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The Frankfurt School Critical Theory
Objectives Critical Theorists Major Concepts Criticisms
Critical Theorists Max Horkheimer Theodor Adorno Herbert Marcuse
FS Concerns 1) “Dark Side” of Modernity 2) Social Pathologies: Fascism and Advanced Capitalism
“Instead of entering into a truly human condition, is sinking into a new kind of barbarism” - Horkheimer & Adorno, 1972, p. xi
FS Goals 1) Explain Why Marx was Wrong 2) Understand Advanced Industrial Capitalism’s Impact on Individuals
How did the Frankfurt School differ from orthodox Marxism?
What is the Frankfurt School’s view on Marxist revolution?
Major Concepts Dialectic of Enlightenment
Major Concepts Mass Society
Major Concepts Totally Administered Society
“There is no reason to insist of self-determination if the administered life is the comfortable and even the ‘good life’” - Marcuse, 1964, p. 49
Major Concepts One-Dimensional Thought
One-Dimensional Language Orwell’s 1984 Others?
One-Dimensional Language “friendly fire” “peacekeepers” “freedom fighters” “clean bomb” “defense budget”
What serves as the ideological apparatus of advanced capitalism?
Major Concepts The Culture Industry
“Advertising, public relations, indoctrination, planned obsolescence… are elements of basic production costs” - Marcuse, 1964, p. 49
What is the Frankfurt School’s view on the culture industry?
“The products indoctrinate and manipulate; they promote a false consciousness which is immune against its falsehood” - Marcuse, 1964, p. 12
Tools of the Culture Industry Mass Persuasion Manipulation Consumerism Controlled Gratification Culture
False Needs?
Is there more to life than buying shit?
What did Marcuse mean by “repressive tolerance”?
Repressive Tolerance
What did Marcuse mean by “repressive desublimation”?
Let’s Party! Repressive Desublimation
Criticisms Advanced Capitalism = Fascism? FS “Bourgeois Idealism”
Credits and Further Reading Horkheimer & Adorno (1972)  Dialectic of Enlightenment Marcuse (1964)  One Dimensional Man Kellner (1984)  Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism
Thank you! Danielle Dirks, Ph.D.  Assistant Professor of Sociology Occidental College dirks@oxy.edu danielledirks.com @danielledirks

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