/2015 Chromatium vinosum and okenii l A phase photomicrograph of Chromatium okenii. Note the polar flagellum (a tuft) as well as the internal sulfur granules. The bar is 5 um. (Perry, 515) l Chromatium vinosum, a purple sulfur bacterium, with intracellular sulfur granules, light field (X2,000). (Prescott, 47) Perry, 516 Prescott, 47

15 15 9/12/2015 Chromatium Chromatium and Thiocystis l Phase contrast photomicrographs of layers containing purple sulfur bacteria (large celled Chromatium species and Thiocystis) l brock6 pg 715

16 16 9/12/2015 “Chlorochromatium aggregatum” l Several microcolonies of the consortium species “Chlorochromatium aggregatum” are shown by phase microscopy in this lake sample. (Perry, pg. 524)

17 17 9/12/2015 Thiospirillum l Thiospirillum from a lake sample showing sulphur granules and polar flagellar tuft. (Perry, pg. 517) l Cells are curved rod or vibrioid-shaped, sigmoid or spiral with rounded ends, 2.5- 4.0 um in diameter. l Motile by means of a polar flagellar tuft. l Anaerobic and phototrophic. l Found in mud and stagnant water of ditches and freshwater ponds containing hydrogen sulphide.

18 18 9/12/2015 Thiodictyon l Thiodictyon are rod shaped bacteria joined together at their cell ends to form a net. (Perry, pg 517

19 19 9/12/2015 Thiopedia l Cells are spherical to ovoid or elongated ovoid, 1.4-1.8 um wide and 1.5-2.5 um long. l Anaerobic and phototrophic. l Inhabit the mud and stagnant water of ponds and lakes containing hydrogen sulphide. l The optimum pH and growth temperature is 7.3 and 20 degrees C respectively. l Cells of Thiopedia grow in flat sheets. Note the bright appearance of the gas vacuoles in each cell. (Perry, pg. 517)

20 20 9/12/2015 Pelodictyon l Cells of Pelodictyon clathratiforme showing net formation in small individual cells with gas vacuoles. (Perry, pg. 523) l Pelodictyon phaeum showing brownish color of cells in net. (Perry, pg. 523)

21 21 9/12/2015 Prochloron l Colorized electron micrograph of the photosynthetic bacterium Prochloron didemni reveals that it has extensive internal membranes that have photosynthetic pigments (green). Magnification 6400X. (Atlas, pg 145) l Prochloron. Each cell in a cluster contains chlorophyll arranged on membranous layers. (Black2, pg 261)

22 22 9/12/2015 Thiocapsa l Tubular type from Thiocapsa pfennigii ( Perry, 516). l Thiocapsa roseopersicina. Bar = 10 um. (Prescott, pg. 466)

23 23 9/12/2015 Pelodictyon clathratiforme l Brock4 pg 637 Pelodictyon clathratiforme, a bacterium forming a three dimensional network. Magnification 1700X. l Typical green sulfur bacteria- Pelodictyon clathratiforme. (Prescott, pg. 469)

24 24 9/12/2015 Rhodospirillum molischianum l Lamellar type from Rhodospirillum molischianum (Perry, 516)

25 25 9/12/2015 Rhodospirillum rubrum l R. rubrum in transmission electron microscope (X100,000) (Prescott, pg. 31) l Rhodospirillum rubrum in phase-contrast light microscope (600X) (Prescott, pg. 31)

26 26 9/12/2015 Rhodocyclus purpureus l Rhodocyclus purpureus, phase contrast. Bar = 10 um. (Prescott, pg. 468)

27 27 9/12/2015 Rhodopseudomonas l Transmission electron micrograph of thin section of dividing cells of Rhodopseudomonas marina. Cells are 0.7 um in diameter. (Brock6, pg. 44) l Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, phase contrast. (Prescott, pg. 468)

28 28 9/12/2015 Rhodomicrobium vannielii l Rhodomicrobium vannielii with vegetative cells and buds, phase contrast. (Prescott, pg. 468)

29 29 9/12/2015 Spiral-shaped l Rhodospirillum rubrum, an anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium. (Black2, pg. 260)

30 30 9/12/2015 Gas Vesicles l Electron micrographs of gas vesicles purified from the bacteria Microcyclus aquaticus and examined in negatively stained preparations l A single gas vesicle is about 100 nm in diameter. l Brock6 pg 78

31 31 9/12/2015 Gloeocapsa l Unicellular colonial, Gloeocapsa sp. Magnification 1500X pg 645 brock4

32 32 9/12/2015 Heterocytst l Micrograph of the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, showing vegetative cells and a heterocyst (enlarged cell) in which nitrogen fixation occurs. (Atlas, pg. 49) l Filamentous chains of cells of a cyanobacterium in the genus Anabaena. The distinctive ellipsoidal cells are called heterocysts and are the sites where the process of nitrogen fixation is carried out. (VanDemark, pg 40)

33 33 9/12/2015 l Brock4 pg 637 l Electron micrograph of Oscillochloris. The chromosomes in this preparation are darkly stained. Magnification 14800X.

34 34 9/12/2015 Oscillatoria

35 35 9/12/2015 Chlorobium limicola l Green bacterium: Chlorobium limicola. The refractile bodies are sulfur granules deposited outside the cell. (Brock6 pg 570)

36 36 9/12/2015 Thiopedia roseopersicinia l Massive accumulation of purple sulfur bacteria, Thiopedia roseopersicinia, in a spring in Madison,Wisconsin. The bacteria grow near the bottom of the spring pool and float to the top (by virtue of their gas vesicles) when disturbed. (Brock6, pg. 716)

37 37 9/12/2015 Thiothrix l A rosette of Thiothrix from a sulfur spring. (Perry, pg. 543) l Phase photo- micrograph of a sulfur bacterium Tiothrix nivea. (Perry, 87)

38 38 9/12/2015 Gloeothece l Phase photograph of a Gloeothece sp. showing the cells within the sheath.

39 39 9/12/2015 Prochlorothrix l Scanning electron micrograph of Prochlorothrix, a marine prochlorophyte. Bar is 3 um. (Perry, pg. 532)

40 40 9/12/2015 DONE!!!

41 41 9/12/2015 Endospores l Light photomicrographs illustrating several types of endospore morphologies and intracellular locations l (A) Central endospore l (B) Subterminal endospore l (C) Terminal endospore l Brock6 pg 79

42 42 9/12/2015 Endospore